Biology Essays

Hormones are classified into hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules on the basis of their solubility. Hormones are also classified on the basis of their chemical structures into steroids, peptides and amines. Peptide Hormones: The majority of hormones synthesized in the body are polypeptides and proteins.

The PWS genes are maternally imprinted making the copy inherited from the father active. With this copy absent in PWS due to chromosomal translocation, both copies are imprinted in the maternal realm making the normal genes absent.

They usually come in different forms which may be pills, tablets, capsule or liquid form. However, they do not serve as food substitutes (Talbott 78). They are different kinds of dietary or nutritional supplements available. For instance, we have the vitamin and mineral supplement containing micronutrients which help the body to function smoothly and the herbal supplements have medicinal purpose and they only support specific area of the body’s health, for example, kidney.

In a normal physiological process, the body automatically converts excess sugars in the body to glycogen that is the stored into the body. Insulin is the hormone that is hormone produced by the liver to help in the conversion of excess sugar in blood to glycogen.

Even though many evolutionary theories of aging and longevity were proposed by prominent anthropologists and biologists in the past, the mutation accumulation theory and the antagonistic pleiotropy theory are the most prominent theirs accepted by the scientific world at present.

This sickling of the cells is caused due to a change in one of the nucleotides of a DNA molecule out of the billion other cells present in the human body. This change may seem minor, but the results are disastrous. A person affected with sickle cell anemia inherits a mutated or recessive allele from both the parents.

Communication at the cellular level occurs both within as well as between the cells. Distant communication along blood vessels and nerve fibers is set up by the endocrine, immune and neuronal systems, while molecular and substructure interactions take place at the subcellular level. The signaling molecules in intercellular communication are called first messengers.

Techniques for freezing the sperms are simple, but those employed in freezing the embryo are much complicated. The technique has been used for many species of organisms, starting with the mouse in 1972, the goat in 1976, and the human in 1983. In this paper, I will show how the extinct Milking Devon can be revived using frozen embryos, and sperm cells banked hundred years ago.

All steroidal hormones with the exception of vitamin D contain cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and cholesterol numbering method. Examples of steroids include sex hormones like testosterone, dietary fat. Animals, plants, and fungi all generate steroids. Steroidogenesis is an anabolic process that follows the mevalonate pathway while using acetyl-CoA as a building block.

The term photosynthesis involves photo = light, synthesis = to make. All the green plants including algae contain an organelle called chloroplast in their cells, chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which is the key molecule that plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis (“Photosynthesis”).

The main goal of research in these two fields is to get a deeper understanding of the cell linage. Research on stem cells has opened up a new field of cell based therapies which are capable of treating a variety of diseases through the replacement of the cells.

Organs were said to have a slight variation in their degree. Additionally, the struggle for existence occurs and leads to the saving of character that seems profitable to the individual. Finally, the preserved character is favored to pass on to the next generation. In addition, Darwin's insight into the struggle for existence was also essential in the process of evolution.

Thus, God created man and woman to oversee all his creation and make sure that all of these are protected and preserved. This for me is actually one of the major missions that we, humans have here on earth. However, through technological advancements, the changing lifestyle, the trends we succumb to, and most especially the attitude we have towards our mother nature, we are slowly letting go of our responsibility to give back to earth.

Immunoprecipitation, as the name implies is a technique used for the precipitation i.e. purification or separation of certain proteins or antibodies from a mixture. It is a small-scale procedure in which proteins are purified according to their affinities for specific antibodies which are usually immobilized on a solid support.

leprae) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are the major pathogens that belong to the genus, Mycobacterium. M. tuberculosis, first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882, is one of the devastating pathogens and causes human diseases that are the source of both death and prolonged disability.

It is a type of active immunization and provides protection against pathogenic organisms for prolonged duration of time. A desirable vaccine should have the qualities of minimal vaccine-related adverse effects, effective and high standards of immunity, long-lasting protection against the disease, cost-effective and easy to deliver and transport.

Accuracy also helps to avoid disputes. Another characteristic associated with an ideal forensic test is sensitivity. Many forensic materials collected are usually small and minute and therefore a more sensitive test is reliable. A forensic test should also be specific to avoid compromising. It should not cross-check with another test.

The history importance and the future of genetics is being studied through various scientific methods with an aim of determining the origin of life, the existence of living organisms and the likely future changes in the population especially the abilities which is exhibited in the abilities to survive in the environment.

5422). This is generally what led the researchers into monitoring synaptic function at the neuromuscular junction of a Mouse expressing SynaptopHluorin. It would be noticed that the researchers were particular about the selection of the neuromuscular junction of the mouse because that portion of the mouse’s anatomy offers additional experimental advantages (Lucia et al, p.

The question raised here is whether this complex circuitry is truly generated by this small number of primary progenitor. The study hypothesizes that a general mechanism for generating complexity in a young brain of both insects and mammals is by amplification of neuron proliferation through self-renewing cells of intermediate progenitor (Boyan & Reichert, 2011).

When compared with dichromatic, trichromatics have been documented to be in a position to differentiate leaves from fruits and also unripe from ripe fruits (Smith, et al. 3159). Trichromatics have been documented as the most unique among all primates and especially when compared to monochromatic and dichromatic (Ahnelt and Kolb 711; Arrese et al.

Others include infiltration of inflammatory cells into the stomach and production of auto- antibodies to various proteins. It also involves the intrinsic factor and proton pump of parietal cells whereby intrinsic factor can be identified as the factor that is involved in the absorption of vitamin B12.

Although occasional drinking may not turn out to be injurious, but if it happens on a regular basis to relieve stress, it becomes detrimental. Dealing with the alcohol addiction cases is complicated. Individuals involved in alcohol addiction may deliberately or innocently bring numerous situations of quandary for themselves and also for those who are associated with them.

According to Jones, Kokontis & Chuu, the discovery of the compound especially its ability to cure diseases was evident a long time ago; however, the medical experts have not approved it because their side effect are unknown. Propolis has been instrumental in curing diseases for many years, but the substance has been ignored in the pharmaceutical industry especially in the US and Europe (Jones, Kokontis & Chuu).

This came with the realization that some cells could independently generate blood cells (Popular issues 2012). These discoveries were made through experimentation both on animal and human subjects. The retrospective studies were, however, hindered and limited by the science of the days.

Eventually, these small adaptation accumulate and a new species is formed (Futuyma, 2005). Punctuated equilibrium on the other hand is a scientific theory that hypothesises that evolution occurs over time and is characterised by long durations of virtual standstill (stasis) punctuated by periods in which rapid development occur toward the formation of new forms.

With the increasing usage of pesticides, spread of various infections among the bees and other environmental factors, honey bee populations are declining around the globe. This might seem a trivial matter to a layman, but honey bees are responsible for a major portion of the agricultural produce and the declining numbers of their colonies is an alarming situation.

A broad agreement among the scientists reveals that the climate of the earth is gradually changing and the primary cause of climate change is the increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The term ‘Greenhouse effect’ was first used by atmospheric scientists in the early 1800s to describe the naturally occurring phenomena of trace elements (Xe, Ar, Ne, He).

Jones et al (2000, p. 1026) explain that some micro-organisms are said to be opportunistic since they cannot infect a person under normal circumstances, but are found to take advantage and cause disease when the immune system of the body is impaired. Thus, opportunistic infection is seen to manifest itself only when a person is ill and the body's defense mechanisms are affected.

21). Individuals have varying responses and reactions towards a change in the environment than others (Welford, 1980, p. 26). In order to understand this phenomenon, we will carry out an experiment using different individuals, both male and female but of varying age.

Our bodies are both fragile and resilient at the same time; being so soft and easily broken, yet keeping us alive even during the worst of conditions, always adapting and always surviving. One of the important factors that keep us alive is our immune system and its ability to adapt to the environment and the pathogens it contains.

Evaluate how the arrangement of the genes which code for T-cell receptors can account for the degree of variability observed in these receptors within an individual The human body is constantly bombarded with pathogens. Whenever we go outside, whenever we touch something, whenever we breathe, we take millions of possibly harmful microorganisms into the body.

Skeletal or striated muscles usually work in groups to achieve a specific movement in the body. A bicep curl is the net effect of 2 muscles located in the upper portion of the arm. The bicep curl is a movement that takes place in conjunction with the bones to which the biceps brachii and the triceps muscles are attached respectively (McKinley & O’Loughlin, 2008).

Opportunistic germs are bacteria and fungi that are found in the mucosae and the skin of external media. They then become virulent when the general immune resistance of the organism drops. This occurs under the influence of factors that favor the change. An example of this is some drugs, and the infections that arise from opportunistic germs have of late become more frequent.

Modern medicine is on the way to searching for new methods of treatment. Special attention should be paid to the treatment of cancer because this disease takes away millions of human lives all over the world. There is a huge need to develop innovations in different medical spheres to deal with cancer.

Vaccines A vaccine is termed as a biological preparation which helps in making immunity stronger against a certain disease or the disease-causing organism (Bona and Bonilla, 1996). Vaccines are in a way similar to the disease causing agent or micro-organism, since they are derived from killed or weakened forms of the organisms.

The period of swelling in intestinal tract could result in abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (Gosswein et al., 2008). Eventually, the swelling in airway obstructs the air passage which causes breathing predicaments. Type-I HAE is characterized by reduced plasma antigen levels whereas Type-II HAE is characterized by normal antigen levels with reduced functional C1 inhibitor activity (Pappalardo et al., 2008).

APA, English USA, 4 pages, 6 references Drinking Water and Sanitation Name University Abstract The need for safe drinking water and proper sanitation is paramount to achieving the basic standard of living. The need to achieve this goal is especially important in developing countries in Africa and Asia where people live in extreme poverty.

The human immunodeficiency virus is an RNA retrovirus with 2 related forms, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The life cycle of HIV begins with its entry into the host immune cell, such as the T cell and mononuclear phagocytes. Memory helper cells are differentially infected by the virus. The virus binds to the target cell using interactions between viral surface proteins and cell surface proteins.

Tumor antigens are antigenic proteins produced by tumor cells. These antigens are classified into two broad classes- Tumour- Specific Antigens and Tumour-Associated Antigens. TSA is unique to tumor cells only while TAA is in both tumor cells and normal body cells. This paper explains the antigenic extent to which the knowledge of TAA  is useful in the management of cancer patients.

Antibodies are the fundamental reagents in ELISA. The determination of the presence or absence of the antibody concentration in the blood enables us to identify the disease and understand the level of the disease. Antibodies form a type of glycoproteins in the serum of the blood and they are called as immunoglobulins.