Biology Essays

In the context of the hearing apparti in particular there are an increasing number of studies which indicate that the modification of the jaw bones (in reptiles) led to the formation of the middle ear bones in mammals as we shall see later in this essay.

These unique properties of water result from the ways in which individual H2O molecules interact with each other.Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom

The author states that E. coli are unable to sporulate to all Gram-negative organisms. Hence the treatments which kill all active bacteria, such as pasteurization or simple boiling of contaminated water, are most effective for their eradication. The complected processess such as sterilization which deactivates spores in not essential for e-coli.

An example of the cardiovascular system’s ability to adapt is seen in response to a max test. This test measures the volume of oxygen in the blood that the body uses in one minute of maximal exercise.

The cell capsule is a layer that lies on the outside cell wall of bacteria; as it cannot be easily removed within the cell, it can cause a variety of diseases. The cell capsule is also known as the bacterial capsule, as it prevents the bacteria from being cleaned away within the system, making sure that they do not desiccate.

AJC disassembly is focus for junctional research because of its own practical implications as far as some pathological mechanisms of certain diseases processes including malignancy are concerned. For the explanation of AJC disassembly two more frequently referred mechanisms have been:

As the paper, Is Biomedical Model out of Date?, highlights many models had been proposed and one such model is the biomedical model. The biomedical model has found the formation and defined the character of American medical practice and education. This paper focuses on explaining why biomedical model is considered to be outdated.

The chemical metabolisms that go together with ripening process do increase the levels of sugar that is available in a fruit and this makes it have a sweet taste (Mauseth, 2003, p 80). Let’s take bananas as our example. They have a lot of starch but as the fruit ripens, it’s converted into fructose.

Various antibiotics work differently on various types of bacteria, but for one aim. By definition, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses and thus prescribing antibiotics when unnecessary or ineffective encourages increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

Thermoregulation, osmoregulation and glucoregulation are few examples of negative feedback mechanisms. The importance of negative feed back mechanisms is that they provide a negative feedback loop to keep conditions of a living organism within tolerable limits and to prevent it from a sudden severe change.

Water is considered a universal solvent due to its polarity. Water dissolves ionic solutes completely because the negative hydroxide ion is attracted towards the cations of the solute and the positive Hydrogen (H+) is attracted towards the anions of the solute thus dissolving the solute totally. An example of a nonionic solute is table sugar.

However, the most widely accepted theory was the “filament sliding model” proposed by Huxley and Niedergerke (1954), and Huxley and Hanson (1954). A skeletal muscle is made up of subunits called the fasicles. Fasicles are bundles of elongated muscle fibers which extend for the length of the muscle.

In 1956, while searching through a collection of fossils at the American Museum of Natural History, I came across a small piece of forehead bone, identified as a "possible primate," that had lain neglected for half a century.

From the dissertation it is clear that there have been 3 major surveys conducted in Britain and Ireland that have measured the breeding populations of great black backed, lesser black backed and herring gulls. By analysis of the differences in the numbers observed in these three surveys, it is possible to show variation in population trends.

It is necessary to establish a normal uterine blood flow so as to ensure the development of a successful embryo. Around the world, many couples experience difficulty conceiving a child. As a result of the continual expansion of the assisted reproductive technologies (ART), people have learned to accept the practice of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gestational surrogacy, the zygote intrafallopian transfer, the gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), oocyte, and embryo donation, gestational surrogacy, and cryopreservation (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2009).

The importance of this proposal is to illuminate race as a possible factor and show that the growing problem of domestic abuse and other sociological factors are crucial in identifying potential, abusers, therefore, ruling out race as a factor to be considered. The ethnicity or race of an individual may or may not have an effect on their propensity.

As the name implies, carbohydrates are carbon hydrates, that is, they are formed from the union of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly taken from cereals, root crops, sugar crops, pulses, vegetables, fruit and milk products (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997).

This research will begin with the statement that the nervous system is composed of nerve cells or neurons.  These are responsive cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information by electrochemical signaling. They are the core components of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves.

Anaphylaxis is a dramatic and frightening disease condition that is considered to be a manifestation of severe systemic allergic condition. The know-how of the treatment techniques and ability to deliver a speedy treatment for this condition is crucial in its outcome, in one end of the spectrum recovery, the other end death.

A transgene is a gene with desirable characteristics that is moved from a source organism implanted into a new organism in order to improve the desired characteristics of the recipient organism. This is an improvement from the traditional process of breeding wherein a plant or animal with a desired trait is mated with an existing plant or animal.

There is many types of learning, the most basic form of which is non-associative learning. Surprisingly noticed even in primitive life forms, such as the protozoan Stentor coeruleus, it represents a type of learning where the organism becomes aware that some events are unrelated and irrelevant.

The author discusses ethical and moral arguments of using embryonic stem cells. Arguments of groups or sectors opposing the use of embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of life because they consider the cell in the embryo as not just a simple cell but life itself or the beginning of a human being.

The combination of embryological and genetic zebrafish leads to the external development of the transparent embryo, which allows fundamental vertebrate development process from gastrulation to organogenesis to be visualized and studied. Also, the heart beats and the blood circulation of the embryo are readily observed.

There are three major sources of such variations, namely, the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis,reciprocal recombination of the linked genes on chromosomes by crossing over in prophase I of meiosis,and random fertilization of gametes, thereby raising possibility of innumerable combinations.

In simple words, the parent cell gets separated into two daughter cells that are similar to the parent cell in the process of mitosis. However, the process of meiosis can be described as the cell division that occurs through sexual reproduction of eukaryotic cells.

Generally speaking, water is the most abundant component of living organisms. For most animal and plant cells, water accounts for the 70-90% of their compositions. The lowest cases are that of seeds which are 20% water while the most extreme is the jellyfish which is 99% water.

Because stress hormones activate catabolic processes the risk of obesity during chronic stress is increased significantly. There was proved that chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis could result in an increase of the adiposity, decrease muscle component of lean body weight and insulin resistance. 

Eukaryotic proliferation and succession requires mechanisms which efficiently build up the multicellular structure and care capable of maintaining and replicating it. These mechanisms are presented in the form of mitosis and meiosis. The wear and tear of the body results in the sloughing of millions of cells everyday.

According to the World of Scientific Discovery (2/2011), “…photosynthesis is the process by which living things turn (or convert) light energy into chemical energy…photosynthesis is a process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are converted into sugars” (Gale Science, 2011, p.

Cancer cells developed resistance to chemotherapeutic agent by various means like mutation and over expression of Drug target, enzymatic inactivation of drug. Efflux mediated elimination of drug from cells etc. this phenomenon is mainly observed in case of recurring tumors after initial chemotherap.

This research will begin with the statement that when it comes to the human body, energy is necessary for the body to function in the slightest. Without energy, the body cannot function. Furthermore, in order to remain healthy, the body needs a level of nutritional balance. The paper tells that the body needs to have a proper level of nutrients in order to function properly.

Every chemical element has got species of atoms which may be one or more than one with same atomic number i.e. having the same number of protons in the nucleus; the same position in the periodic table; similar chemical properties but different atomic masses and physical characteristics.

These help them to attract the female and spread the threat to others. In adult leopard limits in size is vary from 2inches to 5 inches in length, where as female usually bigger then male. They usually do active at night time.

The apomorphic aranaemorphs have a specialized web, in which piriform silk is added to stabilize the line. In addition, these spiders have female fertilization ducts. All of these characteristivs are synapomorphies,that make Aranaeomorphae monophyletic (Coddington, 2005).

Medical researchers first study the disease or a health problem thoroughly before they develop different ways of treating it. There are some diseases and health problems which entail method that can be studied only in a living being. In the medical and psychological field, animals are frequently used for researches.

In the Proterozoic Era, 2.5 billion to 544 million years ago, the atmospheric level of oxygen increased to 15% due to oxygen producing cyanobacteria.  The levels of oxygen in the atmosphere produced a fatal environment in which anaerobic organisms needed to evolve methods of coping with the presence of oxygen.

According to the essay eugenic policies include compulsion through state legislation or persuasion through counseling, particularly for citizens with genetic defects. Laws are passed that limit the number of children a family can have, although in countries like China, it has something to do with controlling its population explosion.

This paper will begin with the statement that the mitochondria (singular form is mitochondrion) are the principal energy source of the cell. Aside from doing other specialized tasks, mitochondria convert nutrients into energy. They are normal structures responsible for energy production in cells. They are located in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus of the cell.

A key factor to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell. They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.

Abbreviations: Inr= initiator sequence of the RNA polymerase II promoter; UCE= upstream control element of the RNA polymerase I promoter. A 29 kilo base (kb) linear DNA fragment is digested with ApeK I, Bst I and Cla I, individually and in combination, and the resulting DNA fragment sizes are determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.

The author states that the evolution of populations can take place in the form of macroevolution and microevolution. In the former, very large changes occur over long periods of time. On the contrary, in the latter, small changes in a population occur within the same area, resulting in interbreeding.

Though, doctors and researchers have always been blamed for not doing much to ascertain the real treatment of breast cancer, the lack of basic information about the disease has increased its spread. It is well understood that not everybody is a scientist.

Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic disorder. It can present with spectrum of symptomatology, it affects bone, nervous system, soft tissue and the skin.There are two varieties of neurofibromatosis, NF-1, popularly known as peripheral neurofibromatosis and NF-2, also known as central neurofibromatosis

D antigen is present on the red blood cells, the blood is known as Rh positive, and absence of D antigen confers Rh negativity. The D antigen is a potent alloantigen, meaning this can result in production of antibodies quickly on exposure.

Everybody living in the forest enjoyed a unique place in the food chain and nobody had any problem with this natural arrangement.One day an old donkey came into this forest. Actually, a peasant living in the neighboring village owned this donkey, who had abandoned the donkey in the forest as he had grown old and was no more of any use.

Every urine specimen is assigned a bar code, and the machine identifies the specimen by it. Then, 800 μL of uncentrifuged urine is aspirated by the machine automatically. This specimen has crystalline content like urates. This is diluted 4 times to dissolve this and other crystalline content. This uses a dilution buffer to do this.

Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed in the walls of the ileum. The vitamin helps in maturation of red blood cells. According to Doctor Mellissa Conrad (Conrad, 1996), the large multinucleated cells known as megaloblasts circulate in the blood cells but do not act like blood cells.

The success of the sharks can be attributed to the diversity of their evolution, having a simple yet flexible skeleton, as well as being hardy creatures, even withstanding the wide-ranged extinctions of numerous species during the Permian-Triassic transition (Compagno, 1990).

“Often in nature things are not what they seem. A rock on the seafloor may be a poisonous fish; a beautiful flower in a garden may be a carnivorous insect lying in wait for prey. This misleading appearance extends to certain components of cells, including chromosomes-the strings of linear DNA that contain the genes.

Microscope is a valuable tool in the field of science, as it is used to magnify the specimens for better understanding of the cells and its structures. Since many cells are too small to be seen through the naked eye, microscope is used for the magnification. The main function of microscope is to increase the resolution.