Philosophy Essays

David Hume was doubtful about the presence of the self. Nonetheless, he doesn't state plainly, what makes up a person. Hume believes that everything that can be known through an impression. For example, I know that there is a chair here because I have an impression of the chair.

Plato’s discourse on the imprisonment of Socrates can be considered to be a means through which this philosopher believes in the rule of law as well as the maintenance of the integrity of the laws that govern the city of Athens. Socrates argues that to escape from prison would mean that he would be committing an unjust action.

In this way, philosophy becomes relevant to life because all such learning has a way to be applied daily. In the case of the philosophical issue of ethics, for example, one can learn and understand how to conduct or behave himself or herself with others. Ethics is a philosophical issue that can, and needs, to be applied in practical situations for it to be relevant.

Whereas political intellectuals typically refrain from trying directly to shape policy decisions, they have a duty to avoid being excessively accepting of the principles and goals of management with which they are associated. Intellectuals are not obliged passively to agree to the choices of their superiors in spite of negligent ethical standards and strategic flaws.

Therefore, the things and experiences in this world are not all there is. However, humans cannot experience the perfect world in this physical world unless they leave the physical world (Dancy 4).On the other hand, Plato's student, Aristotle, developed his theory of substances, which featured in his books Categories and Metaphysics Z. In this theory, Aristotle considered implications, and no accidents, to be the real things in the world,

The theory of transcendentalism was supported by writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. It was aimed at making life better by lifting people above the conflict that happens in our souls. Transcendentalists believed that if these chains are lifted the soul is exalted, given freedom and union with the good ideals in the society.

Not only is this type of science a source of reproductive aid, but it can also be treated as a method of procreation in and of itself. It may also be a source of stem cells and tissues designed to cure chronic diseases. To some individuals, this practice is a method of human design while others may think of it as a human experiment.

Puneet Narang and others, discuss the dangers posed by gun culture and how the threat of guns has the bearing on common citizens, besides creating challenging issues before the nation. The authors have made evidence reporting how guns, instead of providing safety for the people and their families, have increased the risk of death or injury.

The problem of evil has been categorized variously, but the major categorizations of evil entail physical evil on the one hand, and moral evil, on the other hand. Physical evil has been defined as the occurrence of physical suffering and destruction that is caused by the operation of natural laws, with no involvement of the human intention.

Discard uses on the ideas of infinity that characterize infinity as eternity; this is in the direct opposite of finite which has limits, edges, and an end. Circulatory, this links infinity and compares to the line that makes the circle and goes around without end. Recursion is the absence of utter reason.

Law is the system of rules set for the members of the society to base their conducts, actions and behaviors. The philosophers; Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau depict law and order as a very important aspect that plays a significant role in the society. Law shapes a direct impact on the whole society that brings social change.

I strongly agree with Patanjali’s ethics since they provide a succinct and clear pathway that one ought to follow in order to realize the ultimate happiness and inner peace. The Patanjali’s ethics provides guidelines that enable individuals to refrain from behaviors that could outwit happiness for instance hatred, aversion and delusion.

This is what constitutes Kant's formula for universal law. Kant, in his study and aligning his argument to that of the earlier philosophers, argued that an analysis of the practical reason would only be critical in revealing the way rational agents are supposed to conform to the instrumental principles set in that given society (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).

Despite their different approach to the issue of social structure, the two theorists were concerned with the rise of modern capitalism, the division of labor, and the market society. K. Marx and E. Durkheim approached these developments by highlighting the effects of the spread of market relations on solidarity and the ability of a society to reproduce.

The social site allows individuals that are older than thirteen years to sign up for it. Despite the reputation and financial success that is being enjoyed by the social area, the company has not been without controversy regarding the ethical issues surrounding the privacy of personal information and the interference with the individual's moods (Klitzman, 2014)

The author states that these scientists believed that every matter should be in its physical form, so to be studied and evaluated. Several theories provide a rational explanation of the soul’s physical being and its impact on the mind, but few are accepted; however, none can suffice to be universally accepted.

Such arguments may summon his attention to these conflicts and irregularities, but they cannot make him perceive, realize or understand what he accomplishes or says implies, for example, self-deceit. To fulfill this, he demands insight or realization. No argument can make him understand what is the purpose of his argument or accomplishing something 

Therefore according to Meno, there is no purpose in the dialectical search. Socrates had introduced a recollection in order to explain how it is necessary to pursue the dialectic search. But Socrates is of a different opinion he had said that it is necessary for a learner to know about the object which he doesn’t know and sometimes he needs the assistance of the dialectical search to bring into mind the object about which he already knows.

The connection between Plato’s cave and the world introduced at the opening of McCarthy’s novel is almost impossible to miss.  It is described as “nights dark beyond darkness and the days greyer each one than what had gone before.  Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world”. (McCarthy 3).  

Bertrand Russell rightly said in 1917 that mathematics may be defined as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about, or whether what we are saying is true. This clearly demonstrates the fact that doubt is the basis of knowledge when it comes to the area of ever-expanding mathematics. Mathematics poses as a very special and unique area of knowledge.

This paper attempts to look at the various eastern philosophies such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. The report will explore these religions and the link with the attitudes they have found over the period.

Then the book goes to war, in a lengthier fragment that sets out to demonstrate that inflicting wound is the spirit of war. The second division of the book discusses upholding differences to the war: the invent creative of civilization.

Managers give extreme importance towards increasing employee motivation because motivation not only improves employee performance but also increases the overall productivity of the companies. Williams states, “Motivating people to do their best work, consistently, has been an enduring challenge for executives and managers”.

High-context cultures like China generally support the importance of national or collective interests over individual interests. Yu and Kwan highlight the importance of social identity to individuals and how this concept impacts individual behaviors. In real-life settings, however, some individuals think that their personal interests matter too.  

The first is one involves the vacuum. The Asians believe that a person begins life in void status and advance towards the status of abundance. Therefore, nothing which has permanent status but instead they all change from one position to another. However, the fact is that nothing which can posses two status at the same time.

A person who loses his will and wishes for betterment can never be blessed with the best outcome. Ambitions are valuable for everyone, but up to the time till life permits. After that time lays a universal and natural fact called Death, everyone has to face it at the end of this life.

However, none of these propositions inevitably considers the respect of justness itself as a ground to behave in a specific way. Besides, each of these views contends that acting in a just manner is followed for the intention of personal-benefit, whether that personal-benefit is gratifying others by personal actions or discouraging others from negatively behaving.

Boethius consent to the fact that God controls the world and all that in it never occurred from nowhere. The argument that the foreknowledge by God has no influence in free will is a misconception. The misconception emanates from Boethius’ claim of God’s control on all things but fails to recognize the control that God has on accidental occurrences.

There are two conflicting ethics that form the basis of the American environmental policy. These ethics are consumerism and the ethics of sustainability. They both have a moral influence on human behavior, and their common existence help to shape them. For one to develop a full understanding of either one, one should put effort to examine both.

What is the understanding of evil by the intellects? Then if it’s their obligation to fight evil, is it more appropriate that they be the ones to govern the society? These are the questions I will be answering in this paper. My argument will be based on other previous researches done by other writers before me with regard to studies on intellects.

Plato’s Timaeus is an account that seeks to explain the origin of the universe during the ancient days of Plato’s time. This account is in the form of a dialogue that the narrator uses to explain his own views about how the world came into being. As compared to earlier accounts of cosmogonies and cosmologies, the exists many similarities and contrasts.

As the paper outlines, the cardinal virtues of ethics provide various elements to complement life. Nevertheless, life has remained a platform of challenging situations calling for rationality and moral ethics. The cross-pollination between actions and consequences has attracted attention from various scholars.

“In the early 21st century we are seeing a reversion towards fundamentalism all around the world, within Islam and Hinduism as well as Christianity” (Hick). Becoming more atheistic there’s a danger of not leading a spiritual life at all. Surely, our modern material world gives all the credits and possibilities for that.

Thought can be defined as an arrangement of ideas as a result of engaging one’s intellectual process, while politics is a work of art and science that deals with influencing the behavior of people about getting and keeping power in a leadership position. Growth of thought with political growth can be equated to the different views of scholars over a long period.

Plato supports monarchy and Aristotle supports aristocratic democracy. Why do they arrive at different notions of the “best” form of government? Who has the more persuasive argument? According to both Plato and Aristotle, the best city is the justest city since such cities serve everyone justly. According to Plato, the monarchy is the best system of government.

Humans have social obligations as much as they have personal obligations (Birnbacher, 2003). There are several ways in which the social dimensions of humans are manifested, including the need to ensure that our actions and inactions are directed for the good of other people also. It is based on this principle that there are ethics or moral philosophies.

Every human being will at one-point wonder why evil happens to us, our friends and to our family yet God exists, and He is omnipotent, omnipresence, omniscience thus His is capable of protecting us. Others believe that God could only be allowing suffering or evil in order to accomplish greater goods.

He argued that much as most of the world operates according to the force of gravity and other automatic force, society operates in the same manner (Sousa, n.d.). Of the two theories, the one which is the better is positivism, which attributes the source of knowledge to scientific and empirical origins. Unlike foundationalism, positivism is scientifically explainable.

This essay analyzes that ethical theories are often divided according to their fundamental natures; deontological ethics are primarily typified by a commitment to established rules of morality. It is the responsibility, then, of the moral agent to recognize his or her duties in a moral context and make the correct choices in regards to these commitments.

In a short but meaningful story, beyond physical appearances and impressions, he emphasized what their interviewers truly looked for in the applicants of their corporation- a stable foundation of basic knowledge and a firmer grasp of analysis. In his speech, he included a brief description of how their interviewers would go about measuring up an applicant.

The different ways of knowing to help us distinguish “truth” from what we believe is true. Even though branches of knowledge have not yet been discovered or explained, or if it has, only by science, individuals will use appropriate and rational ways of knowledge to distinguish between the different “truths”.

The author states that the philosophy expounded in the Analects builds a continuum of authority that extends from the king to his ministers in society, and is further represented in the father and teacher in the community. That familial responsibility is based on the same philosophical and moral construct.

The sacrifice which causes sorrow to the doer of the sacrifice is no sacrifice. Real sacrifice lightens the mind of the doer and gives him a sense of peace and joy. The Buddha gave up the pleasures of life because they had become painful to him,” and truer words have not been spoken by Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Indian nation.

Utilitarianism addresses the philosophical problem that occurs in the definition of "the good" in a pluralistic society where many people may differ on defining exact precisely constitutes objective standards in moral reasoning.  

McDowell's notion of a moral agent depends on the ""sensitivity"" to see what virtue requires (for instance, what constitutes prudence in a particular situation). This sensitivity arises in a virtuous agent when he or she is faced with the specific details of states of affairs. It is a perceptual awareness of the right specific for acting in certain ways.

Truth is defined in many ways through many criteria, and in some cases, the existence of truth is even denied.  It is most commonly taken to mean being in accordance with fact or reality as we perceive it.  “In regard to scientific and philosophical systems of truth – the truth of the senses and of reason – [what is truth] is hardly questioned nowadays.

As the paper outlines, emerges between rationalism and empiricism is the level in which we are dependent on sense experience in order for us to gain and acquire knowledge. Rationalists claim that very independent we gain knowledge and ideas. This independent way of gaining concepts as it is own sensory experience. 

The three of the purposes of morality as mentioned by Pojman and Fieser in the book entitled, Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong, are to promote human flourishing, to improve human suffering and to resolve conflicts of interest justly. One type of consequentialist ethics is Utilitarianism, which aims to meet the said purposes of morality.          

The folk tales and stories also portray the people engaged in romantic love very responsive to the social values and morality and they are positively portrayed in front of the people because they are reported to give importance to the social values and moral issues. In addition, the literary pieces focused upon romantic love are also created in the moral setting.

The concept of ‘self’, though not new, has nevertheless faded from psychological research until recently. The aim of the current study is to test the effect that having either a stable or unstable view of the ‘self’  would have on the areas of causal attribution and cognitive performance. The self can be thought of in two ways (Spencer-Rodgers, Williams, and Peng 2010).