Biology Essays

The United Nations has grouped the ecosystem services in four categories which include; provisioning, which is the production of water and food, cultural which are the recreational and spiritual benefits, supporting which include crop pollination and nutrient cycles

Mr Toll is a diabetic, and his condition is known to have serious health implications which might include diet overhaul. Diabetes has serious physical limitations and may cause morbidity issues. The physical complications might be compounded with

Mutation is the main process that causes genetic diversity within a population. Mutations are changes that occur in genes of an individual. Mutations contribute to genetic diversity since

They also provide potassium, copper, selenium besides being an excellent source of fiber. Mushrooms provide low calorie diet with an ounce yielding approximately 20 calories.

This point of view is not supported by the latest researches. Moreover, chronic alcohol intake decreases sexual activity, effects negatively on sexual organs and can lead to male and female infertility (Aluko et al. 1279-1292). The reputation of alcohol as an

The transport events are regulated by multiple signaling pathways, substrate efflux, and other DAT roles by mechanisms that have not been well elucidated. DAT is phosphorylated by protein kinase C in two regions. The first location is in a serine group at the far ends of the

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) used in the study must overcome extreme conditions of intense feeding competition and crack of bones (Holekamp, Lundrigan, Tanner and Zelditch

In both aerobic and anaerobic respirations, the process takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria cells. In addition, both aerobic and anaerobic forms of respiration result to production of energy and ATP (Jerome, 2008). The difference between the two forms is

The air inhaled is absorbed to the blood system via thin tissues called alveoli within lungs in order to be supplied to all parts of the body. Every body tissue receives a continuous supply of oxygen for respiration and

Do the Nitrogen Dioxide levels affect the Ozone data (Wang & Guan 2010)? In conclusion, the level of air pollution in Los Angeles is higher than that of the Orange County.

Honeybees (Apis melliera), were first introduced to North America by European settlers in the 1600s. Honeybees are social animals, making it easy for their domestication by human beings but under friendly environments. When well-managed, honey bees tend to be resourceful to individual farmers and the state or the nation at large.

Though they have similar functions, the xylem and phloem have different processes by which they work and the plant puts them to different uses.In the process of moving water and minerals from the roots to the outer shoots, the sap is moved through the xylem by the action of a few different forces and physical properties.

I oppose the current Federal government funding for embryonic stem cell research. As one of many progenitors of other human beings, I find this issue morally, as well as legally, reprehensible. But I bear a two-fisted burden in saying so. As a member of the medical community, I also find that the possibilities for stem cell research

In the context of the hearing apparti in particular there are an increasing number of studies which indicate that the modification of the jaw bones (in reptiles) led to the formation of the middle ear bones in mammals as we shall see later in this essay.

These unique properties of water result from the ways in which individual H2O molecules interact with each other.Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom

The author states that E. coli are unable to sporulate to all Gram-negative organisms. Hence the treatments which kill all active bacteria, such as pasteurization or simple boiling of contaminated water, are most effective for their eradication. The complected processess such as sterilization which deactivates spores in not essential for e-coli.

An example of the cardiovascular system’s ability to adapt is seen in response to a max test. This test measures the volume of oxygen in the blood that the body uses in one minute of maximal exercise.

AJC disassembly is focus for junctional research because of its own practical implications as far as some pathological mechanisms of certain diseases processes including malignancy are concerned. For the explanation of AJC disassembly two more frequently referred mechanisms have been:

As the paper, Is Biomedical Model out of Date?, highlights many models had been proposed and one such model is the biomedical model. The biomedical model has found the formation and defined the character of American medical practice and education. This paper focuses on explaining why biomedical model is considered to be outdated.

The chemical metabolisms that go together with ripening process do increase the levels of sugar that is available in a fruit and this makes it have a sweet taste (Mauseth, 2003, p 80). Let’s take bananas as our example. They have a lot of starch but as the fruit ripens, it’s converted into fructose.

Various antibiotics work differently on various types of bacteria, but for one aim. By definition, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses and thus prescribing antibiotics when unnecessary or ineffective encourages increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

Thermoregulation, osmoregulation and glucoregulation are few examples of negative feedback mechanisms. The importance of negative feed back mechanisms is that they provide a negative feedback loop to keep conditions of a living organism within tolerable limits and to prevent it from a sudden severe change.

However, the most widely accepted theory was the “filament sliding model” proposed by Huxley and Niedergerke (1954), and Huxley and Hanson (1954). A skeletal muscle is made up of subunits called the fasicles. Fasicles are bundles of elongated muscle fibers which extend for the length of the muscle.

In 1956, while searching through a collection of fossils at the American Museum of Natural History, I came across a small piece of forehead bone, identified as a "possible primate," that had lain neglected for half a century.

From the dissertation it is clear that there have been 3 major surveys conducted in Britain and Ireland that have measured the breeding populations of great black backed, lesser black backed and herring gulls. By analysis of the differences in the numbers observed in these three surveys, it is possible to show variation in population trends.

It is necessary to establish a normal uterine blood flow so as to ensure the development of a successful embryo. Around the world, many couples experience difficulty conceiving a child. As a result of the continual expansion of the assisted reproductive technologies (ART), people have learned to accept the practice of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gestational surrogacy, the zygote intrafallopian transfer, the gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), oocyte, and embryo donation, gestational surrogacy, and cryopreservation (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2009).

As the name implies, carbohydrates are carbon hydrates, that is, they are formed from the union of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly taken from cereals, root crops, sugar crops, pulses, vegetables, fruit and milk products (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997).

Anaphylaxis is a dramatic and frightening disease condition that is considered to be a manifestation of severe systemic allergic condition. The know-how of the treatment techniques and ability to deliver a speedy treatment for this condition is crucial in its outcome, in one end of the spectrum recovery, the other end death.

A transgene is a gene with desirable characteristics that is moved from a source organism implanted into a new organism in order to improve the desired characteristics of the recipient organism. This is an improvement from the traditional process of breeding wherein a plant or animal with a desired trait is mated with an existing plant or animal.

There is many types of learning, the most basic form of which is non-associative learning. Surprisingly noticed even in primitive life forms, such as the protozoan Stentor coeruleus, it represents a type of learning where the organism becomes aware that some events are unrelated and irrelevant.

The author discusses ethical and moral arguments of using embryonic stem cells. Arguments of groups or sectors opposing the use of embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of life because they consider the cell in the embryo as not just a simple cell but life itself or the beginning of a human being.

The combination of embryological and genetic zebrafish leads to the external development of the transparent embryo, which allows fundamental vertebrate development process from gastrulation to organogenesis to be visualized and studied. Also, the heart beats and the blood circulation of the embryo are readily observed.

There are three major sources of such variations, namely, the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis,reciprocal recombination of the linked genes on chromosomes by crossing over in prophase I of meiosis,and random fertilization of gametes, thereby raising possibility of innumerable combinations.

In simple words, the parent cell gets separated into two daughter cells that are similar to the parent cell in the process of mitosis. However, the process of meiosis can be described as the cell division that occurs through sexual reproduction of eukaryotic cells.

Generally speaking, water is the most abundant component of living organisms. For most animal and plant cells, water accounts for the 70-90% of their compositions. The lowest cases are that of seeds which are 20% water while the most extreme is the jellyfish which is 99% water.

Eukaryotic proliferation and succession requires mechanisms which efficiently build up the multicellular structure and care capable of maintaining and replicating it. These mechanisms are presented in the form of mitosis and meiosis. The wear and tear of the body results in the sloughing of millions of cells everyday.

According to the World of Scientific Discovery (2/2011), “…photosynthesis is the process by which living things turn (or convert) light energy into chemical energy…photosynthesis is a process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are converted into sugars” (Gale Science, 2011, p.

Cancer cells developed resistance to chemotherapeutic agent by various means like mutation and over expression of Drug target, enzymatic inactivation of drug. Efflux mediated elimination of drug from cells etc. this phenomenon is mainly observed in case of recurring tumors after initial chemotherap.

This research will begin with the statement that when it comes to the human body, energy is necessary for the body to function in the slightest. Without energy, the body cannot function. Furthermore, in order to remain healthy, the body needs a level of nutritional balance. The paper tells that the body needs to have a proper level of nutrients in order to function properly.

Every chemical element has got species of atoms which may be one or more than one with same atomic number i.e. having the same number of protons in the nucleus; the same position in the periodic table; similar chemical properties but different atomic masses and physical characteristics.

These help them to attract the female and spread the threat to others. In adult leopard limits in size is vary from 2inches to 5 inches in length, where as female usually bigger then male. They usually do active at night time.

The apomorphic aranaemorphs have a specialized web, in which piriform silk is added to stabilize the line. In addition, these spiders have female fertilization ducts. All of these characteristivs are synapomorphies,that make Aranaeomorphae monophyletic (Coddington, 2005).

In the Proterozoic Era, 2.5 billion to 544 million years ago, the atmospheric level of oxygen increased to 15% due to oxygen producing cyanobacteria.  The levels of oxygen in the atmosphere produced a fatal environment in which anaerobic organisms needed to evolve methods of coping with the presence of oxygen.

According to the essay eugenic policies include compulsion through state legislation or persuasion through counseling, particularly for citizens with genetic defects. Laws are passed that limit the number of children a family can have, although in countries like China, it has something to do with controlling its population explosion.

A key factor to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell. They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.

Abbreviations: Inr= initiator sequence of the RNA polymerase II promoter; UCE= upstream control element of the RNA polymerase I promoter. A 29 kilo base (kb) linear DNA fragment is digested with ApeK I, Bst I and Cla I, individually and in combination, and the resulting DNA fragment sizes are determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Though, doctors and researchers have always been blamed for not doing much to ascertain the real treatment of breast cancer, the lack of basic information about the disease has increased its spread. It is well understood that not everybody is a scientist.

Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic disorder. It can present with spectrum of symptomatology, it affects bone, nervous system, soft tissue and the skin.There are two varieties of neurofibromatosis, NF-1, popularly known as peripheral neurofibromatosis and NF-2, also known as central neurofibromatosis

D antigen is present on the red blood cells, the blood is known as Rh positive, and absence of D antigen confers Rh negativity. The D antigen is a potent alloantigen, meaning this can result in production of antibodies quickly on exposure.

Everybody living in the forest enjoyed a unique place in the food chain and nobody had any problem with this natural arrangement.One day an old donkey came into this forest. Actually, a peasant living in the neighboring village owned this donkey, who had abandoned the donkey in the forest as he had grown old and was no more of any use.