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Duration of Ultraviolet Exposure that Kills Bacteria
The law of Arrhenius, which was earlier proposed to be describing temperature reliance of precise reaction speed in chemical reaction, seems not to be properly describing the effects of temperature on the growth of bacterial.
What role does bundle sheaths play in C4 Plants?
The plants use C3 and C4 photosynthesis for the production of energy. The C4 plants are very less in number but they contribute to 25% of the photosynthesis that occurs on earth. C4 plants are classified into three groups based on the major decarboxylase enzyme involved in the decarboxylation of C4 acid cells.
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Recent research indicates that women taking progestin and Estrogen are at health risks of getting breast cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thromboembolism compared to women taking placebo. This has promoted the use of progestin and Estrogen after a keen consideration of the health risks involved.
Various fruits taste differently depending on the major organic compounds present in the fruit (Hulme, 1970). Some of sweet tasting fruits include ripe bananas, apples, guavas, watermelons, mangoes among others. Most fruits from citrus family, such as oranges, lemons, limes and grapefruits have a sour taste.
Lysozyme is an enzyme which is also named as muramidase. It has 129 amino acids and has five to seven alpha helix and three stranded antiparallel beta sheets. It is ellipsoidal in shape with a large cleft on one side forming its active site. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4 beta linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl D-glucosamine residues.
Each and every activity is controlled and coordinated by this important part of the body system. It is comprised of the brain, the spinal cord, the nerves and neurons (Brodal 40).
The central nervous system is divided into two sections: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
[Student’s Name] [Instructor’s Name] [Course Title] 24 November 2011 The Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Hepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was formerly called serum hepatitis, inoculation hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis.
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These duplicates are then provided with favorable growth media and other conditions to proliferate. Initially, only cells were being cloned; but with the course of scientific development the scientists’ progressed unto cloning groups of cells which could be used to develop complete organs or tissues.
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The American eel, or Anguilla rostrata, is found mainly on the eastern coast of North America. It has a snake like body with a head almost similar to that of a snake. Only its tail give it an appearance of a fish. In other words, it is difficult to segregate it from snakes. It is brownish in color at the top and yellowish at bottom.
Flow of knowledge, energy and matter is required for their maintenance. Living systems can be unicellular or multi-cellular. As the name suggests, multi-cellular organisms are those made of more than one cell. There can be different kinds of cells, two of which are eukaryote and prokaryote cells.
Vital capacity of male and female was compared and the effect of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the inspired air along with the effect of hyperventilation on breath holding limit was also measured. Carbon dioxide is one of those factors whose presence in the inspired air directly relates to the respiratory rate and tidal volume.
Section A Calculation for RBC Length of one smallest square = 1/20 mm Width of one smallest square = 1/20 mm Depth of one smallest square = 1/10 mm Volume of one smallest square = 1/20 x 1/20 x 1/10 = 1/4000 mm3 Total number of RBCs counted = 1036 (5 squares, 4 corners + 1 center) No.
Over the past century, we have seen the rise in use of Teleradiology with advancements in internet and mobile technology. Nowadays, images taken from MRI, CT scan, and x-rays can be shared to other radiological specialist for diagnosis of clinical conditions (Louise 1).
Flowering of plants is dependent on light intensity, light duration and quality of light. However there has no clear evidence of what actual effects light intensity has on flowering. In this essay I will identify the role of the Myb-Related Protein (MYR1) and Myb-Related Protein (MYR2) as inhibitors of flowering responses on reduced light intensity in Arabidopsis.
There are over one hundred thousand different kinds of species of arachnids, but the most common are spiders, ticks, scorpions and mites. There are two basic parts of a typical adult arachnid. One is their four pairs of legs, and a body that is divided into two distinct sections: the cephalothorax, which is composed of the merged head and thorax, and the abdomen.
The gene is inserted through a vector and is usually derived from bacteria because they are expected to confer a useful characteristic such as resistance to a pest or pesticide. Vector DNA and the donor DNA both are cut with the same restriction enzyme which produces hanging ends also known as sticky ends on both of the DNA molecules.
Bt corn is a genetically-modified organism or GMO, which means that its genes have been altered in some way in order to produce a better variety and that its genetic material is derived from another organism (Peel, 2001). As a set of nucleotides, the corn gene is a “specific sequence of nucleotide bases” that encode for constructing proteins, and this corn gene is where the Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt gene will be transferred.
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The shapes of these polyps are cup-like and have tentacles that they use them as mouth and anus. These tentacles have stinging cells in which they use them to defend themselves and also to capture their prey. Corals are of two types that is, hard corals and soft corals.
However what was remarkable about Dolly was that she was a clone of her six year old mother sheep. Dolly was the first successful experiment of a mammal being cloned. There had been various attempts made at cloning animals, however without success. The success of cloning Dolly therefore was a significant achievement for scientists as it showed the world that cloning of animals was no longer a dream but a reality (Spangenburg, Moser and Moser 7).
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Honeybee colonies are amazingly well integrated and highly organized. The integrity of the colony is maintained through chemical communication with the help of pheromones. Pheromones are chemical compounds that are produced by organisms to signal or communicate with each other.
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Definition Allergy is defined as abnormal reaction of the immune system when a person comes into contact with certain substances such as molds, dust mite, pollens, danders, certain foods, smells, microorganisms. The body system of defense gears itself to fight against misidentified alien invaders.
According to Chris (1999), the African elephant, Loxodanta africana inhabited virtually all parts of the continent for many centuries. Currently, the animals are mostly concentrated on the southern Saharan desert, and their numbers are scattered and disjointed in the region. The habitats of elephants in the sub-Saharan Africa are divided into four main zones that include central, southern, western and eastern Africa (Anderson and Coe 1974).
The slopes of this marvelous area are covered by dense forest at the foot of grassy mountain pastures. It is a geographically unique area with more than 200 endemic species. The species found in Mount Nimba include varieties of duikers, big cats, civets, Chimpanzees, and several types of viviparous toads.
The sweetness of fruit depends on the chemical structure of it. The sweet taste of the fruits is attributed by the presence of fructose contained in it. In general, fruits are comprised of, fructose, cellulose, vitamins, starch, and acids. These entire compounds combine to give a particular taste to the fruit.
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They are characterized by a combination of good and bad ideas, which makes them subjects of scrutiny. The origin of HIV has puzzled many scientists since the disease first came into public’s awareness in the early 1980s. For over two decades, it has been a subject of debate, and the cause of many arguments.
Inborn errors of metabolism are hereditary diseases in which the cellular metabolism is abnormal due to an inherited defect in an enzyme. Inborn errors of metabolism usually manifest in the neonate or an infant but can even be first seen in an adult. Abnormalities in the production or metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates etc are usually due to a single gene defect.
The avian subtype H5N1 had been incriminated for several human diseases and deaths and was known to occur from infected poultry birds and farmyard animals as influenza A (CDC, 2009). The WHO worked with the aim of identification of new cases and made attempts to reduce animal health and public health risks (WHO, 2011).
Of the major attractions to marine zoological parks are killer whales which are also referred to as the orcas. Even though these animals are referred to as whales, they are not actually whales but large dolphins (King 4). The reason as to why these animals are referred to as the killer whales is because of their tendency to kill whales for food (King 4).
Cells are the building blocks of life, or they may be life on their own. Cells are made up of several smaller pieces including the cell wall, organelles, and cytoplasm. There are two major types of cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
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The author states that cloning is discouraged by various nations as cloning is against the rule of nature, which is generating humans, nurturing them and paving the way for uncertainties related with the repercussions of science. At present human population has crossed the figure of 7 billion, a huge burden on the planet.
It really is essential to state that corn or maize, however, has a rigid rachis called the cob and is made up of kernels (494). Although some scientists believe that teosinte is the ancestor of corn, many people do not because of the differences in the appearance of teosinte when compared with corn.
It is essential to state that bloom syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs due to the inability to conserve the genomic structure of the body (Cohen, 2004). The mishap in genetics comes because of crossovers of sister chromosomes; the syndrome is brought by autosomal recessiveness of the BML gene (Cohen, 2004).
The bond will not be broken until a sufficient transfer of energy occurs. There are several types of chemical bonds that differ in aspects such as the strength of the bond. Strong bonds include covalent (electron sharing) and ionic (positive to negative attraction and vice versa), while some weaker types are dipole-dipole interactions (intermolecular, or between molecules), London dispersion force (weak quantum effect), and hydrogen bonding (covalent bonding of hydrogen to two electrically negative atoms).
Furthermore the paper explains the development of the trap and the different stages. The ecology of the plant is also presented which is then related to the nutrient deficiency and the modification and adaptation of the plant. Finally it explains the different theories behind the different mechanism by which this trap works involving the processes of attraction, trapping, retaining, digestion and absorption.
Trap Structure of Utricularia australis Name: Instructor: Trap Structure of Utricularia australis Abstract This paper examines the structure of the Carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia aceustralis) traps. As the name suggests, this is a plant that possess special suction traps that serves to trap prey mostly small insect larvae, corepods, Rotifers, Ciliates as well as phytoplanktons such as algae and cyanobacteria (Alkhalaf, Hubener, & Porembski, 2009).
Infection from this virus can range from a mild disease to fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus was discovered in 1973 and before this time it was associated with significant morbidity and less frequent mortality although this trend has been substantially reduced due to the vaccine now available against this virus.
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This paper’s aim is to argue on the negative effects of animal testing using current literature, as well as to react on these current literature and articles and provide insight as to why animal testing in cosmetics is negative and provide alternatives to animal testing in order to still provide a channel for cosmetic companies to test their products before sending them out to market and avoid any adverse effects to humans.
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Since decades, P. falciparum has been the foci of attention and subjected to intense study throughout the world. Some aspects of this study include biochemistry of P. falciparum, development of effective vaccines and successful immunization of susceptible individuals.
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This paper tells that Whooping Cough or Pertussis is caused by the bacteria, Bordetella pertussis. It belongs to the genus Bordetella in the family Alcaligenaceae. Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection marked by paroxysms of coughing. It is named after the “whoop” sound produced by the children when they try to breathe during a heavy coughing spell.
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The importance of the Pacific oyster lies in its very high growth rates and high rates of reproduction compared to other oyster species. Many factors affect the ability of the oysters to grow, and the expansion of the oysters industry is limited by many factors such as changes in climate, varying concentrations of nutrients, poisoning by pollution, among many others.
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Characteristics and morphology The size of the rabies virus is approximately 60 nm ? 180 nm. The virus has an outer envelope, an internal protein core (nucleocapsid), and a bilayer of lipid covered with transmembrane glycoprotein spikes. The genome of the virus encodes five proteins, which are related with “either the viral envelope or the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex” (Rupprecht).
In fact, it has caused several plagues, claiming the lives of as much as 20-50 million people worldwide (Kimball, 2009). Despite these devastating effects, it took 15 years for researchers to determine the causative agent of Influenza disease. The Influenza virus is a 100 mm vessel containing matrix proteins and 8 strands of RNA, and enclosed by a lipid bilayer studded with membrane proteins hemagluttinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).
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In this context the paper proceeds to make a comprehensive and in depth study of the various aspects of bird song quality that influence the choice of female and the efforts that are required by the male for maintenance of the song quality. Song output, complexity, geographical variations and vocal performance are the major criteria used to assess the song quality.
D). In concurrence with Lykken’s report, it is worth exemplifying that autism came into existence way before 1943. Psychologists previously deliberated that for one to be a genius, he had to have high general intelligence. They measured the intelligence level by using astuteness quotient test also known as IQ test.
HER2 is a membrane-bound surface protein that is associated with cell growth and differentiation (Chazin et al, 1992). As cancers are associated with an increase in cell growth and the absence of differentiation in these cells, any problems with genes associated with proteins with related purposes may be associated with cancers.
Generally, speaking, enzymes are the cornerstone of life in every being. It is a type of cell that is found in every man, animal, plant, and other life form. Amino acids of various shapes and sizes, often numbering anywhere from 100 to 100,000 form the basis of enzymes that are considered to be proteins.
Before the dawn of the age of science, such fears and apprehensions have been limited to the scope of traditional beliefs and religion. From the rock paintings in the prehistoric caves to the words printed in the Bible, one does comes across possibilities and explanations that discernibly point towards the destruction of this world.
OSMOREGULATION IN CLAMWORMS Introduction: Neries belongs to the division Annelida and class Polychaeta. The worm has 160 segments with well developed setose parapodia. They are the common in tropical and temperate marine habitats. Their native is American Atlantic coasts.
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This paper provides a brief summary of the article Microsporidia, Amitochondrial Protists, Possess a 70-kDa Heat Shock Protein of Mitochondrial Evolutionary Origin. The purpose, methods, and results of the study are discussed. The information from the article is compared to what other articles say.
Consumption of food is a regular activity for human beings. There is a reason behind this. There are many raw materials essential to the human body, which need to be made available in a predetermined form. Food is the source of these predetermined raw materials, as the human body cannot make these raw materials, which are called nutrients.