The Study of Anatomy - Essay Example

Exam V: Lymphatic, Immunity and Respiratory Answers to multiple choice questions (incorrect choices are in green and the correct choices are in red) 1. A: eosinophil was the incorrect choice chose this because they are also associated with allergies too, but they do not produce histamines. B: this is the correct answer because Basophil are chiefly responsible for antigen and allergic responses by releasing the chemical histamine causing vasodilation. 2. C: this was incorrect because despite the fact that monocytes are actively involved in eating up of parasites and thus are involved in parasitic infections, however, they do not inactivate histamine A: is correct because eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections. They also involved in inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. 3. B: I chose adaptive immunity, its a correct choise although not the best choice among those given. E: adaptive immunity also called acquired immunity is protection against infective agents that is not present at birth, but comes about later in life. Adaptive immunity is associated with memory and resistance to infection is improved and enhanced through subsequent natural infection of similar type and is also associated with recognition and specificity. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. B: injury was an incorrect choice because inflammation cause by injury do not dent in when applied pressure and are painful. C: the correct choice was edema because it is an abnormal collection of fluid in a specific part of the body, which may lead to swelling and pain, edema is also characterized by pitting/ denting when pressure is applied. 9. A: was the incorrect choise because basophil are not made from the white pulp of the spleen, although they may mature in the spleen. B: lymphocytes may be deficient this is because the white pulp of the spleen is involved in specifically making and maturation of the lymphocyte cells. 10. C: acquired immunity was the incorrect choise because it comes later in life when the body is sanitized to different disease causing pathogens. A: innate none specific immunity is the is the correct choice because protection against infective agents that is present at birth and these includes a variety of defenses that are not antigen specific. 11. 12. 13. A: thick muscular lining is incorrect because the airway has no thick muscular lining to support the airway C: this is the correct because the cartilage along the trachea has the responsibility to prevent it from collapsing during the process of respiration. 14. 15. B: is incorrect because food is channeled to the esophagus and by the epiglottis. C: is the correct choise because the vestibular folds of the larynx have a role in keeping drinks and food out of the airway, also involved in speech and breathing 16. A: is incorrect because the male hormone testosterone is the one responsible for growth of Adams apple and not estrogen hormone found in females C: is the best choice because Adam’s apple is more prominent in the males than females because of the effects of the male sex hormone (testosterone) on the development of the larynx 17. C: is incorrect because during exercise, there is a need to increase air flow to the lungs and not reduce it. B: is correct because the work of the sympathetic nervous system is to dilate the lung bronchioles during exercise and thus allows for the greater alveolar oxygen exchange. 18. C: is incorrect because the parasympathetic nervous system works in the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system, thus it constricts the bronchi reducing air flow. A: is correct because the parasympathetic nervous system may constrict the bronchial when the need for oxygen diminishes and this may result in an asthmatic attack. 19. B: is correct, but it is not the best choice as both scalene and external intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration. D: both external intercostals and scalene muscles (found on the neck region) elevate the thorax and the ribs during inspiration and thus are considered as accessory muscles of inspiration. 20. C: is incorrect because cellular respiration is the process by which energy is released D: is correct because aerobic respiration takes place at the tissue level gas exchange takes place, energy is generated and waste products are removed. 21. A: is incorrect because when the first measurement point is decreased pressure also decreases and does not increase. B: is the correct because the flow of pressure decrease when the first measurement point decreases this is because they are directly proportional to each other. 22. B: is incorrect because the relationship between resistance and flow is inversely proportional to each other, thus when one reduces the other increases and vice versa A: the flow increases when the resistance is decreased because they are inversely proportional to each other. 23. A: is incorrect because septal cells are involved in the production of surfactant. B: is correct because surfactant is a substance that is composed of a lipoprotein that is secreted by the septal cells in the lungs, the functions of surfactant are it increases lung compliance, prevents the collapsing of the lungs. 24. B: is incorrect because surfactant is the product produced by septal cells and it is not the producer of surfactant. C: is the correct choise because septal cells are found in the lungs and their function is to produce surfactant which is the product that keeps the lungs from collapsing. 25. C: is incorrect because during expiration the intra-alveolar pressure needs to be more than the atmospheric pressure to allow air to move out of the lungs B: during expiration the intra alveolar pressure is greater than barometric pressure this allows air to flow from the lungs to the atmosphere. 26. A: is incorrect because lung compliance is the measure by which lung and thorax expand and not recoil B: is correct because lung compliance is the measure by which the thorax and the lungs expand. A high degree of lung compliance shows that the lung has lost its elasticity for example, in case of a disease such as emphysema or in old age, a decrease in lung compliance indicates that more pressure is needed for a certain change in volume for example in disease conditions such as pneumonia and atelectasis. 27. B: is incorrect because as compliance increases the lungs ability to recoil decrease and thus it can stretch even more than before. A: is correct because a high degree of compliance shows that a lung has lost its ability to recoil, and thus the lung can expand more than usual. 28. C: is incorrect because when lung compliance decreases the ability of the lung to recoil decreases too, and because expiration depends on the lungs ability to recoil a person with decreased lung compliance will have difficulties with expiration. B: is the best choice because when the lung compliance decrease for example, in a case of fibrosis this means that a greater pressure is needed for a given change in volume and thus one may have difficulty breathing (especially expiration because of loss of recoil ability) and thus may present with dyspnea 29. B: is incorrect because inspiratory reserve volume is the largest additional volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal inspiration. A: is correct because tidal volume is the amount of air that comes into and out of the lungs with each cycle of respiration or during restful breathing, this is normally about 500mls. 30. 31. 32. D: is incorrect because total lung capacity the inspiratory capacity, plus the functional residual capacity; the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; also equals vital capacity plus residual volume. A: is the correct choice because inspiratory capacity is the amount that can be inspired with maximum effort. It consists of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. 33. B: functional residual capacity is incorrect because it is the amount of air that remains in the air passage and the alveoli at the end of a quiet inspiration. This prevents collapse of the alveoli during expiration. It comprises of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. C: vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after forcible inspiration. This varies with the size of the thoracic capacity. It is made up of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume. 34. 35. 36. C: is incorrect because it does not define Henry’s law of gas. A: is correct because according to Henry’s law "At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid." 37. A: is incorrect because the rate of exchange increases when the partial pressure increases and vice versa B: decreased differential, partial pressures decrease the rate of gas exchange. 38. C: is incorrect because an increase in partial pressure of oxygen shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right and does not remain the same. A: increased partial pressure of oxygen decreases the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen this leads to more oxygen being released to the tissues. 39. B: is incorrect because the right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that hemoglobin has lost the affinity for oxygen A: Bohr effect is a physiological term, it states that hemoglobin oxygen binding affinity is inversely proportional to both acidity and to the concentration of CO2. A decrease in pH leads to increase in PCO2. Essay Breathing Breathing is the process in which air moves in and out of the lungs. There are two processes involved in breathing and this area discussed below:- Inspiration: The primary muscle involved in inspiration is the diaphragm, the external intercostal muscles are also involved in inspiration. In normal breathing the phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm muscle to contract and thus it moves downward. This leads to the enlargement of the thorax. When needed the intercostal muscles, increases the thoracic volume by dragging the ribs upward and outward. When the diaphragm contracts and the external intercostal muscles pull the chest outward and upward, the thoracic volume increases. The negative pressure is created which holds the lungs open. The thoracic cavity increases in its volume the lungs get room for expansion creating a partial vacuum in the lungs. Air from the outside environment which is at a higher pressure then flows into the lungs. The air reaches the alveoli where gas exchange takes place. Air continues to move inwardly as long as the alveoli pressure is lower and soon stops when the pressure stabilizes. Expiration: In normal breathing, expiration is a passive process and does not need any muscles to work. When the lungs expand and are stretched, receptors in the alveoli send restricting nerve impulses to the brain, this stops the brain from sending signals to the diaphragm and thereby cage to contract. The lung and respiratory muscles are elastic, thus when the intercostal muscle and the diaphragm relax there is an elastic recoil, this creates a pressure in the lungs that is greater that the atmospheric pressure, air is forced to move out of the lungs by the pressure gradient. When under emotional or physical stress, there is deeper and more frequent breathing, thus both inspiration and expiration are a much of an active process. Thus, additional muscles are involved. The rib cage forcefully contracts to push air swiftly out of the lungs. More so when we sneeze and cough we forced exhale air. The abdominal muscle contract suddenly, this raises the abdominal pressure and air is forced out. In such cases or rapid increase in pressure the diaphragm is pushed against the pleural cavity this results in air being forced out of the lungs. Work cited Costanzo, Linda S.. Physiology. 4th Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2010. Print. Read More