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Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering that purports to insert, replace, or remove a genome through artificially-engineered nucleases or molecular scissors.
In the liver, when glucose levels are high (postprandial), F-6-P is converted to F-2,6-bisP by 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2) by an irreversible step. High levels of F-2,6-bisP in turn activate PFK-1 by a process called feed forward
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This article dated May 1, 2003, is titled “ Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Prevention: Strategies for Clinicians” written by Tanya Schreibman and Gerald Friedland. The article is written keeping in view the complexities of HIV that have prevented the discovery of a cure against AIDS. In absence of a cure, all that can be done is prevention from the virus.
Cutting down of trees reduces the capability of planet earth to process the surplus quantity of carbon dioxide in the environment (Spencer, page 28). This excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creates imbalance, which results to a change in the standard temperature of the
that the major factor that contributed to the positive fat intake results had a lot to do with my self discipline and conscious effort to eat healthy even when those around me enticed me with highly fattening food stuff.
I actually did well in keeping with the suggested target
Some though, are required mainly for water balance within and without the plant. An example is Sodium that is found in its soluble forms (mainly Sodium Carbonate,
Spencer discovers an anomaly in the distribution of evolutionary time scale data, and decides to retrace the journey himself. In the second part, Wells focuses on the fundamental question: why did our ancestors leave their home? He hopes to get the
This led to the search for medicines to treat these diseases and hence to the creation of antibiotics. Antibiotics are considered to be “wonder drugs” owing to the large number of people who were able to survive owing to these drugs. But the
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In these typical experiments, the results given out in the figure below that shows the response of its equilibrium in a significant difference from the predicted in the linear model notes to that of the surface displacement as it approaches equilibrium in about 600sec and that of its corresponding roll offs in the logarithmic plot.
Simulation of the macrophages with the cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which are secreted during various processes of immune responses, result in synthesis of NO (NOS). NOS causes the macrophages to become cytotoxic
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Psoriasis is perhaps as old as the human race. In the present day, it is a well-known skin infection, in which genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors contribute to etiopathogenesis. However, even with its frequency, visibility, and chronicity, it is difficult to find its description in the works of the early physicians.
During the photosynthetic stages of a plant’s leaf, several factors take center stage, key among them the intensity of light that is absorbed by the leaves. The absorption of the light through the pigments found in the leaves such as the chlorophyll a and b pigments activates the electrons that are found in the leaf’s photosystems.
The hormone lowers the excess blood sugar to optimal levels by stimulating enzymes that catalyse the process of transporting glucose into the storage cells. The liver stores the excess glucose in the form of glycogen. Hence, insulin helps to maintain blood glucose at an optimum level after a healthy person consumes a high-sugar meal.
In Downs syndrome, an individual is born with an extra chromosome. In normal situations, babies are usually born with forty-six (46) chromosomes. Babies, born with Down syndrome, have an extra copy of the chromosome. This occurs on chromosome 21. This condition is referred to as trisomy 21.
Quantitative traits are phenotypes that vary in degree and can be to polygenic effects. Their expression is more complicated than traits controlled by a single locus because they usually give and take between environmental impacts and genes. They create the illusion of blending inheritance by mapping genome regions containing genes.
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The prey items are vast factor that many research proposals and surveys seek to establish the feeding ecology of the species killer whales.
Social behavior is another concept entailed in the study of individual species and it entails the evaluation of
It was imperative to note that Oldham pond, a beautiful pond, was in the depths of destruction, only a few years ago. Eutrophication is a phenomenon that, if left unchecked, can destroy bio-diversity. The authorities in Pembroke were forced to act fast to avoid the destruction of biodiversity.
It is the union of the female ovum and the male sperm in the uterine tube. The oocyte is the immature female egg cell involved in the reproduction process. The oocyte produces a primordial germ cell which is required to form an oogonium. This oogonium is the primary oocyte in the reproduction process. It is formed before birth.
Such food includes cheese and bread. A free bacterial world means that the body’s digestive system would lack bacteria (Booth, 2000). This would tamper tremendously with our body’s metabolism and functioning when it comes to digestion. Bacteria help in
It has been proved that it is the female anopheline mosquitoes that transmit the Plasmodium.
They suck human blood as a meal and in turn inject beings with the sporozoite
A new pharmaceutical discovery involving dogfish sharks is used in the production of drugs for killing bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Animals are more adapted to different circumstances than plants as plants cannot choose their shape, pattern, or color. Such animals include birds, dogs, cats, and deer. Lastly, animals have the ability of locomotion while plants cannot.
There is always a motivation factor behind it.1
kinesis or taxis phenomenon are innate behaviours that are exhibited by organisms. Kinesis behaviour is a behaviour in which an organism changes the rate of its
Starting on the third week, the placenta is already functioning to deliver nutrients and oxygen to and remove wastes from the embryonic blood. Starting on the 2nd month, the placenta is considered as an endocrine organ that produces estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones that aid in the maintenance of pregnancy.
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I have a strong interest in the scientific community and am a regular reader of online journals such as Nature, The Scientist and the Harvard Medical Journal. I enjoy travelling, and have spent time in Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
Additionally, the flagella help the bacteria in their movements and the fimbriae that attach them to their hosts. Flagella are structures made of proteins that look like tails. They allow the bacteria to swim when the motor features in the plasma membrane spin them. They help the bacteria to move away from the chemicals that can harm them.
In Europe alone, over 3 million individuals have been diagnosed with cancer. According to the survey done by the author, it can be noted that almost fifty per cent of the 3 million inhabitants who are suffering from cancer in Europe will die. This is statistical data in the article, where opinion was collected all over Europe.
Smallpox only infects human beings and has no insect or animal vectors. In addition, the virus has no carrier state in which an infected person shows no symptoms. The virus is transmitted from one person to another person and is acquired via inhalation/
Isotonic solutions have water concentration outside the cell being equal to solute concentration inside the cell, therefore, water enters the cell and moves out at an equal rate. Lastly, in a hypertonic solution, water concentration is greater inside the cell with the solute concentration is higher outside the cell; water is drawn out.
Myocardial infarction is basically called heart attack. It results due to discontinuation of blood flow in the heart or rather when sufficient blood supply does not reach the heart. This condition kills the
Galapagos finches and fossils of sea shells in the Andes Mountains are two pieces that form the basis of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Difference brought out by reproductive success leads to natural selection which entails survival to reproduction age and then the ability to reproduce. 5 conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
After the initiation complex is formed on the mRNA, the larger subunits of ribosome bind to the initiation complex, which causes the Ifs (initiation factors) to be released. There are three sites
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ar 1974, through 1976 the five year relative survival rate for cancer diseases was getting to 50%.Thhis gave statistics that showed that among the whites it was 51% and among the blacks it was 41%. For the most cancer diagnosed cases in adults were breast, 75%; prostate, 69%;
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Taking under consideration the existing controversy and the urge to find an effective treatment for IUGR and similar conditions that lead to miscarriages, female mice were treated with different doses of sildenafil prior to conception, in order to determine the effects of the drug on ovulation, uterine weight, and vascularity.
At one time, they divided all of life into plants (including fungi) and animals. After the advent of the microscope, they added a third group that included all the new life being discovered. Then it was realized that the microsopic organisms fell into
Although the world population overall is increasing, the population of a few countries, such as Russia, Italy, and Germany, is decreasing. This is due to low birth rates. In Germany, the government is proposing to change the tax law to provide increased incentives to couples that have several children.
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The patients with multiple myeloma results in low blood count. This is an age dependent tumor. Multiple myeloma remains as an incurable disease. (Steinbrunn, 2012). Multiple myeloma cells are similar to the post germinal
Sharks are classified under the cartilaginous fish species, which means that they are not bony fishes as is a characteristic of other fish species like Tilapia or Salmon and Cod. Sharks have been around the world for an estimated 400 years making them older than dinosaurs. Sharks range from a few inches to 45 feet in length or size.
Being the only element that supports life in the entire universe, water conservation should be our top priority because we depend on it for our existence. On the contrary, several gallons of water are wasted every day using household appliances that consume at least twice the amount of water required by more effective appliances.
However, the current structure of subsidies needs to be repealed because of some considerable issues, such as, redistribution of wealth due to farm subsidies, damage to the
Accordingly, it is quite important for an individual to estimate their weekly income and allocate budget required for purchasing food items. Being a newly independent individual, I estimated to earn around 60
Detoxification is a process whereby all the toxins in the body are removed. Can either be poison from a substance, heavy chemicals, chemical addictives and other toxins that can be found in food, water and also from metabolic waste products that are produced by the body.
August Weisman proposed the germ plasm which was a theory of heredity.
B. Lamarckism is known as inheritance of acquired inheritance. He believed that an organism could pass characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its
A feature of capitalism was the imposition of a work discipline that eliminated self-organisation by bringing production into mills, where techniques differed from those of the cottage industries. With refined techniques, the labor force divided on lines of knowledge and skill.
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Biodiversity, derived from the word ‘biological diversity’, is a very broad concept that is referring to a variety of plants and animal species, micro-organisms, forest and the ecosystem (Australian Government, 2009). Although the estimated number of species on Earth would range between 2 to 10 million (Pidwirny, 2006), a lot of biologists remain uncertain with regards to the exact figure.
There are certain motivational factors that encourage non-state actors to do the biological attack. A review of the literature to date suggests that there has been very limited discussion about the tendency or readiness of the non-state actors to make use of the biological weapons as a tool to achieve their goals.
It is useful because it explains how the amount of fluxes and intermediary concentrations depends on some particular network considerations. The model aids in understanding the control that each enzyme wields on the fluxes and
The Entamoeba histolytica is of the Eukaryota domain, the phylum Amaebozoa, the class Archamoebae, the order Amoeibida and of the genus Entamoeba1. The parasitic
Later in life the writer’s interest in sciences grew deeper and his writings contain accurate references to medical science. He was friends with doctor from John Hopkins