Biology Essays

Between the two, generalists are usually common while specialists are rare to find. Generalists do not have a special eating habit since they feed on anything that is available. Specialist species, on the other hand, feed on specific food and it is rare for them to change a new environment (Peterson, 2010).

Any health illness that is caused due to abnormalities in genes or chromosomes is known as genetic disorder. Genetic disorder may be heritable or non-heritable. Genetic disorders can affect any system of the body including skin. Some of the skin genetic disorders are albinism and psoriasis.

According Dr. Patlack and Watlers, understanding osmosis requires an examination of both solvent and solute behavior and, especially, the effect of solute on solvent behavior. Water is the universal solvent of life since a good majority of solvents dissolves in this solvent.

The combustion of this mixture during smoking causes the release of about 4,000 toxic chemicals according to Starr (2013) which include carcinogens such as nitrous oxides, hydrogen cyanide, lead and cadmium. The tar in cigarettes not only stains teeth and skin due to its sticky nature but also gels along the tracheal and nasal passage hence, damaging the cilia.

The following tests were done: For Morphological test; both culturing and Gram staining was done. The samples were cultured both on MacConkey and r2a plate. The biochemical test carried out on the sample include, Catalase test. Different cleaning equipment samples that include ec1 green mop, ec2 green cloth, ec3 pink cloth, ec4 lime-yellow cloth, ec5 blue mop, ec6 red mop were compared to determine the level of contamination.

(3) The concentration of the extract correlates with the strength of inhibition. In this case, 10 radish seeds were placed in each of the 50 petry with 25 grams of Ailanthus altissima being placed in a blender combined with 250 ml of water and blended for a maximum period of five minutes.

Culturing was both on agar and broth media incubated at 37 o c and 25 o c. The biochemical tests were: Glucose fermentation, sucrose fermentation, Lactose fermentation, Maltose fermentation, Starch hydrolysis, Citrate utilization, Catalase test, Tryptophan digestion (Indole).The most probable bacteria were Bacillus spp which includes C.Tetani, C.

The process is progressive and could result in a heart attack due to the depleting amount of blood supply to the myocardium. This in turn leads to the insufficient supply of nutrients and oxygen resulting in infarction or a heart attack.. The heart can be described as a muscle and is one of the main components of the circulatory system and is responsible for pumping blood.

Today, we have many such genetically engineered products in the market for example Bt brinjal, flavr savr tomato etc. One of many such modified plants is Garcinia Cambogia. Garcinia cambogia is a species from the Guttiferae family. Garcinia Cambogia is a natural appetite suppressor.

This has brought about a lot of research on them since it is argued that they repair damaged organs and tissues. This brings about therapies in human disorders such as heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's disease. However, at the moment it is unclear whether this is possible.

The negative effects of normal microbial flora are that they are “major causes of opportunistic infections that develop under permissive conditions”1 of lowered host defences and immunocompromisation. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine “opportunistic” microbial infections; and to investigate examples for bacterial, parasitic and viral opportunistic infections, and the factors that shift the host-pathogen balance to favour the infection.

The deer is an animal that displays the aspects of socializing in an almost perfect way. There are over forty species of deer that are known to man. All these species have distinct social characteristics and are found in different parts of the world. Their behavior is determined by the environment that they are in.

The increased temperature of the world will result into melting of the snows in high mountains and drying of the wetlands because of the increased temperature. Countries have thus entered into an agreement to control their greenhouse gas emission that carbon being one of them that is stringently monitored for its actual level in he atmosphere.

Work Experience Report I have always had a keen interest in the science of medical healthcare. I knew that I wanted to be part of the world that helped cure illnesses and prevent the spread of viruses that harm our modern day society in the future, which is why I chose a pursue a career in the field of Biomedical Science.

An analysis of the process of osmosis reveals that it is similar to simple diffusion, with the main difference being the presence of the semi permeable membrane that only allows the passage of water through to the different concentrations. Osmosis occurs to move the water molecules from the highly concentrated side.

The disease is hereditary in nature and occurs due to abnormal distribution or synthesis of melanin, a protein which is responsible for pigmentation of the eyes, hair and skin. In the eyes, melanin is present in the iris and retina. (Okulicz, 2002). Melanin synthesis may be completely or partially absent or the distribution can be abnormal.

This basic unit segregates the living beings into the major categories of plants of animals. Human beings (Homo sapiens) are classified as the most developed mammals within the Kingdom Animalia. The Cell Theory This theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 (The Biology Project, 2004).

Impulses Prevention from the brain to the body illustrates proof to Sarah’s post. The explanation on what characterizes MS lesions is not clear and unnecessary because it did not indicate what MRI revealed. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) given by Sarah is adequate but fails to indicate the symptoms and body parts MS affects.

There are two types of repetitive DNA in human genome, they include tandem and interspersed as shown in figure one below. For the tandem repeat, we have microsatellites and minisatellites and for the interspersed we have the transposable elements that include DNA transposons and retrotransposons .

This drug possesses similar traits to amphetamines and improves the previously mentioned conditions by stimulating neural activity. According to its chemical structure and properties, Modafinil may be classified as a CNS stimulant however; the drug interestingly is not accompanied with side effects that are observed after usage of drugs in the same classification (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231).

The hair color is in turn determined by melanocytes amount in follicles and their nature. Hair color differences can be brought about either by the quantity of melanin in the hair or diverse synthesis of either brown melanin or red/yellow melanin. The OCA2 gene is also known as Oculocutaneous albinism II or the P gene is responsible for the manufacture of a protein known as the P protein contained in the melanocytes.

(Westermeier 2006). Agarose gel electrophoresis is the most common and easiest technique to separate the DNA fragments. Agarose is a polymer that forms helical linking strands between the molecules and they are held together by hydrogen bonds. Based on the concentration of the agarose in the gel, the pore size also varies.

The remaining of the radiation is absorbed by land and water bodies. This results in warmth of the earth’s surface. Certain greenhouse gases can capture sun’s radiation, thus increasing the temperature of the atmosphere. However, human activities are increasing the level of greenhouse gases and this has increased the possibility of raising the temperature of the earth.

Blood contains erythrocytes which have hemoglobin which is red in colour. This makes it easily visible unlike other body fluids like saliva, vagina fluid and semen which are colourless and hence they are not easily identified in a crime scene. On top of that blood is easily lost especially in criminal activities which involve use of force (Bevel., Tom and Rose,.

The problem of saving the African elephant started long ago when the risk of the elephants becoming extinct remained identified. Many came out in support of the laws passed to save the situation whereas others objected the same for their own material gains.

Attrition is the wear to teeth caused due to interaction between the teeth itself. Excessive loads can cause micro fractures in the enamel region. This is termed as Abfraction. (Adrian Lussi, 2006) Erosion of teeth on the other hand is a result of its interaction with acidic foods which causes decay to the teeth surface in a variety of ways.

How photosynthesis and respiration are linked? And how do they to provide you with energy from the food you eat? Plants use raw inorganic materials, as water and carbon dioxide and transform them into organic compounds, as starch and sugar, using sunlight as energy, in a process known as photosynthesis .

Medical professionals in research interact with their research subject at a higher level. In medical treatment, these develop a relationship with their patients. It is thus, imperative that they maintain and safeguard the interests of their patients and subjects, who might as well be their patients or other healthy individuals.

Water Quality and Contamination. Water quality and contamination is the topic under which this experiment was conducted to test the effects of ground water contamination on the quality of water. There are various sources of ground water contaminants and they all have various levels effect on water quality.

It is also interesting to note that only the members of the Phylum Cnidaria do not possess all three germ layers. When it comes to the number of species, no phyla can outnumber the arthropods, which include arachnids, crustaceans, insects and other subphyla.

Abstract Bloom syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs due to the inability to conserve the genomic structure of the body (Cohen, 2004). The mishap in genetics comes because of crossovers of sister chromosomes; the syndrome is brought by autosomal resseciveness of BML gene (Cohen, 2004).

Malaria, is a mosquito-borne, protozoal illness, identified as a parasite disease with the vector been a mosquito in early 19th century. It is infection manifest in human beings as a result of infection by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax.

Furthermore, how ATP generates its physiological response in the cell shall be discusses Keywords: Adenosine Tri phosphate, neurotransmitter, physiological response Adenosine triphosphate also known as by its shorter form, ATP, is thought to be the currency of energy with respect to life by many biologists.

The systems are made up of various organs of the body, for example, the respiratory arrangement includes the lungs and the nose. Each of these systems performs different functions from others, but they are interconnected by tissues and fluids. The fluids hold body cells and ensure that they are alive at certain conditions.

Factors dictating the susceptibility of malaria include environmental, parasite virulence and host genetics (Mackinnon et al., 2005). These facts may interplay to determine the cause of the disease. The condition is a product of protozoan parasites of genus Plasmodium.

Bradford assays are among the methods used to determine the concentration of protein, relative to a standard. This technique is based on the formation of a complex between the dye, Brilliant Blue G and proteins in solution. The complex being formed causes a shift in the absorption peak from 465nm to 595nm.

It was the first mark to the sighting of viruses, hereditary entities that are located in between non-living and living states. But alive or not, virus is the most extensive of all pathogens. It has the capability of infecting every species of organism such as fish, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, insects, bacteria as well as protozoan.

The behaviors under study in this experiment were food searching, food handling, vigilance, and social behavior. We adopted a study design involved a focal study that allowed the researchers to observe squirrels for fifteen minutes. We observed several transitions from one behavior to the other as the squirrels strived to strike a balance between feeding and staying alert of any emerging predators.

Water potential is used to describe the tendency with which water moves from one region to another. This experiment was carried out in order to determine how the rate of osmosis changes under different solute concentrations. Solute concentrations heavily influence how osmosis occurs.

So before sequencing, the DNA is denatured such that the phosphodiester bonds are broken and they become single strands. This is achieved by heating the DNA to high temperature. 2. Electroporation can be used to introduce DNA into different organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

This essay analyzes that to solve problems related to fertility problems, ART was developed as a promising solution. The in Vitro fertilization is a good example of ART. To increase the success rate of IVF, the clinical and laboratory procedures were enhanced in order to reduce the risk of side-effects on the part of the patients.

In order for these systems to work as required and perform their functions normally, specific and stable conditions inside the body are more than necessary. Every single system of the human body is composed of tissues which are then composed of cells. Cell being the basic structural and functional unit of the body works with other cells and provide the body what it needs.

The author states that biodiversity is the variety in all forms of life. It provides us with all ranges of benefits such as vital goods such as timber and medicinal products, and essential services such as carbon cycling, clean water and pollination. Our daily bread, fish, meat, flowers, books and building timber materials are all gifts of nature.

Studies reveal that tumorigenesis is responsible for proliferation of cancer. In case of breast cancer a variety of proto-oncogenes, such as c-myc, c-erbB-2/neu have been identified. After the human genomic project, research has taken new paradigms to understand the gene-expression and analysis.

There are five avenues via which pollution affects the productivity of the estuary. These five avenues are; agricultural pollution, legacy pollution, sewage, industrial pollution and urban storm water runoff. Main Body Given the number of avenues via which, the San Francisco estuary may be impacted, it is not a surprise as to the major goals the management has set forth to achieve.

Notably, plant enzymes have some advantages over animals and microbial enzymes since they are available from natural sources with low costs and ease of purification. They widely exist in plant and microbial species, but with poor characterization of structure.

The plan is to carry out bioremediation in a two step process. The first step will comprise of microbial degradation by aerobic bacteria. In the second stage microbial degradation will be undertaken by anaerobic bacteria culture. The weapons and explosives are highly toxic and the burial ground should be a restricted site until completion of the bioremediation process.

Cloning entails the intensification of specific DNA segments, leading to the buildup of large amounts of similar DNA fragments, which may be utilized for numerous functions. Conventional molecular cloning uses tailored DNA cloning vectors, which are usually derived from spherical DNA molecules identified as bacterial plasmids.

Arguably, there are considerable variations existing among individuals in a population. Basically, from the evolutionary point of view, such variations are quite essential. Likewise, it can be hypothesized that there are variations in several traits of wood lice (common terrestrial crustacean), in terms of mass, length, plates, and sprint speed that makes some to survive predation than others.

The definition of depression has defined differently in different cultures and has been accompanied extreme pain and headaches. The etiological factors of the disease are not well defined, however, there have been some researches linking depression to genetic and epigenetic factors (Beck & Alford, 2009).