Biology Essays

Enzyme known as superoxide dismutase, eliminates superoxide radicals by enhancing the rate of reaction. During the process, toxic substance hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH-) are produced, which, in turn, is dissipated by catalase and peroxide enzymes respectively. The catalase test is used to identify such organisms.

Proteomic is generally defined as the direct analysis of proteins in terms of their presence and relative abundance. Gel electrophoresis is a significant methodology employed for extraction of proteins in proteome analysis. The most commonly used technique in gel electrophoresis is Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Is it safe? Although there are different arguments for and against this practice, this paper argues against it on the ground that it interferes with the natural order of things, it has not been proven to be safe, it may lead to the exploitation of the oocytes’ donor.

The American Heart Association has identified increasing age, male sex (gender) and heredity as the three major risk factors with regard to coronary heart disease. Tobacco smoke, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, obesity and overweight and diabetes mellitus are the other major risk factors.

It assists in estimation of energy, mineral transfer as well as prey-predator relationships within an ecosystem. Previous researches have proven that otoliths as well as cephalopod beaks can be made use on estimation of the lengths as well as the mass of fish.

Merlin (2003) defines archeology as the scientific study of human society, by recovering and analyzing the environmental data and material culture that they left behind, including architecture, artifacts, and cultural landscapes. Archeology is both humanity and a science because it uses a wide range of procedures (Merlin, 2003)

The fluorochrome is bound to an antibody and this antibody bids to the cells. The light source usually used is a laser light. The cells are hydro-dynamically maneuvered such that only one cell intercepts the laser beam at a given time. When these cells intercept the laser beam, light is scattered by them and absorbed by the fluorochrome.

They are common aquatic organism because they have the capacity to adapt different aquatic environments ranging from freshwaters to acidic swamps, lakes, seas, rivers, wells and ponds. If one studies the effect of nicotine on Daphnia, the ultimate results are fatal (Fitzgerald 12).

When human beings take in foods such as vegetables and carbohydrates, they must be broken down to smaller particles that can be absorbed in the blood and body cells. The human digestive system is made up of a combination of organs from the mouth to the anus.

It requires that two or more coding sequence are combined, so that a new gene is formed, where the promoter gene is used to express in the newly gene component, while the reporter gene replaces the coding region, such that instead of the gene replication producing the original protein component, it is the reporter gene that will be expressed (Clark, n.p.).

Null hypothesis is that of no difference while objective hypothesis is that of difference (Mackey & Gass, 2005). In this case, the hypothesis in this study will be: There is a significant drop of sugar levels in blood of the mice treated with black coffee compared with those treated with water.

The author explains that the way living organisms adjusts their bodies to the impressions of stimulation by adjusting to such stimulant after some time. "Sensory adaptation" is decreased sensitiveness of the sensory receptors because of overstimulation. This process enables living bodies to perform a function in specific unpleasant situations.

There are natural threats to the environment such as earthquakes and tsunamis, and there are artificial threats such as poor water treatment, air pollution, and inappropriate dumping of toxic wastes. According to Kibert, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental justice is termed as the fair treatment of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status, among other discriminatory factors, in the implementation of environmental laws, policies, and regulations (170).

Growth Hormone is secreted in a pulsatile manner from the anterior pituitary gland. It is a peptide hormone consisting of 191 amino acid residues and contains 2disulphide bonds. Growth hormone secretion is regulated by hormones like GHRH , Somatostatins and Somatomedins which either stimulates GH or inhibits GH release by positive and negative feedback effects respectively.Conditions like hyprglycemia and prolonged sleep increases GH secretion levels.

Natural killer T cells are unique CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes that function as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Based on their TCR usage and lipid antigen specificity, NKT cells have been divided into two subpopulations, type I and type II.

The thyroid hormone is known to regulate body metabolism and therefore plays a crucial role in the development process. Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and temperature of the body, influencing the nervous system, muscular system, and other systems as well.

The paper seeks to discuss child-language development. By taking a case study, this paper seeks to advise the parents of Tam, a twenty-month-old child who seem to have problems with language development. The paper will rely on knowledge gained throughout the semester on child-language development to appropriate advice these parents.

While animal cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and chromosomes, cells of plants contain a cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplast and vacuole (The Cell, n.d.). The present study focuses on a literature review of general biology, particularly considering the process of photosynthesis, the functions of chromosomes, and the structure of DNA and their associations with each other.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome is a viral disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus which is related to viruses that cause cold. The spread of the respiratory was accelerated by international air travel initially spreading to Hong Kong in 2003 and further throughout South East Asia (Lee et al., 2003).

The term "Dinosaur Fossils" is made up by combining two Greek words: Deinos, meaning "terrible" and Sauros, meaning "lizard;" with the Latin word Fossilis, meaning "dug up." This means that the term “dinosaur fossil” literally means the "great lizard dug up." It was first used by British anatomist Sir Richard Owen in 1841( Dinosaur Fossils - Age Old Debate, 2012) These creatures evolved into a very varied range of sizes and shapes, from the enormous slow moving, plant-eating sauropods, to the quicker tyrannosaurs, whose teeth show that they were meat eaters.

It includes members exhibiting variations in body forms, for example, some are unicellular while others are multicellular. Protists have chloroplasts and can manufacture food through the process of photosynthesis. All protists have mitochondria and can carry out respiration (breakdown of glucose to yield energy).

Second, there is the school of thought that describes drug abuse as a type of self-fulfilling prophecy with relation to the way people understand and categorize it. What one can see from this debate, prior to seeking to develop their own point of view with relation to the issue, is that one viewpoint attempts to explain drug use by way of a mental/spiritual deficiency in terms of lack of willpower.

The results of experiment 1 regarding the effects of potassium and calcium chlorides on antibiotic activity indicated that the zone of inhibition reduces with the increasing amounts of cations in the culture. Generally, Potassium chloride produces monovalent cations (K+) while Calcium chloride produces divalent cations (Ca2+ ).

It is here Darwin established his groundbreaking theory of biological evolution creating a new science and new way of understanding how all life came to be. Due its scientific significance and unspoiled beauty, the Galapagos Islands are a travel destination for tens of thousands every year.

These include the microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments, they have different functions, but maintain interaction with one another (Brady and Kirkpatrick, 1). These fibrous subcomponents are synthesized from the polymerization of certain protein subunits.

Although the worker bee is a female, it lacks the ability to reproduce. The drone mates with the queen while the queen plays its important role of laying egg. Worker bees collect pollen and nectar to feed the colony, clean the hive, and take care of the young ones (Jorgensen, 2009).

This paper deals with the cause and spread of malaria, and its association with parasites and protozoa. The paper also includes epidemiology, the latest facts, and research about the endemic. Also described are the various strategies adopted by the world for its eradication and the global organization and CDC working for a healthy and malaria-free world.

The book highlights the relationship between animals and humans. In each chapter, the relationship between humans and the dogs changes. This paper will give a summary and analysis of each chapter. Chapter One In chapter one of the book, the author introduces the reader to the life of Buck, who is a beloved pet at the homestead of Judge Miller in Santa Clara.

The rapid growth of population in India is a root cause of a wide range of issues that India is facing today. These issues include but are not limited to decline in the standard of living, unemployment, poverty, shortage of resources, conflict, and untold misery.

Although it Moreover, drugs directly alter neurons and the synapses that they carry out, and drugs do this either through imitation of the natural chemical messengers of the brain and through the overstimulation of the brain’s “reward circuit” (“Drug Facts,” 2011).

Consequently, a destabilized protein level in the body, through inappropriate nutrition or through effects of diseases adversely affects body processes. The study of protein concentration in the body, as well as in substances is therefore fundamental to nutritionists and health care professionals.

One page. 5- Architecture of the cytoskeleton in normal red blood cells and compares it to sickle cell shaped. 6- Sickle red cells impair the blood flow causing series of tragic events!  Sources: In attached files. Introduction: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited recessive blood disorder which is caused by a point mutation which leads to the faulty synthesis of hemoglobin in turn resulting in the production of pathogenic or diseased erythrocytes.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as other techniques such as energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is an effective tool used for the identification and characterization of particulate contamination and foreign body contamination of food.

In a few situations, the effect is only on one organ by mitochondrial disorders – like blindness or heart failure – or many parts of the body are astakeke at the same time. There is a possibility that mothers never experience symptoms but they can pass on mitochondrial disorders to their children. (HUI LI and ZE-HUI HONG. 2012). 

Viruses are the tiniest of organisms and yet they have the power and strength to attack all other organisms including human, animals, plants, bacteria, etc. The viruses are almost hundred times smaller than a bacteria cell which themselves are quite tiny.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is characterized by reduced bone mass and loss of bone tissue leading to fragility, brittleness, and frequent fracture of the bones. This condition increases the risk of bone fractures, especially in regions of the body such as the spine, wrist, as well as hip. In most cases, osteoporosis begins to develop early in life but is often diagnosed in old people, especially women.

The molecular clock hypothesis also serves as a null model, which is usable in testing both the rates of mutation and evolution in various species. Molecular clocks continue to influence significantly the development of molecular evolution theories. The use of molecular clocks has also experienced a marked increase allowing for its profound effects.

37). Typhoid fever remains one of the most common health problems causing millions of illnesses and fatalities around the world. Salmonella enterica serovarTyphi share adaptation to human host with other serovars like Paratyphy A, Paratyphi B, Paratyphi C as well as Sendai (Porwollik, 2011).

Asepsis is achieved by ensuring that all people who come into contact with the patient scrub their hands and wear sterilized gowns with disposable masks and gloves. In addition, the operating room air and equipment must also be clean. Asepsis is targeted at eliminating the possibility of infection while anti-sepsis is the use of chemicals to destroy germs already in the body or wound.

Opium poppy has a complex history as it has brought great problems, as well as great benefits to the human society (Lee et al., 2011). This is, probably, among the earliest medicinal plants that human beings had discovered. In the present day, cultivation of opium poppy takes place in many countries worldwide, notably Turkey, Poland, Holland, Romania, Iran, Afghanistan, Canada, just to mention a few (Moraes & Moraes, 2003).

Emerging diseases are then categorized as newly emerging diseases, deliberately emerging and re-emerging diseases on the basis of their course or incidence and the occurrence according to time and place (L.Guerrant et al 2011). Recent researches and studies have brought into light many emerging infectious diseases which are both a serious threat to human health and require medical interventions and preventive measures.

Mutations in a gene can lead to non-functional enzymes, disruption of protein structure, or altered protein conformation affecting normal protein functioning. Such abnormalities often result in various genetic diseases. For instance, mutations in the gene, GALT, can lead to an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called Classic Galactosemia or Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency.

It is imperative to classify bacteria and identify microorganisms as they have enough potential to cause various diseases. The identification process is highly pragmatic for the correct diagnosis and treatment. Identification of the bacteria provides a line of treatment. Bacterial identification is the foremost step to accomplishing further investigation procedures.

The author states that the target of monoclonal antibodies is specifically the different proteins that mostly cause cell activities. These proteins include the receptor cells and other proteins that are present on, the surface of both the cancer and the normal cells. The monoclonal antibodies are very specific.

The combination of an RDD and a conventional explosive essentially achieves the aim of dispersing radioactive material in the targeted location, the impact of which is dissimilar to that of a nuclear bomb (Medalia) however, the physical and biological effects of dirty bomb detonation are indubitable.

These are the main symptoms of asthma, and it means that a person who experiences them should seek medical check-up. The causes of asthma include air, animal fur, tobacco smoke, and chest infections. These causes introduce particles that irritate the bronchi in the lungs and cause them to swell and take in less oxygen.

A pap test is the common procedure through which testing on cervical cancer is done where an early detection of the cancer enables a successful treatment (Richardson et al, 2010, p. 1769). The HPV (human papillomavirus) is the common cause of cervical cancer though not all HPV causes it (Anon, 2013, para 3) .Nevertheless, smoking is equally associated with causing cervical cancer by CIN3lesions (Plummer et al, 2003, p.

To answer this question, you will need to refer both to information in the study book and to information in the video sequences ‘Sickle cell disease: a lethal advantage’ (Activity 17.1) on the DVD. a. Using the symbols given above to represent each of the two alleles, draw a mating diagram between two heterozygous individuals (based on either Figure 5.3 or Figure 6.3 of the study book).

The following are the 22 families under the order Lepidoptera found in New Zealand: Batrachedridae, Choreutidae, Crambidae, Depressariidae, Elachistidae, Gelechiidae, Geometridae, Glyphipterigidae, Gracillariidae, Hepialidae, Micropterigidae, Mnesarchaeidae, Nepticulidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Oecophoridae, Plutellidae, Psychidae, Pterophoridae, Tineidae, Tortricidae, Yponomeutidae.

The coughing frequently occurs during the night or really early in the morning. In addition, most asthma patients usually complain that the chest feels tight during asthmatic attacks (flare-ups or exacerbations). Asthma attacks may occur infrequently like once or even fewer times a month, or as frequently as a number of times a day (Murphy 5).