Biology Essays

According to the paper findings, it can, therefore, be said that the main function of the microscope is to increase the resolution.  If the magnification is higher then the resolution will be higher. (Bisen and Sharma 2012). Microscopes are of two types namely Light microscope and electron microscope.

Attraction is broadly understood as the process wherein these individual creates attract the opposite sex organism that they will copulate with in the act of mating.While these are broad understandings of this terminology,there is also a large amount of scientific research that goes into understanding these elements in terms of the differences and specific elements within species

Infection from this virus can range from a mild disease to fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus was discovered in 1973 and before this time it was associated with significant morbidity and less frequent mortality although this trend has been substantially reduced due to the vaccine now available against this virus.

No real roots Sea weed, green algae Bryophytes These are small non-vascular plants which lack a specialized conducting system. They do not produce seeds and reproduce by means of haploid spores. For active growth and reproduction, these plants require a moist environment.

The simplest structural form of proteins is an amino acid. Proteins are very important as they engage in cell repair and formation of new cells. Proteins are also very important during pregnancy, childhood as well as adolescence.

This method was introduced in 1967 and has since become a popular PAGE process. (Shapiro et al, 1967) SDS PAGE sample contains sodium dodecyl sulphate/lauryl sulfate, ?-mercaptoethanol (BME), bromophenyl blue, glycerol, and Tris-glycine at pH 6.8. SDS  removes secondary and tertiary protein structures and maintains the proteins as polypeptide chains, it also gives negative charges to protein molecules, ?

This reaction causes the body to show symptoms of allergy. When he consumed any of the above foods, he suffered from eczema. Eczema is a condition where a patient gets red scaly rashes on the skin it is common in infants (Wong, 2010). Question 2 Christopher has positive allergen specific IgE to house dust mites because in this case smaller units are studied as compared to the skin prick test which studies bigger units yet the dust mites have very minimal impact to Christopher’s immune system which cannot be detected through the skin prick test.

The main idea is to reduce harmful industrial activities while replacing these kinds of operations by green ones. The major power source of the Earth should be changed and the population should be induced to use green power sources such as solar and wind energy (Wustenhagen & Bilharz, 2006).

Ub is found throughout an entire cell and can exist in a free state or combined with other protein. If it is combined with other protein then it is attached by a covalent bond between the glycine and lysine on the proteins. Ub has a role to play in many cell processes. For example – during the G1 phase of mitosis Ub is conjugated to the protein cyclin and hence play an important role in controlling the cell cycle. Ub conjugation is also present in DNA repair, the regulation of transcription, apoptosis and embryogenesis.

The protozoa parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium are the etiological agents of this infectious tropical disease. These parasites fall in different species namely P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. Severity and pathogenesis of the malaria is subject to the type of parasite.

Aside from that, its characteristic aloofness, intelligence and cleverness have made it a favorite subject of animal studies. The Reflex Arm of Behavior The study of communication and behavior should first bear in mind the factors that influence them. In cats, as well as in other animals, it should be noted that the absence of higher levels of thinking such as discernment and problem solving implies that most of their body language depends on reflex reaction to a present stimulus (animal.discovery.com).

In this way, they are the most widely distributed amphibian in North America; even reaching beyond the Arctic Circle ("Wood Frogs (Lithobates Sylvaticus) in Manitoba") its scientific name is Rana Sylvatica. Furthermore, it has very attractive characteristics that are usually coupled and are similar to other Chordates, Amphibians and Anurans etc.

 Bacteria refer to single-celled living organisms, which are smaller than the smallest animal and plant cells. A bacterium contains cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane and a cell wall. The bacterial cell contains some genetic material with the purpose of carrying the body’s instructions to the cell. 

These fluids transmit the virus, since it moves from the infected individual to uninfected person. HIV/AIDS is usually spread through sexual intercourse. Other forms of transmission include sharing of needles, especially when using them for street drugs, mother to fetus transmission, and even kissing (Johanson 236).

In 2006, Yamanaka and other scientists discovered that fibroblasts of humans and mice could generate pluripotent cells (iPSC means Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) when genetically reprogrammed (Giordano 307). The genetic programming makes these somatic cells lose the characters of their specific tissues and become pluripotent.

The process of modifying crops has also been found to increase the number of mortalities among cattle and other livestock. Removal of genetically modified feed for animals has also been found to reduce the number of deaths and other illnesses that had been previously affecting the animal while it was fed with modified food

In Apoptosis the advantage basically is linked with the advantages coming from the organism’s life cycle. Apoptosis produces apoptotic bodies which are cell fragments through which phagocyte cells quickly remove and also engulf the content linked with the cell which can spill out in the cells which are in the surrounding which is extremely harmful.

It should be noted that many farmers have already switched and more are switching to the IPM principles; therefore, introducing incentives will disadvantage these sets of farmers (Chiras, 2013). Moreover, it should be noted that farmers are usually very conscious to their land stewardship; hence, any environmental and economic shown to them usually drive them to changes without any incentives.

Research studies have been conducted to find ways to leverage hypertension management through Information Technology. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2013) is currently involved in research to test the effectiveness of a technological solution in hypertension referred to as an e-health blood pressure control system. 

Their research centered primarily on jackals, brown hyenas and lions, as well as other African carnivores. Cry of the Kalahari gives a personal account of the biologists’ encounters with a multitude of animals and showcases their struggles to abode and work in such an unforgiving and harsh environment (Owens, M.

He cautiously moved forward to examine the disturbance, the source of his curiosity. The next moment he was in a state of shock. The heartbeat accelerated and he could feel his heart in his mouth. The fear injected by that deadly black rattling snake right in front of him.

Using chemical messages, cells would be instructed to perform their intended functions including making of proteins or enzymes. Scientists could introduce a foreign gene so as to make the altered cell produce new enzymes or proteins for performance of new functions.

with a suitable environment inside the lungs. Presence of either of the two copies of variants was found to increase the risk of lung cancer by 28 per cent in the smokers as compared to the non-smokers having the same copy whereas presence of both copies of variants was found to cause a net increase of 81 per cent in the risk of lung disease for the smokers (Park).

The mourning experience leads to both emotional and physical trauma since the bereaved parties intend to adapt to live upheaval brought by the loss of live. Psychologists recognize grieving as a long suffering process which results from the death of an individual in human society as well as in animal one (Anderson and Anderson 231).

This paper is aimed at exposing some of the scientific concepts of cells, how they move from one state to the other, and the factors that facilitate the entire process.  Some of the concepts of factors to be considered in the whole process are; signaling pathways, receptor tyrosine, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage checkpoints. 

Melanoma is produced from melanocytes so the tumor is usually brown or black (Society). The incidence of skin carcinomas is noted to be increasing in the past few years (Stulberg, Crandell and Fawcett). At the current rate, it is predicted that 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer in his/her lifetime (Riker, Zea and Trinh).

Cellular respiration involves cells utilizing carbon compounds together with oxygen to form high-energy molecules that fuel cellular activities. During this process, carbon dioxide, a by-product of the process, would be released into the air. On the other hand, plants would absorb this released carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and give out oxygen.

The paper tells that research involving embryonic stem cells lines is a rapidly growing field that is confronting ethical challenges. The ethical challenge depends on the idea that the costs of violating the alleged dignity of human embryos outweigh the costs of not researching and providing potentially life-saving treatments based on embryonic stem cells.

Microbes are an indispensable module of our environment. They are found to be associated with the food that we eat, the clothes we wear/make use of and water we drink/utilize. They may perhaps influence the quality of our lives. Food items may be contaminated during the handling process, surroundings and the sanitary conditions where they are kept.

The author states that low-voltage electron microscopes (LVEM) have proven to be effective in comparison to High-voltage electron microscopes (HVEM). Both types of microscopes work on the same principles, but the significant different between them results from the effect of electron acceleration voltage variation.

Formation of a baby after conception is the most amazing act of nature. Advances in medical sciences in the last hundred years or so have unfolded the intricacies of human birth to a great extent; however, one cannot ignore the fact that one in every 80 babies is born with some kind of birth defect.

Viruses have unspecified structures of deoxyribonucleic acid commonly referred to as DNA. The DNA defines the structure of cells, the fact that viruses have indefinite DNAs makes them capable of changing their structure from time to time thus making it difficult for the body cells to identify and remove them from the cell structures.

Among these groups, the Placoderm and Acanthodii are extinct while the Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes are still in existence. Osteichthyes and placoderms are characterized as having macromeric cutaneous skeletons overshadowed by huge bony plates. On the other hand, Chondrichthyes and acanthodians are typified as having micromeric cutaneous skeletons primarily consisting of scales.

Esophageal cancer is considered to be one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Significant changes have occurred in the epidemiological pattern of the disease. The advancements in staging and diagnosis of disease have increased the life span of the patients suffering from esophageal cancer (Matteo Fassan).

Generally speaking, the carrying capacity of the earth is “the size at which a theoretical population would stabilize,” or “the theoretical equilibrium population size at which a particular population in a particular environment will stabilize when its supply of resources remains constant” (Muir 1). 

Mitosis happens to be the simplest way of cell division, and this process takes a number of stages: a) The interphase stage also referred to as interkinesis whereby the cell does not divide. Here, interphases happen to be extremely active since the cells undertake all the functions required for life, while at the same time, synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) so that the new cells created by the miotic phase will have a complete replica of the original thereby having everything required.

Cloning has now been at the edge of modern medical science for a few decades now. The initial success that leading cloning experts and researchers had with the creation of a cloned sheep Dolly initiated the enthusiastic pursuit of this controversial discipline that has far-reaching impacts on the biology of mankind, life and society at large as well.

Understanding of genetic polymorphism is facilitated by considering the differences of genetic pools among various ethnic groups in the world. Although Arabs are usually identified as Caucasians, modern Arab populations, especially in Egypt, Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon, are the result of a long history of blending with different human races (Der Kalustian et al.,1980). Arabs, Africans, Europeans, and other Asian people intermarried during wars, mass migrations, trade and religious practices (pilgrimage).

The mitotic stages of the onion root tip and white fish blastula were identified. The prepared and preserved slides were observed under the microscope. The different stages of mitosis such as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of the cell along with the cytokinesis were identified and the stages were differentiated.

The methodology was created to incorporate three major principles in sustainable agriculture; these include social equity, environmental health and economic profitability. Such concepts are often utilize biological systems related to ecology to attain the above mentioned goals.

Pros and Cons of Breast Cancer and Biomarkers Introduction "Tumor markers or biomarkers are substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions" (National Cancer Institute, 2012).

This is the reason why there is need to control microbial growth especially on some surfaces during biological processes as well as in medical procedures. There is also need to limit microbial growth in all household surfaces and utensils to ensure that people remain healthy.

McCrea and Rybak make the contribution of CPGs to the effective treatment of spinal cord injuries more emphatic by stressing further this medical cause. They claim that a combination of CPG and UBG architecture can be used for a better understanding of the neural mechanism in charge of locomotion in spinal cord injury patients.    

The outer zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids and the middle zona fasciculate releases the glucocorticoids, for example cortisol. The glucocorticoids play an important role in body metabolism and body resistance during stress. The innermost zone, zona reticularis, produces adrenal androgens.

The ancestors of various species look different in their structure, behaviour and physiology back in time. Before Darwin, though some naturalists had speculated about the modification of species, they failed to explain why and how species change. They also believed that evolution began with the special creation of only a fixed number of species.

Approximately 71% of the surface of the earth is composed of the Marine ecosystems and it contains almost 97% of the total amount of water available in the planet. 32% of the net primary production of the world is generated from here. It is different from the freshwater ecosystems as it contains several dissolved components like different types of salt.

The experiment identifies similarities in mitotic stages for cells in both plants and animals. The mitotic process leads to the division of one parent cell to form two identical daughter cells that can further undergo subsequent mitotic divisions. Introduction Cells are the fundamental elements of living things, both plants and animals.

The author of the paper will begin with the statement that mucin-type O glycans is a component of the outermost coating of all cell surfaces. Aside from providing a protective barrier and support, these molecules mediate adhesions to other cells or extracellular matrix. These are made by glycosyltransferases (Tabak, 2010). 

(Goodman, Kurdia, Ammann, Kakhniashvili, & Daescu, 2007). The cell membrane determinines the properties of the erythrocyte. Cytoplasmic enzyme in the membrane maintains the flexibility of the RBC, besides transporting of ions and preventing the oxidation of proteins in the red blood cells.

The debate, which is considered as part of cultural wars, is particularly prevalent in the US and to some degree in Europe and across the globe (Witham, 2002). There are distinctive differences between Darwinism and creationism, some based on belief and others based on data.