Biology Essays

The wild-type and the mutants are observed. The mutants explain the role of the genes and the protein expression in the wild-type and hence are essential for genetic studies. The latter part of the experiment ensures learning about the techniques to culture C.elegans in a laboratory set-up.

As genes are the basic control machine of the cell, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. Moreover, in normal cells damage of any kind is taken care by the repair system but in cancer cells, the repair function is altered, hence damaged DNA is not repaired, occurs, cells divide continuously without displaying senescence, generating a series of abnormal cells (Alberts, 2007).

According to the paper organ transplant is a health science concept which involve donation of a given organ by another organism to another who has a problem to the extent of dysfunction or malfunction of a similar organ. With the inception of this science there has been a steady rise in emerging issues that if not looked into is likely to erase its effectiveness and reliability.

This can be attributed to an increase in the interest of the scientific community in harnessing the power of medicinal plants to cure illnesses such as cancer and other forms of psychoses. Schultes, Hoffman, and Ratsch, three well-known ethnobotanists wrote a book dealing with both the traditional use of these herbal plants, as well as scientifically explaining the effects of such plants when taken into the human body, successfully integrating both the cultural aspects and the potentials of using herbal medicine by presenting the subject of medicinal plant usage through a historical, societal, and scientific context.

This study aimed at exploring effects of type of soil on the germination and growth of Burley tobacco. The study used complete blocked design, an experimental design, and analysis of variance to establish that type of soil does not affect the plant’s germination but affects the plant’s growth.

The environmental ecosystem includes both living and non-living components. The various activities of living organisms especially humans have caused major changes to the environment over the years. One of the principal ways by which the environment is affected is by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Generally, macroevolution focuses mainly on the changes which occur above the levels of species (Levinton, 67). In contrast with microevolution, it refers to the evolutionary changes within a species population.  The process of specification fall within the purview depending on the forces thought to drive it.

Generally, generalists are usually common while specialists are rare to find. Generalists do not have special eating habits since they feed on anything that is available. Specialist species, on the other hand, feed on specific food and it is rare for them to change to a new environment (Peterson, 2010).

Any health illness that is caused due to abnormalities in genes or chromosomes is known as genetic disorder. Genetic disorder may be heritable or non-heritable. Genetic disorders can affect any system of the body including skin. Some of the skin genetic disorders are albinism and psoriasis.

According to Dr. Patlack and Walters, understanding osmosis requires an examination of both solvent and solute behavior and, especially, the effect of solute on solvent behavior. Water is the universal solvent of life since a good majority of solvents dissolve in this solvent. The substance that can dissolve in water is known as a solute. 

The combustion of this mixture during smoking causes the release of about 4,000 toxic chemicals according to Starr (2013) which include carcinogens such as nitrous oxides, hydrogen cyanide, lead and cadmium. The tar in cigarettes not only stains teeth and skin due to its sticky nature but also gels along the tracheal and nasal passage hence, damaging the cilia.

The following tests were done: For Morphological test; both culturing and Gram staining was done. The samples were cultured both on MacConkey and r2a plate. The biochemical test carried out on the sample include, Catalase test. Different cleaning equipment samples that include ec1 green mop, ec2 green cloth, ec3 pink cloth, ec4 lime-yellow cloth, ec5 blue mop, ec6 red mop were compared to determine the level of contamination.

(3) The concentration of the extract correlates with the strength of inhibition. In this case, 10 radish seeds were placed in each of the 50 petry with 25 grams of Ailanthus altissima being placed in a blender combined with 250 ml of water and blended for a maximum period of five minutes.

Culturing was both on agar and broth media incubated at 37 o c and 25 o c. The biochemical tests were: Glucose fermentation, sucrose fermentation, Lactose fermentation, Maltose fermentation, Starch hydrolysis, Citrate utilization, Catalase test, Tryptophan digestion (Indole).The most probable bacteria were Bacillus spp which includes C.Tetani, C.

The process is progressive and could result in a heart attack due to the depleting amount of blood supply to the myocardium. This in turn leads to the insufficient supply of nutrients and oxygen resulting in infarction or a heart attack.. The heart can be described as a muscle and is one of the main components of the circulatory system and is responsible for pumping blood.

Since Garcinia is taken for health purposes it needs to be ingested. If GM Garcinia Cambogia is introduced the percentage of people opting for the GM version at first would be low since most people will be unsure about the possible side effects or other health effects that GM crops may have on the health of a person or on the human body itself.

This has brought about a lot of research on them since it is argued that they repair damaged organs and tissues. This brings about therapies in human disorders such as heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's disease. However, at the moment it is unclear whether this is possible.

The negative effects of normal microbial flora are that they are “major causes of opportunistic infections that develop under permissive conditions”1 of lowered host defences and immunocompromisation. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine “opportunistic” microbial infections; and to investigate examples for bacterial, parasitic and viral opportunistic infections, and the factors that shift the host-pathogen balance to favour the infection.

The deer is an animal that displays the aspects of socializing in an almost perfect way. There are over forty species of deer that are known to man. All these species have distinct social characteristics and are found in different parts of the world. Their behavior is determined by the environment that they are in.

The increased temperature of the world will result in the melting of the snow in high mountains and the drying of the wetlands because of the increased temperature. Countries have thus entered into an agreement to control their greenhouse gas emission that carbon being one of them that is stringently monitored for its actual level in the atmosphere. 

Work Experience Report I have always had a keen interest in the science of medical healthcare. I knew that I wanted to be part of the world that helped cure illnesses and prevent the spread of viruses that harm our modern day society in the future, which is why I chose a pursue a career in the field of Biomedical Science.

An analysis of the process of osmosis reveals that it is similar to simple diffusion, with the main difference being the presence of the semi permeable membrane that only allows the passage of water through to the different concentrations. Osmosis occurs to move the water molecules from the highly concentrated side.

The disease is hereditary in nature and occurs due to abnormal distribution or synthesis of melanin, a protein which is responsible for pigmentation of the eyes, hair and skin. In the eyes, melanin is present in the iris and retina. (Okulicz, 2002). Melanin synthesis may be completely or partially absent or the distribution can be abnormal.

This basic unit segregates the living beings into the major categories of plants of animals. Human beings (Homo sapiens) are classified as the most developed mammals within the Kingdom Animalia. The Cell Theory This theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 (The Biology Project, 2004).

Impulses Prevention from the brain to the body illustrates proof to Sarah’s post. The explanation on what characterizes MS lesions is not clear and unnecessary because it did not indicate what MRI revealed. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) given by Sarah is adequate but fails to indicate the symptoms and body parts MS affects.

There are two types of repetitive DNA in human genome, they include tandem and interspersed as shown in figure one below. For the tandem repeat, we have microsatellites and minisatellites and for the interspersed we have the transposable elements that include DNA transposons and retrotransposons .

This drug possesses similar traits to amphetamines and improves the previously mentioned conditions by stimulating neural activity. According to its chemical structure and properties, Modafinil may be classified as a CNS stimulant however; the drug interestingly is not accompanied with side effects that are observed after usage of drugs in the same classification (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231).

The hair color is in turn determined by melanocytes amount in follicles and their nature. Hair color differences can be brought about either by the quantity of melanin in the hair or diverse synthesis of either brown melanin or red/yellow melanin. The OCA2 gene is also known as Oculocutaneous albinism II or the P gene is responsible for the manufacture of a protein known as the P protein contained in the melanocytes.

(Westermeier 2006). Agarose gel electrophoresis is the most common and easiest technique to separate the DNA fragments. Agarose is a polymer that forms helical linking strands between the molecules and they are held together by hydrogen bonds. Based on the concentration of the agarose in the gel, the pore size also varies.

The remaining of the radiation is absorbed by land and water bodies. This results in warmth of the earth’s surface. Certain greenhouse gases can capture sun’s radiation, thus increasing the temperature of the atmosphere. However, human activities are increasing the level of greenhouse gases and this has increased the possibility of raising the temperature of the earth.

Blood contains erythrocytes which have hemoglobin which is red in colour. This makes it easily visible unlike other body fluids like saliva, vagina fluid and semen which are colourless and hence they are not easily identified in a crime scene. On top of that blood is easily lost especially in criminal activities which involve use of force (Bevel., Tom and Rose,.

The problem of saving the African elephant started long ago when the risk of the elephants becoming extinct remained identified. Many came out in support of the laws passed to save the situation whereas others objected the same for their own material gains.

Attrition is the wear to teeth caused due to interaction between the teeth itself. Excessive loads can cause micro fractures in the enamel region. This is termed as Abfraction. (Adrian Lussi, 2006) Erosion of teeth on the other hand is a result of its interaction with acidic foods which causes decay to the teeth surface in a variety of ways.

How photosynthesis and respiration are linked? And how do they to provide you with energy from the food you eat? Plants use raw inorganic materials, as water and carbon dioxide and transform them into organic compounds, as starch and sugar, using sunlight as energy, in a process known as photosynthesis .

In both medical treatment and medical research, physicians should consider the needs of their patients and research subjects in order to have their informed consent. The physician must be knowledgeable in the various aspects of informed consent, and possess the skills to avail important information to patients and research subjects involved, as well as addressing the concerns that they raise.

Water Quality and Contamination. Water quality and contamination is the topic under which this experiment was conducted to test the effects of ground water contamination on the quality of water. There are various sources of ground water contaminants and they all have various levels effect on water quality.

Only the members of the Phylum Cnidaria do not possess all three germ layers. When it comes to the number of species, no phyla can outnumber the arthropods, which include arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and other subphyla. As to the development of the fish, the armored fishes developed first, then followed by the jawless fishes, the cartilaginous and finally the bony fish.

It is essential to state that bloom syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs due to the inability to conserve the genomic structure of the body (Cohen, 2004). The mishap in genetics comes because of crossovers of sister chromosomes; the syndrome is brought by autosomal recessiveness of the BML gene (Cohen, 2004).

Malaria, is a mosquito-borne, protozoal illness, identified as a parasite disease with the vector been a mosquito in early 19th century. It is infection manifest in human beings as a result of infection by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax.

Furthermore, how ATP generates its physiological response in the cell shall be discusses Keywords: Adenosine Tri phosphate, neurotransmitter, physiological response Adenosine triphosphate also known as by its shorter form, ATP, is thought to be the currency of energy with respect to life by many biologists.

The systems are made up of various organs of the body, for example, the respiratory arrangement includes the lungs and the nose. Each of these systems performs different functions from others, but they are interconnected by tissues and fluids. The fluids hold body cells and ensure that they are alive at certain conditions.

Factors dictating the susceptibility of malaria include environmental, parasite virulence and host genetics (Mackinnon et al., 2005). These facts may interplay to determine the cause of the disease. The condition is a product of protozoan parasites of genus Plasmodium.

Bradford assays are among the methods used to determine the concentration of protein, relative to a standard. This technique is based on the formation of a complex between the dye, Brilliant Blue G and proteins in solution. The complex being formed causes a shift in the absorption peak from 465nm to 595nm.

It was the first mark to the sighting of viruses, hereditary entities that are located in between non-living and living states. But alive or not, virus is the most extensive of all pathogens. It has the capability of infecting every species of organism such as fish, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, insects, bacteria as well as protozoan.

The behaviors under study in this experiment were food searching, food handling, vigilance, and social behavior. We adopted a study design involved a focal study that allowed the researchers to observe squirrels for fifteen minutes. We observed several transitions from one behavior to the other as the squirrels strived to strike a balance between feeding and staying alert of any emerging predators.

It is essential to state that water potential is used to describe the tendency with which water moves from one region to another. This experiment was carried out in order to determine how the rate of osmosis changes under different solute concentrations. Solute concentrations heavily influence how osmosis occurs.

So before sequencing, the DNA is denatured such that the phosphodiester bonds are broken and they become single strands. This is achieved by heating the DNA to high temperature. 2. Electroporation can be used to introduce DNA into different organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

This essay analyzes that to solve problems related to fertility problems, ART was developed as a promising solution. The in Vitro fertilization is a good example of ART. To increase the success rate of IVF, the clinical and laboratory procedures were enhanced in order to reduce the risk of side-effects on the part of the patients.

Angiotensin 2 then acts directly on the kidneys to prevent further water excretion. Also, it causes the release of aldosterone which acts on the renal tubules to bring NaCl back from the distal tubules creating enough osmotic difference for the transport of water back to the body thus retaining it inside the body. 

The author states that biodiversity is the variety in all forms of life. It provides us with all ranges of benefits such as vital goods such as timber and medicinal products, and essential services such as carbon cycling, clean water and pollination. Our daily bread, fish, meat, flowers, books and building timber materials are all gifts of nature.