Biology Essays

Studies reveal that tumorigenesis is responsible for proliferation of cancer. In case of breast cancer a variety of proto-oncogenes, such as c-myc, c-erbB-2/neu have been identified. After the human genomic project, research has taken new paradigms to understand the gene-expression and analysis.

However, the pollution of these estuaries impedes their resources and vitality. There are five avenues via which pollution affects the productivity of the estuary. These five avenues are; agricultural pollution, legacy pollution, sewage, industrial pollution, and urban stormwater runoff. There are major goals the management has set forth to achieve.

Notably, plant enzymes have some advantages over animals and microbial enzymes since they are available from natural sources with low costs and ease of purification. They widely exist in plant and microbial species, but with poor characterization of structure.

The plan is to carry out bioremediation in a two-step process. The first step will comprise microbial degradation by aerobic bacteria. In the second stage, microbial degradation will be undertaken by anaerobic bacteria culture. The weapons and explosives are highly toxic and the burial ground should be a restricted site until completion of the bioremediation process.

Cloning entails the intensification of specific DNA segments, leading to the buildup of large amounts of similar DNA fragments, which may be utilized for numerous functions. Conventional molecular cloning uses tailored DNA cloning vectors, which are usually derived from spherical DNA molecules identified as bacterial plasmids.

Arguably, there are considerable variations existing among individuals in a population. Basically, from the evolutionary point of view, such variations are quite essential. Likewise, it can be hypothesized that there are variations in several traits of wood lice (common terrestrial crustacean), in terms of mass, length, plates, and sprint speed that makes some to survive predation than others.

Definition of depression has been defined differently in different cultures and has been accompanied by extreme pain and headaches. The etiological factors of the disease are not well defined, however, there have been some researches linking depression to genetic and epigenetic factors (Beck & Alford, 2009).

The research aimed at disproving the theory that “sago extraction is an intuitively and technically simple solution to food provision for those reluctant to adopt proper agriculture” (Ellen). This simply means that Ellen’s research wanted to prove that traditional sago palm was NOT an easier alternative to traditional agriculture.

The author gives recommendations regarding treatment. Solutions were found through series of studies and experiments as scientists try to uncover the whole existence of diabetes starting off from its onset. They found out that oxidative stress exist that further push the condition of diabetes and leads to the onset of complications.

The skeletal system provides the body with its basic framework, as well as structure. It also aids in the safeguard of the human body as well as in enabling easy movement of the body parts. Looking at a skeleton sometimes might be scary but, it is one of the body’s most living and life-giving systems. It is comprised of bones of two types.

With regards to the symptoms that oftentimes accompany MS and should serve as a warning to the individual that they have the disease, the reader and/or patient should understand that the symptoms can exhibit themselves in a multitude of different ways

DNA is able to carry the inserted genes with it, and these genes are able to express themselves in the bacteria. When a gene is inserted into the Plasmid DNA, it is called Recombinant DNA. Restriction mapping is the process of cutting the Plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes, and they also give us the idea of whether the gene of interest is present in the correct position or not.

Aspiration of gastric contents leads to a pathological process referred to as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients experience gastrointestinal and respiratory complications, which develop to diseases like esophageal cancer when left untreated.

Close to eighty percent of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished drugs come from nations outside America. Importation of foods from outside countries pose a great risk on the health and lives of both animals and individuals in the U.S. according to a research carried out on the risks associated on food importation, it was discovered that a certain number of animals and people in America die while others suffer from serious infections obtained from some imported foods.

For instance, a study may be published associating on average a specific gene with a certain quantifiable behavior. The media, upon receiving word of this research, will change the wording of the story in order to sensationalize and sell the story as newsworthy, often relying on words like “cause”.

The first observation was that there was significant variation within species; the second was that some variation was heritable, the third was that there were more individuals produced in each generation than survived, and the final observation was that different traits affected the survival of individuals. 

In order for hypersensitivity reactions to occur, they need the host to be in a state of pre-sensitization. Gell and Coombs classified these reactions into four groups. These are: allergy, antibody dependent hypersensitivity, immune complex disease, delayed hypersensitivity disease, and autoimmune disease.

There are several reasons why a person is inflicted with this disease though a very definitive cause has not been established for all cancers and it is also known that not all forms of tumors are malignant and dangerous. When cancer really spread in the body, they may also enter through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to sites other than the major organ where these cells lie (Cairns et al 2011).

Probiotics contain specific strains of bacteria that are useful for increasing and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract bacterial load. In the present study, the unknown microorganism present in the Probiotics, mozzarella cheese and camembert cheese were analyzed using biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase, latex agglutination, etc.

They are the one moving the actin filament through generating force by elongating one end of the filament coupled with shrinkage of the other, causing net movement of the intervening strand.

According to the United Nations, the world’s population has now reached 7 billion and is growing at a rate of 1.10% with each year and the average population change stands at 75 million individuals annually (Worldometers, 2012). This population is set to increase in the years to come.

Nutrients are a necessity for the human body, as they are those elements present in food that provide humans with essential life sustenance. On the other hand, there is malnutrition, a health disorder that defines the shortage, excess, or imbalance of one or more of these nutrients, such as iron, protein and fat, which can cause a number of diseases such as Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Obesity and Kwashiorkor.

The workers keep busy with construction and the provision of food. Being sterile, they do not have direct offspring but work cooperatively together to look after the offspring of the queen. These workers are not obligatory sterile, meaning that they are capable of reproducing but when they have to live in colonies, they are not supposed to breed.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has also raised the concern about antibiotic resistance and suggested the need to curb the use of antibiotics in livestock that humans consume. It has declared its intention to reduce excessive use, as well as the misuse of antimicrobials in livestock food in order to protect human health.

Scholars have long sought to point to a time in the fossil record where humans first began to domesticate the dog. However, contrary to what many evolutionists and archaeologists previously believed, is now largely understood that the first step towards the domestication of the dog was in fact the domestication of the human.

The malarial parasite is transmitted via the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Once infection occurs, the sporozoite parasites are transported in the victim’s bloodstream to the liver where they mature into merozoites, which re-enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells (Shah, 2010). After multiplying in the cells, the parasites break out after 48 to 72 hours.  

The book mainly deals with environmental factors that make societies collapse, but also incorporates the contribution of trade partners, hostile neighbors, and climate change. A major focus of the book is the response of past societies to these threats, and the suitability of these responses.

Immunization and Antibody Production 1. Explain antibody formation resulting from both natural and artificial exposure to antigens Immunologically, it is said that the body is naive to the antigen before they encounter them, this brings the theory that the body cannot have specific antibody to any antigen before they encounter them.

These enzymes are copper containing and have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of inorganic and organic substrates including polyphenols, mono-, di -, amino phenols, methoxy phenols, aromatic amines and ascorbate. According to Desai(2011,pg 543-49) “Laccases (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper enzymes belonging to the group of blue oxidases”.The capacity of laccases to oxidize phenolic compounds and their ability in reducing molecular oxygen to water had encourage its deep study by scientists and researchers.

The genetically modified reference standards were used as controls and the samples were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. GMOs was not identified in all of our soy beans samples with PCR method, we rejected our null hypothesis that stated GMOs was present in our soy beans samples.

This paper provides basic description of Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) process. Different theoretical concepts of this process and essential ingredients of a MBE system are also briefly discussed.

The use of growth hormones has been applied in various occasions to achieve desired characteristics in crop husbandry such as stimulating or inhibiting flowering, stimulating growth of roots and stem of the plants, initiating or removing seed dormancy and so on (Thimann & Lane, 537).

The shapes of these polyps are cup-like and have tentacles that they use them as mouth and anus. These tentacles have stinging cells in which they use them to defend themselves and also to capture their prey. Corals are of two types that is, hard corals and soft corals.

From the present paper, when Staphylococcus aureus penetrates a break in the surface, it induces an immune response that involves hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. For example, when it reaches the gut, it induces what is clinically referred to as enterocolitis, or infection of the digestive tract (Suzuki, 1994).

The cytoskeleton and its network, in particular, have integral roles in maintaining the cell’s shape, facilitating in cytoplasmic streaming, as well as in the movement and arrangement of the organelles within the cell, especially during cell division. The cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds of connective fibers.

The unnecessary use and over-prescription of antibiotics have been known to result in the development of resistance. One critical drawback of such practices is C. difficile infection (CDI), which induces diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis (Wilcox 2003).

Photosynthesis is one such complex process. The most basic definition for it would be that it is a process by which green plants, mostly, and other organisms such as algae (Kingdom Protista), and many species of bacteria, employ the sunlight rays in the synthesis of nutrients (sugar) for their survival and growth from water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Larkum, Susan & John 205).

Homeostasis is maintained by stimulus identification at the tissue level with the help of sensors present in the skin and sensory organs. The process through which a constant internal environment (homeostasis) is maintained is known as a homeostatic mechanism. Homeostatic control in the body is achieved through a feedback system which may be a negative feedback loop or a positive feedback loop.

Many scientists have dedicated their time and energy to finding the best methods of disease diagnosis that practitioners must apply appropriately. The world needs a healthy population that will drive it to better heights. If humans were to assume the disease and not perform any relevant research, then disease would be a major extinction factor.

The advancement of technology has allowed for a number of cures and preventions to be introduced with regard to a large number of diseases there are still worrying concerns about others that have not been eradicated from certain regions and pose as a threat to the quality of life individuals from those regions are able to enjoy (Thetiot-Laurent et.

The present article highlights the potential of stem cells in repairing the body tissues and emergence of stem cells as a novel therapeutic measure. Stem cells are the cells with immense potential to generate and develop into diverse cell types required for the research studies or for organogenesis.

Another thing that is distinct to stem cells is that it can give rise to specialized cells that make up new tissues and organs of the body. Most knowledge on stem cells came from animal research however, a lot of professionals have started applying the study in human embryos that is the main issue in the much disputed “stem cell” research (NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page, n.d).

As the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) points out, “many aspects of Australia’s natural environment, such as the desert, the Great Barrier Reef, and distinctive native species such as the koala, kangaroos and eucalypts are central to Australians’ national identities.” Regarded to possess the oldest in geology and the most biologically distinctive in the world, Australia is known today to be mainly represented by its iconic species, the koala.

In plants, the central oscillator generates an autonomous rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of the day. The morning loop has the CCA1 gene (Circadian and Clock Associated 1) and LHY gene (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors.

The author constructed a chromosome map, forming three breeding results and using testcrosses that involved flies heterozygous at more than one locus, and taking into account the frequencies of crossover between the loci. Three loci on the second chromosome, an auto some, was chosen to for this experiment for the effect of body color and eye color.

Due to reduced elasticity and a larger fibrous barrier, diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood stream is hindered. This hindrance causes low lung compliance and lowers the effective rate of gaseous diffusion between alveoli and blood stream.

Introduction The term “algae” a Latin term for seaweed, is a broad description to include a variety of phyla that fit the general description in terms of morphology and general physiology. As very simple organisms, they have no roots, stems and leaves.

This disease makes the immune system unable to differentiate antigens and health tissues thus directing antibodies against health tissues. Summary Lupus disease is caused by body’s immune system hype reactivity. The history of this disease dates back in 13th Century where its name was coined to fit the physician’s view of the disease.

Photosynthesis is the process through which green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert the sun’s energy into chemical bond energy of organic molecules that it consumes as food. This paper covers two experiments on photosynthesis; the first one investigates whether a positive rate of net photosynthesis depends on light levels.

Bt- Corn is viewed to be a kind of genetically modified organism which is acknowledged as GMO. GMO is an animal or plant which is modified genetically with the addition of a limited quantity of other genetic materials with the assistance of molecular techniques. GMOs are comprised of various genetic characteristics that are especially helpful in developing the quality of the plants and protecting them from pests at the same time.