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Colour vision represents another important component of human lives making people able to live their lives to the fullest extent. A combination of biopsychological factors initiates the process of objects’ distinction based on the wavelengths of the reflected light. These signals reach the nervous system through the cone photoreceptors in our eyes.
In most cases, the host by releasing appropriate antibodies against the parasite has been able to counter the pathogenic parasites especially if done in time as the case of the Eosinophil recruitment against extracellular helminths where the limitation of stage development necessitates destruction in the early larval stage of the helminths.
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Chimpanzee belongs to the Hominidae family and has a close evolutionary relationship to the humans. “The Great apes and we are so close, that it is obvious that a fundamental error was made when classifying ourselves as something separate. Male Chimpanzees are taller and heavier than their female counterpart.
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Gas in its pure form consists of many impurities which need to be filtered by the gas plants so that the gas can be used by the consumers. Gas can be found in oil wells, gas wells and condensate wells. Gas is usually found in a dissolved form of oil which needs to be separated at first. Here the role of Low Temperature Separator comes as it is used to cool the gas and oil.
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been a model organism for studying genetics for the last one hundred years following the pioneering work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1910. The ease of culturing fruit flies in the lab, the fast generation-time, and a large number of offspring from each female makes the fruit fly an excellent research subject for genetics.
The author states that total quality management, which means the control of every variable that could possibly affect the quality of the test result, is one of the critical factors in running a successful bacteriology and immunology laboratory. From start to end, the full production line has to be properly monitored and to be prepared with contingency plans.
In commercial media usage by some laboratories often succeed in meeting all tests within the quality level platform. That is why the quality control for assurance in growth, isolation, and identification for a concise perform effort to test isolates in susceptibility.
Genetics has its roots dating back to the ancient notions proposed by Aristotle, which was later represented as a concept by Darwin. Later on by observation and studies by Weismann, Mendel, and Crick, this philosophy evolved into a science. Charles Darwin was a zoologist, whose greatest contribution to science came by his theory of natural selection.
Neurological prostheses commonly manufactured are shunts for the central nervous system of patients with hydrocephalus, Ommaya reservoirs, intracranial pressure devices, and implantable neurological stimulators (von Eiff, et al., 2005, p.181). These are susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination.
Research about stem cell, especially research on embryonic stem cell may offer remedies for the grievous diseases, also poses numerous controversial and difficult moral questions. This is mirrored in many numbers of regulatory regimes and moral perspectives that are already pursued or in the stages of being developed in EU Member nations.
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, molecules that speed up chemical reactions. The roles enzymes play in maintaining body function are indispensable because living processes consist entirely of biochemical reactions. Without enzymes to serve as catalysts, these reactions will not be fast enough to sustain life’s functions
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Parkinsons Disease is one of the examples which the rats were suffering from and showed improvement because of the stem cells. This clearly shows that embryonic stem cells which are considered to be the basic cells of an organism can provide a breakthrough in treatments of different diseases which were previously not curable.
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Lane has described the procedure to create babies using the eggs of two women. If the egg from one woman contains defective mitochondria, then these can be replaced by those attained from the donor egg from another woman, and since a mitochondrion itself contains DNA, this would mean that the baby is going to have genes from two different women.
The beetroot has a high content of betalain. This betalain is the pigment responsible for the color of the beetroot. It is a red-purple pigment. Betalain is present inside the cell and it is protected by the tonoplast. Betalains are water-soluble and exist as internal salts in the sap vacuoles. The cell membrane is the most important part of a cell.
The paper, ‘Pioneer and climax tree regeneration following selective logging with silviculture in Suriname’ by M. Dekker and N. R. de Graaf is highly relevant for the contemporary times when the environmental concern has become a major issue. The study was conducted under the original site of 78/5 experiment.
The digestive system is affected by cystic fibrosis in several ways: firstly, the sticky and thick mucus interferes with the normal functioning of the pancreas by blocking its ducts, thereby preventing insulin and other digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines and aiding digestion, thus fats, proteins, and vitamins are absorbed.
The operating conditions such as pH, Temperature, pressure, nutrient supply, and waste removal are highly regulated. Bioreactor systems play an important role in tissue engineering. Tissue engineering refers to the generation of artificial three-dimensional tissues, which are used as a powerful tool in regenerative medicine.
The author states that this kind of bacteria exists in the Arctic Ocean in the form of spores, which is a kind of sleeping, or dormant form of bacteria. It stays this way to protect itself against adverse conditions for long periods of time, in order to wait for a better time period to grow. Through experimental incubation, these spores are revived.
The conclusion from this study states that Marine biotechnology is such an advanced field of biological science that benefits every field including health, environment, and agriculture. The rich physiological and genetic diversity in the marine ecosystem is the strength of all the biotechnological applications.
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Disturbances are effects which change and disturb the ecosystem. Large infrequent disturbances form a different kind of disturbance which has many factors governing it. These disturbances are different from other disturbances because they occur on a larger scale, they do not have a very frequent pattern of occurrence.
Involves the movement of macromolecules molecules through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm. Construction of the Ribosome: Exportation of RNA molecules synthesized in the nucleus to the cytosol. Ribosomal protein synthesis (of the 60 & 40 s subunits) occurs in the cytosol and are imported back into the nucleus.
Between the genome decoding and the appearance of new wonder, medicine is a great distance to reach. Usually, it takes about 10-12 years to test, to create the proper medicaments, and to release them on sale. However, what we have today, is the decoded genome only, and the human body contains about 30 000 different genes.
The author states that puberty is the result of functional and morphological transformations in organ systems like blood circuits, central nervous system, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands observed in both sexes. The hypothalamus in the body produces the gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Circadian rhythms are the regular changes in biological processes that follow rhythmical patterns over a 24-hour period (Theo Sonderegger, 55). Humans tend to respond to every 24-hour spin of the earth on its axis scheduling tasks and needs according to the environment spending about 8 hours in sleep and are awake for 16 hours within the 24-hour circadian cycle
The paper also demonstrates that plasmids are small circular double-stranded DNA molecules that often contain antibiotic resistance genes. Many also contain a unique origin of replication and are autonomously replicated to high copy numbers within bacterial cells. Plasmids are frequently used for gene cloning purposes.
Their importance in our habitat leads us to study thoroughly about them. Since they cannot be seen by the naked eye, their identification is considered a tough job. It requires so much perfection to work with microorganisms in order to reduce the chances of contamination. Microorganisms contribute to a high extent of the spread of disease.
Manipulative skills and cognitive microbiological knowledge are essential for the identification of microorganisms beyond their genus classification, i.e. to their species identification. The use of previously performed experiments and procedures laid the foundation of dichotomous keys, Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The genes thus introduced exert their benefits by either compensating for the abnormal genes or by producing a beneficial protein or by supplementing the abnormal gene (Hecht, 2004). The first gene therapy clinical trial started in 1990 (Hecht, 2004). Currently, research is going on for gene therapy by various approaches.
The paper also shows that the exclusive chemisorption of atomic oxygen in aqueous and gaseous media on the surface of silver gives it freedom for the movement of oxygen anywhere in the crystal lattice of silver. This offers a reservoir of oxygen and exclusive features for silver to set apart in catalytic activity.
The author states that the most significant characteristics for the correct identification of our organism included the ability to stain positive using the Gram stain. From the diagnostic table, only four bacterial species are expected to test positive using Gram stain, namely Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus, and Enterococcus.
Several species such as “varroa” mites have spread globally due to their commercialization to new zones. The result is the transfer of parasitic microorganism, worldwide, into the dense honeybee populations, which have no immunity towards them. Hence, such parasites and mites are known to cause havoc within the honeybee densities.
Zoologists have quite diverse opportunities due to the fact that biology itself is a major branch of biology and therefore is quite broad in potential employers coverage. Though much depends on adequate academic qualifications, especially if one wants the zoologist career to be not only interesting but also profitable.
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The ability to switch sex is one of the aspects that make the fish unique especially the fact that this can happen to any adult fish. Kawamura & Nakashima (1998 p 126) observe that during hatching, the fish are usually one sex, i. e, all males. The dominant male that becomes larger than all the rest during the adult stage develops into a female.
The work presented is important for several reasons. First, asbestos is a known carcinogen, and its effects on cells must be thoroughly understood in order to recommend steps to prevent and reverse cancers and diseases due to exposure to asbestos. The second reason is that the enzyme studied is involved in the repair of DNA damage in mammalian cells.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, that are present in the body to carry out various metabolic activities. They are basically made up of protein molecules which are very sensitive to temperature fluctuations in the surrounding where they accomplish biological reactions. Our daily diet encompasses great quantity of starch.
They sense the presence of small lipophilic molecules like steroids and various other hormones and regulate the expression of the genes concerned with these molecules, thus assisting in various functions the molecules are destined to perform (Novac and Heinzel, 2004). Thus nuclear receptors act as ligand-inducible transcription factors.
The author states that the presence of thrombosis that is, clogging of a coronary artery by a blood clot leads to ischemia or reduced blood supply to the cardiac tissue, and unhindered ischemia results in a heart attack. In many victims of heart attack, reperfusion that is, the resumption of the flow of oxygenated blood leads to further pathogenesis.
The art is highly developed around the world especially in the United States and in Japan made possible with the advent of new technologies that widened the portfolio of available animation techniques.
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The eye is an image forming organ and like a camera. In front of the eye, a small hole is present which is called the pupil. The light enters through this hole and is focused on the retina, which is a camera film-like structure. The lens of the eye focuses the images from different distances on the retina.
The study of microbiology also highlights the problems with regard to the biodegrading of toxic and other minerals present in the environment that are harmful to the plants, animals, apart from human beings. While biotechnology seeks to solve the problems faced in medicine, agriculture, etc., and the microbiology is its branch.
The author states that another machine then copies these instructions to form a molecule as messenger RNA (mRNA). When the process of translation is completed, the slender RNA strand carries generic information through the nucleopore complex, the gatekeeper of traffic in and out of the cell nucleus.
Cells, such as those of skin, hair, and muscle, reproduce by means of mitosis. Mitosis is what happens with a eukaryotic cell is separated from the chromosomes within the cell nucleus and is divided into two identical sets of two daughter nuclei.
Milica Zarkovic Bookman defines Middle age as the period between 40 and 60 years (Bookman, 2000, p. 7).The theories of Erikson, Vaillant, Levinson, and Peck deal with the foretold developments during Middle Age. Besides, theories of these psychologists, i.e. the stage theories deal with the psychological development of middle-aged human beings.
Oxygen is an essential component of life. Hypoxia is a condition where physiologic oxygen levels fall lower than the normal, which can result in stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, other neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Because of the importance of oxygen for life, organisms have developed mechanisms to cope and survive low oxygen levels (hypoxia).
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Biodiversity, derived from the word ‘biological diversity’, is a very broad concept that is referring to a variety of plants and animal species, micro-organisms, forest and the ecosystem (Australian Government, 2009). Although the estimated number of species on Earth would range between 2 to 10 million (Pidwirny, 2006), a lot of biologists remain uncertain with regards to the exact figure.
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Stem Cell Research- a clash of Science vs. Ethics, could well be a debate that might go on for generations as every individual has a different opinion about the subject. Should we allow doctors to play God and reverse our own destiny? Should we strive to provide cures that reverse the processes of injury and death?
To investigate growth pattern of given culture in liquid media, nutrient broth was inoculated and incubated at 37°C for 24h. After incubation growth was observed visually.
Genetically modified foods are often the subject of critical media attention, fueled by public skepticism about any positives that can come about by introducing these products in the marketplace. Despite the added productivity of farms and quality of the food they produce, the public has voiced concern about the industry’s movement.
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Human-Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) have a wide range of uses in the fields of biotechnology, pharmacology and biomedical sciences. The aim of this project would be to look into and understand the mechanism of the reprogramming and develop a new methodology to control the fate of these cells.
This pathway plays a major role in embryonic development by deciding the fate of binary cells. 'Notch' is named after the notched wing phenotype of mutant Drosophila. Other important functions of the pathway include cell proliferation, regulation of boundary formation between various cell populations and cell death.