Biology Essays

Aspiration of gastric contents leads to a pathological process referred to as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients experience gastrointestinal and respiratory complications, which develop to diseases like esophageal cancer when left untreated.

Close to eighty percent of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished drugs come from nations outside America. Importation of foods from outside countries pose a great risk on the health and lives of both animals and individuals in the U.S. according to a research carried out on the risks associated on food importation, it was discovered that a certain number of animals and people in America die while others suffer from serious infections obtained from some imported foods.

For instance, a study may be published associating on average a specific gene with a certain quantifiable behavior. The media, upon receiving word of this research, will change the wording of the story in order to sensationalize and sell the story as newsworthy, often relying on words like “cause”.

He proposed the natural selection was the process that allowed for evolution to occur and produce the wide range of different types of life that can be observed. The concepts he presented were radical at the time, although natural selection has since become the generally accepted mechanism by which evolution occurs.

In order for hypersensitivity reactions to occur, they need the host to be in a state of pre-sensitization. Gell and Coombs classified these reactions into four groups. These are: allergy, antibody dependent hypersensitivity, immune complex disease, delayed hypersensitivity disease, and autoimmune disease.

There are several reasons why a person is inflicted with this disease though a very definitive cause has not been established for all cancers and it is also known that not all forms of tumors are malignant and dangerous. When cancer really spread in the body, they may also enter through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to sites other than the major organ where these cells lie (Cairns et al 2011).

In the present study, the unknown microorganism present in the Probiotics, maozrella cheese and camembert cheese were analyzed using the biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase, latex agglutination, Gram’s staining and string test. From the biochemical results it was identified that the unknown microorganisms present in the given samples of probiotics, mozeralla cheese and camembert cheese were Lactobacillus sp, Streptococcus sp and Penicillium sp.

They are the one moving the actin filament through generating force by elongating one end of the filament coupled with shrinkage of the other, causing net movement of the intervening strand.

According to the United Nations, the world’s population has now reached 7 billion and is growing at a rate of 1.10% with each year and the average population change stands at 75 million individuals annually (Worldometers, 2012). This population is set to increase in the years to come.

These diseases are very harmful for the human body, as they can affect the body tissues and functions in various adverse ways, resulting in acute inflammatory illnesses, sleep-breathing abnormalities, untreatable skin diseases and many more. If malnutrition is not taken care of, it can sometimes also result in death (Olivares et al 1999; Patterson et al 2000; Kopelman 2000; William et al 2003).

This paper describes features of naked mole rats, with main focus on their eusociality. Only one female mole-rat reproduces by breeding with a few males of the community; while, the rest of the males and females form the labor force which perform tasks like maintenance of colonies, nest building, transportation of soil, and defense.

The number of people suffering from lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases and hypertension among others is rising at a worrying rate. This has prompted the health professionals and the population as well to be concerned with food products consumed and how such products are produced.

Scholars have long sought to point to a time in the fossil record where humans first began to domesticate the dog. However, contrary to what many evolutionists and archaeologists previously believed, is now largely understood that the first step towards the domestication of the dog was in fact the domestication of the human.

Once infection occurs, the sporozoite parasites are transported in the victim’s bloodstream to the liver where they mature into merozoites, which re-enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells (Shah, 2010). After multiplying in the cells, the parasites break out after 48 to 72 hours.

The book mainly deals with environmental factors that make societies collapse, but also incorporates the contribution of trade partners, hostile neighbors, and climate change. A major focus of the book is the response of past societies to these threats, and the suitability of these responses.

Immunization and Antibody Production 1. Explain antibody formation resulting from both natural and artificial exposure to antigens Immunologically, it is said that the body is naive to the antigen before they encounter them, this brings the theory that the body cannot have specific antibody to any antigen before they encounter them.

These enzymes are copper containing and have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of inorganic and organic substrates including polyphenols, mono-, di -, amino phenols, methoxy phenols, aromatic amines and ascorbate. According to Desai(2011,pg 543-49) “Laccases (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper enzymes belonging to the group of blue oxidases”.The capacity of laccases to oxidize phenolic compounds and their ability in reducing molecular oxygen to water had encourage its deep study by scientists and researchers.

The genetically modified reference standards were used as controls and the samples were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. GMOs was not identified in all of our soy beans samples with PCR method, we rejected our null hypothesis that stated GMOs was present in our soy beans samples.

This paper provides basic description of Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) process. Different theoretical concepts of this process and essential ingredients of a MBE system are also briefly discussed.

The use of growth hormones has been applied in various occasions to achieve desired characteristics in crop husbandry such as stimulating or inhibiting flowering, stimulating growth of roots and stem of the plants, initiating or removing seed dormancy and so on (Thimann & Lane, 537).

The shapes of these polyps are cup-like and have tentacles that they use them as mouth and anus. These tentacles have stinging cells in which they use them to defend themselves and also to capture their prey. Corals are of two types that is, hard corals and soft corals.

When it penetrates a break in the surface, it induces an immune response that involves hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. For example, when it reaches the gut, it induces what is clinically referred to as enterocolitis, or infection of the digestive tract (Suzuki, 1994).

The cytoskeleton and its network, in particular, have integral roles in maintaining the cell’s shape, facilitating in cytoplasmic streaming, as well as in the movement and arrangement of the organelles within the cell, especially during cell division. The cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds of connective fibers.

The unnecessary use and over-prescription of antibiotics have been known to result in the development of resistance. One critical drawback of such practices is C. difficile infection (CDI), which induces diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis (Wilcox 2003).

Photosynthesis is one such complex process. The most basic definition for it would be that it is a process by which green plants, mostly, and other organisms such as algae (Kingdom Protista), and many species of bacteria, employ the sunlight rays in the synthesis of nutrients (sugar) for their survival and growth from water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Larkum, Susan & John 205).

Homeostasis is maintained by stimulus identification at tissue level with the help of sensors present in skin and sensory organs. The process through which a constant internal environment (homeostasis) is maintained is known as homeostatic mechanism. Homeostatic control in the body is achieved through feed-back system which may be negative feed-back loop or positive feed-back loops.

Many scientists have dedicated their time and energy in finding the best methods of disease diagnosis that practitioner must apply appropriately. The world needs a healthy population that will drive it to better heights. If the humans were to assume the disease and not perform any relevant research, then disease would be a major extinction factor to the human species (Memmlers, 2012).

The advancement of technology has allowed for a number of cures and preventions to be introduced with regard to a large number of diseases there are still worrying concerns about others that have not been eradicated from certain regions and pose as a threat to the quality of life individuals from those regions are able to enjoy (Thetiot-Laurent et.

The present article highlights the potential of stem cells in repairing the body tissues and emergence of stem cells as a novel therapeutic measure. Stem cells are the cells with immense potential to generate and develop into diverse cell types required for the research studies or for organogenesis.

Another thing that is distinct to stem cells is that it can give rise to specialized cells that make up new tissues and organs of the body. Most knowledge on stem cells came from animal research however, a lot of professionals have started applying the study in human embryos that is the main issue in the much disputed “stem cell” research (NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page, n.d).

As the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) points out, “many aspects of Australia’s natural environment, such as the desert, the Great Barrier Reef, and distinctive native species such as the koala, kangaroos and eucalypts are central to Australians’ national identities.” Regarded to possess the oldest in geology and the most biologically distinctive in the world, Australia is known today to be mainly represented by its iconic species, the koala.

Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow an approximate 24-hour cycle, responding mainly to light and darkness in an organism’s environment. They are found in most living things, including animals, plants and many bacteria (Lowrey PL) The most compelling demonstration of the circadian clock’s utility has been made by using cyanobacteria strains with different clock properties growing in competition with each other.

The author constructed a chromosome map, forming three breeding results and using testcrosses that involved flies heterozygous at more than one locus, and taking into account the frequencies of crossover between the loci. Three loci on the second chromosome, an auto some, was chosen to for this experiment for the effect of body color and eye color.

Due to reduced elasticity and a larger fibrous barrier, diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood stream is hindered. This hindrance causes low lung compliance and lowers the effective rate of gaseous diffusion between alveoli and blood stream.

Introduction The term “algae” a Latin term for seaweed, is a broad description to include a variety of phyla that fit the general description in terms of morphology and general physiology. As very simple organisms, they have no roots, stems and leaves.

This disease makes the immune system unable to differentiate antigens and health tissues thus directing antibodies against health tissues. Summary Lupus disease is caused by body’s immune system hype reactivity. The history of this disease dates back in 13th Century where its name was coined to fit the physician’s view of the disease.

Photosynthesis is the process through which green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert the sun’s energy into chemical bond energy of organic molecules that it consumes as food. This paper covers two experiments on photosynthesis; the first one investigates whether a positive rate of net photosynthesis depends on light levels.

GMOs are comprised of various genetic characteristics that especially help in developing the quality of the plants and protect them from pests at the same time. Various sorts of GMO crops encompass Bt-Potato, Bt-Corn and Roundup Ready soybeans among others.

Since this case involves a human being and thus human materials, which is a scarce situation. Surgical materials or rather tissues are the best source of human tissue due to the ability to remove the normal tissue together with the affected/diseased tissues.

This high percentage is attributed to the process of photosynthesis, which utilizes the CO2, solar energy water, and chlorophyll, an essential component of the respiration of eukaryotes. Interaction of biotic and abiotic components together with biotic-biotic interaction is responsible for the proliferation of life.

These mild infections are usually caused by a myriad of viruses. This viruses cause viral illness in turn cause a combination of symptoms such as runny nose, runny eyes, ear fluid, stuffy nose and fever. Common cold is an infection that starts to show it fully symptoms after 3 days of feeling ill however the symptoms can last up to one or two weeks.

331). Recent investigations have targeted miRNAs because of their high possibility in solving problems in cancer therapy. So many miRNAs have been associated with different types of human cancers such as lung cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, breast cancer, colon carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma (Tang, Ahmad & Sarkar, 2012; Kayani, Kayani, Malik & Faryal, 2011; Science Daily, 2013).

Pompe disease is known to devastate the body to such an extent that one cannot move the muscles among other things like breathe and talk. Their motivation to investigate through research the disease was not borne out of nothing, of their three children, two; Patrick and Megan 3 and 4 years respectively were suffering from this condition.

The animals that live in rainforests depend on the thickness of forests and they survive because of the environment they live in, for instance monkeys will not be able to survive if forests are cut down, nor will the snakes that love to wrap themselves around tree trunks and branches.

Industry-the use of traditional cooling towers is still widespread in many industrial plants, yet such a system requires heavy maintenance and consumes millions of gallons of water almost on a daily basis. An intelligent process cooling, proven for years in Europe, is a better alternative to the wasteful traditional methods.

It is the vector of several viruses including those causing dengue. It has spread from Southeast Asia to North and South America, Europe, Africa and Australia through the transportation of tires. Several attempts have been made to control it but all have failed but there is a promise in genetic engineering in order to manipulate this species whose genetic make-up easily mutates.

The saved seeds necessarily do not have to be treated with biological supplements which ensures that the seeds are kept pure, as they are pollinated, and also they are not likely to cause any biohazard complications to the consumers. To keep the seeds pure and ensure that the seeds will not rot, the agricultural officer is expected to dry them out.

They are composed of either ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is single stranded or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is double stranded. Either nucleic acid is enclosed in a proteinaceous coat referred to as a capsid. The core structural units of the capsid are known as capsomeres.

This paper tells that Whooping Cough or Pertussis is caused by the bacteria, Bordetella pertussis. It belongs to the genus Bordetella in the family Alcaligenaceae. Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection marked by paroxysms of coughing. It is named after the “whoop” sound produced by the children when they try to breathe during a heavy coughing spell.

; and upregulation of p53, RCD, and some heat shock proteins, as well as increased downregulation of TIEG1, in the extracellular matrices in the tendons (Buhrmann, et al., 2011; Courneya, et al., 2010; Haddad, et al., 2011; Klatte-Schulz, et al., 2012; Maeda, et al., 2009; Millar, et al., 2009).