Biology Essays

1. Role in mucus production O-glycans can be found attached to mucins through an O-glycosidic bond to the oxygen of the hydroxyl group of serine, threonine or hydroxyl-lysine residues of the protein. Since it is typical for mucin-related proteins to have tandem repeats rich with Ser/Thr residues, these amino acids become teeming with O-glycans.

(Goodman, Kurdia, Ammann, Kakhniashvili, & Daescu, 2007). The cell membrane determinines the properties of the erythrocyte. Cytoplasmic enzyme in the membrane maintains the flexibility of the RBC, besides transporting of ions and preventing the oxidation of proteins in the red blood cells.

The debate, which is considered as part of cultural wars, is particularly prevalent in the US and to some degree in Europe and across the globe (Witham, 2002). There are distinctive differences between Darwinism and creationism, some based on belief and others based on data.

Key Words: Rabies, Nervous System, Central Nervous System, Rabies street virus Introduction The occurrence of Rabies is evident when Lyssavirus rabies virus enters human body damaging one’s nervous system (Jackson, 2013, pp 5). When the virus gets in the body, it quickly goes to the brain and other body tissues via the nerve system (Jackson, 2013).

The secondary purpose was to differentiate the general selective, purpose, and differential media, and give illustrations in the form of examples, and describe the conditions under which they are useful. In enzymes experiment, its primary objective was to assay the culture of bacteria to find out if certain enzymes are developed or produced.

There is numerous and convincing evidence that living organisms have undergone the process of evolution spanning over a period of millions of years. The account of human evolution dates back to approximately 30 million years ago in North Africa, when the now expansive Sahara desert was an expanse of lush rain forests, and the region was inhabited by a species identified by historians as Aegyptopithecus.

Organ transplant refers to replacement of a damaged organ or tissue with freshly harvested living organ or tissue. Not all organs are eligible for transplantation. The major organs that are eligible for transplant surgeries include kidney, heart, liver, lung and pancreas.

The main argument in the modern school of thought is that studying of hereditary traits is insufficient in explaining criminal behavior. However, most criminology theories do not incorporate the structural aspects of biology that leads to criminal behaviors (Walsh, 2002).

It is important to note that gene therapy is still an experimental approach to therapy. Therefore, a lot of further research is required before the full potential of this form of therapy can be realized (Bryant, Duker and Reichel 89). The history of gene therapy and the related concepts can be traced to the 1960s and early in the 1970s.

1). These elements then function through implementing the arteries, capillaries, and veins to supply the body with oxygen. Specifically, this oxygen travels throughout the body through the blood. Further considerations relate to the specific divisions within the heart.

Even though there exist no certainty that a gene recombinant product will be accumulated in the Escherichia coli (E coli) at levels that are high, in biologically active foam, and in full length, a significant magnitude of efforts has been put towards bettering the versatility and performance of the microorganism.

From this research, it is clear that respiration processes and fermentation processes are similar in that both have carbon dioxide involved in the processes. In the respiration process, the carbon dioxide is the respired gas. In the fermentation process involving glucose carbon dioxide is the byproduct of the reaction that mainly results in the conversion of glucose into ethanol.

At first the retina was most likely a movement sensor but over time the ability to delineate details and the ability to see color was developed. (Gordon) The evolution of the eye is a standard development in all vertebrates as well as many non-vertebrate species as well.

These advances have, however, been realized along with significant effects to human beings and to the very society that they live in. It is not enough that genetics has played a vital role in human nature but that that it has also proceeded to affect the very way in which human being socialize.

Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of the cell. In each cell, DNA molecules are packed into threadlike formation. Each chromosome consists of DNA packaged around histones. Histones are structures which aid in support of chromosome structure. To use this information, cells must be able to get the information out of storage.

DMS is derived from dimethylsulfoniopropionate, a secondary metabolite produced by many marine algae and phytoplankton. DMSP is converted to DMS by virtue of the lyase and CoA-transferase pathways exhibited by many fungi and bacteria.

To date, no research has been conducted on the implication of genetic testing, or genome wide screening for Type 2 Diabetes with CVD among UAE population nor any other Arab population. This study aims to identify patients with Type 2 Diabetes who have also developed cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction) to measure genetic variation related to T2D with CVD on an Arab population sample in UAE using state-of-the-art technology in genome field; genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays.

According to the studies made by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimate of 336,000 cases had been diagnosed positively with C. difficile infection in the year 2009. The 2009 report has shown an increase in the C. difficile spread as compared to the 139,000 diagnosed cases in the year 2000.

River systems are critical to most marine, and coastal environments, organisms and processes. Their fresh waters allow humans to infiltrate and dwell in the world’s most inhabitable regions such as deserts. Rivers are the pathways that exemplify ecological landscapes.

The materials required during the study include four 100 ml beakers labeled as 1-4, a 200 ml beaker, deionized water; 5% glucose, fructose and sucrose solutions. Others materials included a sugar solution, yeast, a 300 Celsius water bath and four fermentation tubes, labeled as 1-4.The experiment involved using different sugar compounds: glucose, sucrose and fructose.

Analysis of a Medical Research Conducted by Wakefield, Murch, Anthony et al Name: Institution: ANALYSIS OF A MEDICAL RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY WAKEFIELD ET AL A group of scientists from various medical departments namely; medicine and histopathology, pediatric gastroenterology, child and adolescents psychiatry, neurology and radiology; performed a medical research that was later retracted.

Because the disorder is present on the X chromosome and is recessive, it is much easier for males to be afflicted than females. Males only inherit a single copy of the X chromosome, thus if they inherit a chromosome with the disease then they show the phenotypic characteristics.

The difference in coding has little difference when hemoglobin molecules are attached with oxygen. However, when hemoglobin is not combined with oxygen, deoxygenated blood, the mutated beta chains make hemoglobin less soluble. The hemoglobin molecules form long fibers inside the red blood cells.

The multiplication of these parasites takes place in liver and there after infects red blood cells. Though the normal way of malaria transmission is through mosquito bite, in rare case it is caused by transfusion of blood and from a pregnant mother to fetus (Griffith 2006, p.

In addition, the technique is also used to determine the factors that regulate gene expression such as nutritional, hormonal or environmental agents (Trayhurn). A group of three scientists at the Stanford University, James Alwine, David Kamp and George Stark developed this technique in the year 1977.

1). The very first investigations into insects as forensic indicators appear to have been carried out by Sung Tzu in 13th century China, who noticed blow flies coming from a corpse (Benecke, 2001, pp. 2-3). In the West, in ancient and medieval times people believed that living creatures, loosely labelled “worms,” came to be present in dead tissue through spontaneous generations.

Plants such as peace lilies, devil’s ivy, gerbera daisies, Japanese aralia and the snake plant are among the 15 species of plants which could filter air pollutants, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.

These are just the ones in the mainland. Other Hispanics in Puerto Rico, which is a Caribbean U. S. Territory, amount to 3.7 million more residents. Around the world, there are 34.2 million people living with HIV as of 2011. In that year alone, 2.5 million were newly infected (World Health Organization, 2011).

However, the best way to determine the extent of accuracy of the ancestral relation and closeness of each fossil to one another and that to the modern man is by genetic studies. Since, the genetics of humans are 99% similar, it is already established that the modern man must have come from some common ancestor.

The paper attempts to explore how the disease affected Europe during the time and then in subsequent years. The bubonic plague is known as a rat disease because it is not found at the places where rats are absent. Rats are hosts of a pathogen – a kind of bacillus known as Yersinia pestis.

Conversely, glial cells back the functions of the neurons. Information transmission occurs electrically along the neurons. This electrical information flow prompts nerve cells to produce two types of graded potentials, which are Action potentials and Graded potentials.

The sweetness of a fruit depends on the chemical structure of it. The sweet taste of the fruits is attributed by the presence of fructose contained in it. In general, fruits are comprised of, fructose, cellulose, vitamins, starch and acids. These entire compounds combine to give a particular taste to the fruit.

This technology is growing at a very high rate hence becoming very common in many countries. The technology involves two genes from two different species being combined together, where genes from a different species are inserted into the DNA of that particular food or plant.

Not all the birds are migratory but many of those that do so fly to warmer places in order to catch their food and protect themselves from the harsh weather (Solov'yov 40). Unlike other animals, birds do not have to suffer food shortages or seasonal changes and they can protect themselves by migrating to a new place.

Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of approximately 400 to 750 nanometers (Bernstein et al. 2007, P.45). However, the sensation of light in the eye is dependent on both the intensity and wavelength of light. In this regard, the wavelength usually determines the color that one sees because of sensation while intensity determines how bright or dim the light is sensed by the eye.

All these constituents have different role in maintaining culture environment. An aseptic condition is the basic need for cell culture since in an unsterilized condition bacteria, virus or fungi can grow which subsequently contaminate the growth of the cultured cells in vitro.

The system has two further subdivisions in the form of peripheral nervous system alongside central nervous system (Valery, 2006). Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system has two types of cells these cells are the ones that are responsible for carrying different sorts of information across the nervous systems.

The seeds of poppy plant can be used as a source of food product and oil for edible purposes. In terms of geographic origin, opium poppy was first originated in around 3,400 B.C. when the plant was first grown in South East Asia, in lower part of Mesopotamia (Drug Enforcement Administration Museum & Visitors Center, n.d.).

Some pollination processes are facilitated through the aids of birds and bees among other animals (Wachman, n.d.; 01). Pollination usually creates fruit holding seeds that are used to further the plant generation. Angiosperms have or produce two types of seeds including monocots that have only cotyledon and the dicots with two cotyledons.

Using the statistics thye report describes this problem. To openn the whole picture it comes back to the history. The existence of the disease can be traced back to the Roman times. The name malaria comes from the “mal”aria which means bad air in medieval Italy. When the term was coined it was believed that malaria was caused by breathing in bad air.

Until recently, Porifera had been considered a phylum but new evidence suggests that it is a clade. A clade represents organisms that have a common ancestor and members of the clade may both be extant or extinct. This is much larger than the limiting phylum under which Porifera was thought to belong.

These high galactose levels result from the lack of the liver enzyme necessary for the metabolism of this sugar. This paper aims at discussing a disease known as galactosemia. The paper will discuss the protein enzyme that is malfunctioning. In addition, the paper will include how common the disease is, the symptoms of the disease, and the therapy used in the treatment of the disease.

They are photosynthetic single celled organisms that manufacture their food using sunlight energy. The other term is Zooplankton, which represents organisms within this category that are either single or multi-celled animals and they feed on living planktons (Cable, 1966).

An obese person is therefore one who has too much fats in their body than should be, hence greatly affecting their body weight. Overweight in an individual can therefore be classified as obesity when their Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 30 (thirty) (Kiess, Marcus, & Wabitsch 2004).

It is present in various foods like chocolate, tea, coffee and certain soft drinks like cola and in some medicated compounds (Hartley et al, 2001). Caffeine has stimulatory effects on the central nervous system. It causes temporary restoration of alertness after warding off drowsiness.

In 1987,researchers of animal vocal communication collaborated and researched concerning theories that encompass concepts of animal vocal communication.The Game Theory,an analysis of the animal vocal communication studies,includes data and descriptions that analyze the frequency dependence of animal vocal communications in a given or observed setting.

Though this species predominantly occupies North America, it is widespread and highly adaptable with twelve subspecies being recognized in the northern part of Mexico, South of Canada, and several parts of the United States. The species prefers a wooded environment, however, can also live in semi desert areas and swamps.

In the process, they discovered a durable wooly skin that could protect them from cold, heat, rain, and wind. The wooly skin also kept the primitive man cool during a hot sunny day and warm during the cold, windy night. In addition, the wool helped in absorbing moisture without necessarily feeling wet.

The Situation was a botulism bioterrorist attacks that was spread to various US cities through soda bottles. Botulism toxin is one of the most toxic substances known to man. Since dispersal of the toxin would be difficult, the people who caused the terrorist attack chose to manufacture the toxin on a large scale and spread the same through retrieving about 10 to 15% of the bottles from the market, infesting them with the toxin and re-introducing them into the market.

These distinctions in health consequences can be described in part by particular and inherent immune aspects available in human milk. The mother has plasma cells in the bronchial tree and intestine move to the mammary epithelium and emits antibodies particular to antigens in the immediate environment giving particular immune against micro-organisms in the mother’s surrounding.