Biology Essays

Types of cancer There are basically 5 types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphomas and leukemias, germ cell tumor and blastoma. Carcinomas are cancers that are derived from the epithelial cells. Cancers of the breast, lung, prostate, colon and pancreas fall into this category.

One of the many aspects that help to separate humans from the remainder of the animal kingdom is with regards to the process of crying. It is a process that has not oftentimes garnered a great deal of attention; however, it is nonetheless unique to humans as compared to the remainder of fellow primates as well as the animal kingdom in general. 

Cloning has also been performed on a scale as large as an individual organism an example of which was the sheep, Dolly. There is a single parent in cloning unlike the reproduction which happens with the mating of two parents; a male and a female. Some plants have been demonstrating the process of cloning for thousands of years.

Such a factor categorizes the animal into the homoeothermic or ectothermic group. According to Zuo et al., ectotherms are species whose body temperature changes with the changing environmental temperatures (1840). Thus, the change in the body temperature will affect the biochemical reactions in the body of an ectothermic species. 

The portion of the DNA today used on most occasions for taxonomic reasons for bacteria is referred to as the 16SrRNA gene. This gene is also designated as 16SrDNA, where the two terms have been used interchangeably but now the ASM policy currently stipulates that 16SrRNA gene takes priority (Jill, 2004).

According to the report ecological succession and climax vegetation often become the features of biomes and a biome is not defined in terms of genetic, historical, or taxonomic similarities unlike in the case of ecozones. In addition, a biome is a major habitat type and it has an intrinsic inhomegeneity.

Cancer and biopsies Name of the student: Course code: Tutor: Date of submission: Cancer and biopsies Introduction Based on Science Daily Newspaper that covers scientific themes and issues, my preffered topic from this newspaper is cancer and biopsies. With reference to the article dated 8th December 2011, the article caught the interest of majority of its readers since it helps in passing the information, and creating awareness on one of the most common killer disease on the planet called cancer.

An unknown etiology is reported to be associated with the condition. It is an akinetic-rigid form or parkinsonism, the condition is exemplified due to early falls and abnormalities of extraocular movements. The onset of the condition is around 63 years of age and the individual is known to survive for the period of 9 years after the onset of this rare condition.

Further applications of genetics gave way to the human genome project, mapping the human genes responsible for traits and diseases. The event with one of the most significance in the field of genetics is the Chernobyl Accident in Belarus in 1986, and the effect of ionizing radiation to genetic material in all organisms as a strong mutagenic agent was established as an important finding in hereditary studies.

The author of the paper suggests that the other purpose of the law, at least explicitly and directly, was to make sure that the country’s watersheds were protected from being eroded, as well as from becoming flooded, with the protected trees providing the needed brake to such environmental effects.

It is an evident fact that every macronutrient aids a human body with different biological purposes. These macronutrients would include proteins, carbohydrates etc. Reduction of any group or category of macronutrients would result in deficiency in human body.

Right whales are classified as marine mammals. They belong to the ‘cetaceans’ group; the term cetacean means ‘sea monster’ or ‘whale’. Right whales, similar to the North Atlantic right whale, are one of the rarest marine mammals (Knowlton & Kraus 193).

The article published in BBC news covered the results of the Big butterfly Count Survey which was organized by the U.K based Butterfly Conservation charity. According to the article the great increase in the number of butterflies which had been calculated as a grand total of 830,000, was a result of prevalent warmer conditions that had occurred during the summer since butterflies and moths are cold blooded and rely heavily upon temperature.

A vigorous reef ecosystem contains tremendous activity, colors, and sounds, and is filled with significantly compact aggregations of invertebrates and fish. In this view, tropical reefs are more evocative of the Serengeti in Africa than of the tropical forest they are frequently contrasted to, where the native mammals and birds can be difficult to observe and are secretive.

Scientists, however, have proven beyond any reasonable doubt that indeed such bacteria exist in milk. The list of these bacteria is endless, and the diseases caused by them have had extensive effects on the human body functioning. Change in milk bacteria has been found to affect the prevalence of a number of diseases.

Lactase non persistence, on the other hand, is the condition in which an adult lacks the digestive enzyme for lactose thus leading to health complications after consumption of milk. The presence and absence of the gene responsible for digestion of milk is quite divergent in the human population.

Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobe and don’t grow in the presence of oxygen. The optimal conditions for growing this bacterium are a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, with a PH of 7.4. It grows on different nutrient media including agar enriched with blood. When cultivated on agar enriched with blood it manifests alpha hemolysis, but with prolonged cultivation, it produces beta hemolysis.

The purpose of this paper is to find out how the CukE or Milk affects the reindeer cells and the mechanism in which the UV light might influence the effect of CukE and Milk. Various books are used as sources of reference in explanation various factors in details. Several issues discussed in the paper are; the DNA damage checkpoint, cell cycle progression.

The tundra has patchy, low-to-ground vegetation consisting of small shrubs, grasses, mosses, sedges, and lichens, all of which are better adapted to withstand tundra conditions. The temperatures are so cold that there is a layer of permanently frozen ground below the surface, called permafrost. This permafrost is a defining characteristic of the tundra biome.

To achieve a good and healthy body, the first thing that will be considered is proper nutrition. Nutrition is the manner of consuming and using food that helps maintain growth and good health. A healthy lifestyle is a long journey in which one must need to adhere dietary guidelines and recommended intakes to achieve their goals.

Disassembly of proteins is also called as proteolysis. First of all, proteins in our food are broken down into smaller units called as peptide chains. Many digestive enzymes include pepsin, trypsin, elastase and chymotrypsin. These peptides are further converted into amino acids by various proteolytic enzymes.

It is widely known as the dystrophin-asociated sarcopglycan, sarcospan and dystroglycan, colocalize with the dystrophin at castamere. This dystrophin gene is among the longest human gene covering about 2.2 megabases at locus Xp21. The mature mRNA measure about 14.0 kilobases, and the primary transcript is known to measure about 2,400 kilobases.

In arriving at this end, the following objectives will be explored: 1. Examination of the organisational philosophy of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream 2. Assessment of the internal elements and structures of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream 3. Evaluation of the external environment, stakeholders, industrial trends, structures and competition in the Ice Cream industry that Ben and Jerry operates in.

White-tailed Deer. The white tailed deer or the Virginia deer is the most widely distributed hoofed animals in the United States. Its scientific name is Odocoileus virginianus. As Patent (2004) describes, thirty eight types of white tailed deer live in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America and South America.

Cells are the basic elements that create tissues in the body. Research (McPhee & Tierney, 2007, pp. 23-39) has indicated that the body often starts creating wrong cells that damage the body by building a mass of damaged tissues called a lump or a tumor. Breast cancer refers to the disease when a lump or tumor forms in the part of the breast.

The nature’s thought thus refers to those biologically set down capabilities and tendencies possessed by individuals that may end up in the course of life. Nurture, on the other hand, denotes those environmental or external factors exposed to an individual from the time of conception until death.

Duration of Ultraviolet Exposure that Kills Bacteria The law of Arrhenius, which was earlier proposed to be describing temperature reliance of precise reaction speed in chemical reaction, seems not to be properly describing the effects of temperature on the growth of bacterial.

It has been observed that in recent years, developed nations are showing a wide prevalence of overweight or obese individuals, while the problem is spreading to the developing nations (despite under-nutrition), thus, turning obesity into a matter of grave danger to the overall public health of a nation.

DNA as we all know is the basic building structure of every living thing present on earth. It has been scientifically proved that it is the DNA that gives us our character, both phenotypic and genotypic. If there is some sort of problem i.e. mutation in the DNA, it would lead to altered characters or even lead to abnormalities (Burke 1991).

It is among the widely used techniques in molecular biology and biochemistry. Gel electrophoresis refers to the method of analysis and separation of macromolecules (proteins, RNA, and DNA) and their respective fragments, depending on their charge and size.

Typically, the process involves a gene incorporation of a foreign gene to the target organism genome. The steps involved for creating genetically modified organism, using maize as an example are. 1. Isolation of the desired gene The very first step is identification of an existing organism exhibiting favourable traits; these traits are traced to the chromosomal characteristics of the known organism.

In today’s world, people are becoming creative in forming businesses that have a different approach from the contemporary sole agenda of making profits. These businesses have been instrumental in improving the environment. Apparently, they have been effective in improving the world, especially in relation to pollution and environmental degradation.

This term denotes the diversity of life and its usage implies the existence of different species, ecosystems, and genetic variations. Research reveals that there are multiple reasons for the conservation of biodiversity in its complex form. Different organizations have taken a leading role in preserving the biodiversity.

As the disease progresses, changes in the physiology or normal anatomy of the body may be hidden or obvious, happening at the cellular level. Thus, pathophysiology entails some components of pathology, which entails the laboratory study of tissue and cell changes related to disease.

This paper will explore this issue, focusing particularly on the context by which the problem is a public health concern. Its negative impact on the population, particularly among the younger generation will also be explored. Background The standard of measurement that determines whether an individual is overweight is the Body Mass Index or BMI, which measures body size against the height of an individual.

The brain triggers the adrenal glands to release hormones leading to reduced stress levels in the body. The image below is an illustration of the pathway from stress to the production of glucocorticoids, by the adrenal glands, lowering stress levels. The adrenal cortex produces epinephrine and norepiephrine (cortisols) and the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenalin.

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the pathology of Parkinson’s disease is complicated making the treatment and control of the disease a complex task. The complexity of the disease has made it almost impossible for researchers to settle for a single approach to treating and controlling the disease.

Huntington's disease is caused by a faulty gene. Cells in parts of the brain are very sensitive to the effects of the faulty gene. This makes them function poorly and eventually die. A parent with the Huntington's disease gene has one good copy of the gene and one faulty copy.

Staphylococcus Aureus: They are facultative anaerobic bacteria and are usually found as commercials. Staphylococci are gram positive bacteria that are spherical in shape and are arranged in irregular grape like clusters. They have the ability to grow in many types of media under aerobic atmosphere.

(Asrar et al, 1985, Botkin et al, 1986, Asrar et al, 1992, Broge et al, 2002). Predicting the yield ahead of the harvest time is associated with the capacity not only to identify the crop species of interest but also to determine values of agronomic variables like maturity, population density, vigour, disease, and weed infestation.

Various studies indicate that there is an increase in the decline of men power of fathering children. In addition, these studies indicate that in about three decades ago, more male babies were being born compared to female babies. However, this trend seems to change and the number of born male babies is gradually declining.

The author analyzes the importance of accurate identification of bacteria and the necessary materials and methods. He shows newer procedures of rapid identification of bacteria like mass spectrometry and computional analysis, microarray-based identification and other that allow faster and affective method of identifying bacteria and other microorganisms.

Aims and motives: The main driving force behind my choice of this course is not just my interest in the subject, but also my personal experience. Having suffered from asthma and vitiligo at an early age, I began questioning the human body and have always been curious to learn more about it.

The personnel involved include the PI, a Post-doctoral research Associate attached at the center on service basis and two undergraduate students contracted on full time basis. Project Budget Budget item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total PI Salary $17,000 $17,000 $17,000 $51,000 Graduate Research Assistant $0 $0 $0 $0 Post-doc Research Associate $1,216 $1,282 $1,348 $3,846 Undergraduate Students (2) $21,000 $21,000 $21,000 $63,000 Total Salaries $39,216 $39,282 $39,348 $117,846 Fringe Benefits $6,282 $6,282 $6,282 $18,846 Supplies & Services $10,000 $5,000 $5,000 $20,000 Travel $2,000 $1,500 $3,500 $7,000 Permanent Equipment $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Direct Costs $57,498 $52,064 $54,130 $163,692 Other co

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological distinctiveness of water. It is a measure of the state of water in relation to the needs of human beings or other living organisms. Water quality standards set a base of reference for assessment.

The author states that stem cell research remains an extensive phenomenon that also involves the extraction of embryonic stem cells as well as adult stem cells. The use of adult stem cells does not provoke controversies. The main controversy exists on the embryonic stem cell research that involves sacrificing of human life.

While 1,2-propanediol is considered safe in small doses, both health-wise and environmentally, it is important to note that it may pose yet unknown health and environmental concerns. As it is constantly used in cosmetics, industrial solvents, and innumerable consumer goods, potential problems cannot be undermined.

Therefore, the autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary activities of the smooth muscles and several undertakings o the glands. It forms a component of the peripheral nervous system and can be subdivided into two categories. These include the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. In all these categories are comprised of effector neurons which connect the central nervous system top their effector organs.

The body contains a lot of water and although it has many elements in it its MR spectra can be measured, many of the clinical MR systems usually use the spectra emitted by hydrogen ions or base their analysis on the hydrogen MR spectra. In this regard, the concentration of ions both within and without tissues and cells of the brain can be used to detect anomalies in those tissues.

This research will explore obesity among persons aged 18 years and below by looking at its various causes. There is a claim that the main cause of child obesity is physical inactivity. Proponents of this claim state that the chances of physically inactive children developing obesity is higher that of active children.