Biology Essays

A transgene is a gene with desirable characteristics that is moved from a source organism implanted into a new organism in order to improve the desired characteristics of the recipient organism. This is an improvement from the traditional process of breeding wherein a plant or animal with a desired trait is mated with an existing plant or animal.

There is many types of learning, the most basic form of which is non-associative learning. Surprisingly noticed even in primitive life forms, such as the protozoan Stentor coeruleus, it represents a type of learning where the organism becomes aware that some events are unrelated and irrelevant.

The author discusses ethical and moral arguments of using embryonic stem cells. Arguments of groups or sectors opposing the use of embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of life because they consider the cell in the embryo as not just a simple cell but life itself or the beginning of a human being.

The combination of embryological and genetic zebrafish leads to the external development of the transparent embryo, which allows fundamental vertebrate development process from gastrulation to organogenesis to be visualized and studied. Also, the heart beats and the blood circulation of the embryo are readily observed.

There are three major sources of such variations, namely, the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis,reciprocal recombination of the linked genes on chromosomes by crossing over in prophase I of meiosis,and random fertilization of gametes, thereby raising possibility of innumerable combinations.

In simple words, the parent cell gets separated into two daughter cells that are similar to the parent cell in the process of mitosis. However, the process of meiosis can be described as the cell division that occurs through sexual reproduction of eukaryotic cells.

Generally speaking, water is the most abundant component of living organisms. For most animal and plant cells, water accounts for the 70-90% of their compositions. The lowest cases are that of seeds which are 20% water while the most extreme is the jellyfish which is 99% water.

Because stress hormones activate catabolic processes the risk of obesity during chronic stress is increased significantly. There was proved that chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis could result in an increase of the adiposity, decrease muscle component of lean body weight and insulin resistance. 

Eukaryotic proliferation and succession requires mechanisms which efficiently build up the multicellular structure and care capable of maintaining and replicating it. These mechanisms are presented in the form of mitosis and meiosis. The wear and tear of the body results in the sloughing of millions of cells everyday.

According to the World of Scientific Discovery (2/2011), “…photosynthesis is the process by which living things turn (or convert) light energy into chemical energy…photosynthesis is a process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are converted into sugars” (Gale Science, 2011, p.

Cancer cells developed resistance to chemotherapeutic agent by various means like mutation and over expression of Drug target, enzymatic inactivation of drug. Efflux mediated elimination of drug from cells etc. this phenomenon is mainly observed in case of recurring tumors after initial chemotherap.

This research will begin with the statement that when it comes to the human body, energy is necessary for the body to function in the slightest. Without energy, the body cannot function. Furthermore, in order to remain healthy, the body needs a level of nutritional balance. The paper tells that the body needs to have a proper level of nutrients in order to function properly.

Every chemical element has got species of atoms which may be one or more than one with same atomic number i.e. having the same number of protons in the nucleus; the same position in the periodic table; similar chemical properties but different atomic masses and physical characteristics.

These help them to attract the female and spread the threat to others. In adult leopard limits in size is vary from 2inches to 5 inches in length, where as female usually bigger then male. They usually do active at night time.

The apomorphic aranaemorphs have a specialized web, in which piriform silk is added to stabilize the line. In addition, these spiders have female fertilization ducts. All of these characteristivs are synapomorphies,that make Aranaeomorphae monophyletic (Coddington, 2005).

He of course is not talking about the rights that shouldn't be discussed, and immediately dismisses those. But the rights that do matter, those are the one that he feels should not just be given to us, but all animals. If presented with the topic of animal experimentation, even if it was harmless, I believe that Singer would bounce the question back at the asker and ask if they would feel comfortable running the test on a human.

Medical researchers first study the disease or a health problem thoroughly before they develop different ways of treating it. There are some diseases and health problems which entail method that can be studied only in a living being. In the medical and psychological field, animals are frequently used for researches.

In the Proterozoic Era, 2.5 billion to 544 million years ago, the atmospheric level of oxygen increased to 15% due to oxygen producing cyanobacteria.  The levels of oxygen in the atmosphere produced a fatal environment in which anaerobic organisms needed to evolve methods of coping with the presence of oxygen.

According to the essay eugenic policies include compulsion through state legislation or persuasion through counseling, particularly for citizens with genetic defects. Laws are passed that limit the number of children a family can have, although in countries like China, it has something to do with controlling its population explosion.

This paper will begin with the statement that the mitochondria (singular form is mitochondrion) are the principal energy source of the cell. Aside from doing other specialized tasks, mitochondria convert nutrients into energy. They are normal structures responsible for energy production in cells. They are located in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus of the cell.

The author states that other members of the family were recently found to be expressed in normal cells, indicating that the family is larger and more disparate than initially expected. MAGE-like genes have also been identified in non-mammalian species, like the zebrafish or Drosophila melanogaster.

A key factor to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell. They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.

Their investigation was specified the cell division located in the anther wall during the formation of pollen. In order to grow the plants, young spikelets were collected from immature tassels at 2–3 d intervals from the mid-portion of tassels from plants segregating 1:1 for male-sterile:male-fertile plants.

Abbreviations: Inr= initiator sequence of the RNA polymerase II promoter; UCE= upstream control element of the RNA polymerase I promoter. A 29 kilo base (kb) linear DNA fragment is digested with ApeK I, Bst I and Cla I, individually and in combination, and the resulting DNA fragment sizes are determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.

The author states that the evolution of populations can take place in the form of macroevolution and microevolution. In the former, very large changes occur over long periods of time. On the contrary, in the latter, small changes in a population occur within the same area, resulting in interbreeding.

Much progress has been made toward understanding the molecular basis of infectious diseases. Koch's postulates, the standard test for determining if a bacterium causes disease, have limitations. A new set of postulates, the molecular Koch's postulates, has been proposed and focuses on the role of genes and gene products in disease.

Though, doctors and researchers have always been blamed for not doing much to ascertain the real treatment of breast cancer, the lack of basic information about the disease has increased its spread. It is well understood that not everybody is a scientist.

Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic disorder. It can present with spectrum of symptomatology, it affects bone, nervous system, soft tissue and the skin.There are two varieties of neurofibromatosis, NF-1, popularly known as peripheral neurofibromatosis and NF-2, also known as central neurofibromatosis

D antigen is present on the red blood cells, the blood is known as Rh positive, and absence of D antigen confers Rh negativity. The D antigen is a potent alloantigen, meaning this can result in production of antibodies quickly on exposure.

Everybody living in the forest enjoyed a unique place in the food chain and nobody had any problem with this natural arrangement.One day an old donkey came into this forest. Actually, a peasant living in the neighboring village owned this donkey, who had abandoned the donkey in the forest as he had grown old and was no more of any use.

Every urine specimen is assigned a bar code, and the machine identifies the specimen by it. Then, 800 μL of uncentrifuged urine is aspirated by the machine automatically. This specimen has crystalline content like urates. This is diluted 4 times to dissolve this and other crystalline content. This uses a dilution buffer to do this.

Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed in the walls of the ileum. The vitamin helps in maturation of red blood cells. According to Doctor Mellissa Conrad (Conrad, 1996), the large multinucleated cells known as megaloblasts circulate in the blood cells but do not act like blood cells.

The success of the sharks can be attributed to the diversity of their evolution, having a simple yet flexible skeleton, as well as being hardy creatures, even withstanding the wide-ranged extinctions of numerous species during the Permian-Triassic transition (Compagno, 1990).

“Often in nature things are not what they seem. A rock on the seafloor may be a poisonous fish; a beautiful flower in a garden may be a carnivorous insect lying in wait for prey. This misleading appearance extends to certain components of cells, including chromosomes-the strings of linear DNA that contain the genes.

According to the paper findings, it can, therefore, be said that the main function of the microscope is to increase the resolution.  If the magnification is higher then the resolution will be higher. (Bisen and Sharma 2012). Microscopes are of two types namely Light microscope and electron microscope.

Attraction is broadly understood as the process wherein these individual creates attract the opposite sex organism that they will copulate with in the act of mating.While these are broad understandings of this terminology,there is also a large amount of scientific research that goes into understanding these elements in terms of the differences and specific elements within species

Infection from this virus can range from a mild disease to fulminant hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus was discovered in 1973 and before this time it was associated with significant morbidity and less frequent mortality although this trend has been substantially reduced due to the vaccine now available against this virus.

No real roots Sea weed, green algae Bryophytes These are small non-vascular plants which lack a specialized conducting system. They do not produce seeds and reproduce by means of haploid spores. For active growth and reproduction, these plants require a moist environment.

The simplest structural form of proteins is an amino acid. Proteins are very important as they engage in cell repair and formation of new cells. Proteins are also very important during pregnancy, childhood as well as adolescence.

This method was introduced in 1967 and has since become a popular PAGE process. (Shapiro et al, 1967) SDS PAGE sample contains sodium dodecyl sulphate/lauryl sulfate, ?-mercaptoethanol (BME), bromophenyl blue, glycerol, and Tris-glycine at pH 6.8. SDS  removes secondary and tertiary protein structures and maintains the proteins as polypeptide chains, it also gives negative charges to protein molecules, ?

This reaction causes the body to show symptoms of allergy. When he consumed any of the above foods, he suffered from eczema. Eczema is a condition where a patient gets red scaly rashes on the skin it is common in infants (Wong, 2010). Question 2 Christopher has positive allergen specific IgE to house dust mites because in this case smaller units are studied as compared to the skin prick test which studies bigger units yet the dust mites have very minimal impact to Christopher’s immune system which cannot be detected through the skin prick test.

The main idea is to reduce harmful industrial activities while replacing these kinds of operations by green ones. The major power source of the Earth should be changed and the population should be induced to use green power sources such as solar and wind energy (Wustenhagen & Bilharz, 2006).

Ub is found throughout an entire cell and can exist in a free state or combined with other protein. If it is combined with other protein then it is attached by a covalent bond between the glycine and lysine on the proteins. Ub has a role to play in many cell processes. For example – during the G1 phase of mitosis Ub is conjugated to the protein cyclin and hence play an important role in controlling the cell cycle. Ub conjugation is also present in DNA repair, the regulation of transcription, apoptosis and embryogenesis.

The protozoa parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium are the etiological agents of this infectious tropical disease. These parasites fall in different species namely P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. Severity and pathogenesis of the malaria is subject to the type of parasite.

Aside from that, its characteristic aloofness, intelligence and cleverness have made it a favorite subject of animal studies. The Reflex Arm of Behavior The study of communication and behavior should first bear in mind the factors that influence them. In cats, as well as in other animals, it should be noted that the absence of higher levels of thinking such as discernment and problem solving implies that most of their body language depends on reflex reaction to a present stimulus (animal.discovery.com).

In this way, they are the most widely distributed amphibian in North America; even reaching beyond the Arctic Circle ("Wood Frogs (Lithobates Sylvaticus) in Manitoba") its scientific name is Rana Sylvatica. Furthermore, it has very attractive characteristics that are usually coupled and are similar to other Chordates, Amphibians and Anurans etc.

 Bacteria refer to single-celled living organisms, which are smaller than the smallest animal and plant cells. A bacterium contains cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane and a cell wall. The bacterial cell contains some genetic material with the purpose of carrying the body’s instructions to the cell. 

These fluids transmit the virus, since it moves from the infected individual to uninfected person. HIV/AIDS is usually spread through sexual intercourse. Other forms of transmission include sharing of needles, especially when using them for street drugs, mother to fetus transmission, and even kissing (Johanson 236).

In 2006, Yamanaka and other scientists discovered that fibroblasts of human and mice could generate pluripotent cells (iPSC means Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) when genetically reprogrammed (Giordano 307). The genetic programming makes these somatic cells to lose characters of their specific tissues and become pluripotent.

Genetic modification in foods involves altering the natural genetic composition of an organism, resulting in new gene pools that were not part of the evolutionary process. The essence of this modification is to improve the economic aspect of farming and nutrition.