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Nozick drafted a view on how free willpower is very possible. How with no causal determination of any action, an individual could have behaved differently yet does not behave randomly or arbitrarily. Regardless of approaching the situation from different directions, Nozick found it so obstinate, so resilient to illuminating solutions.
With a quick look at the background of the problem of evil, one finds orthodox theism blurring the logical and evidential clarity of the situation. Most orthodox beliefs around the existence and supremacy of God declare that God is omnipresent, perfectly free, worthy of worship, and an eternal entity. It is, indeed, believable that such a supreme power of good exists.
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According to Karma, actions and thoughts have consequences. What we do and think would come back to us. If we do good, then good will come back to us. Samsara is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Man is in a continuous cycle of Samsara until he achieves Nirvana. Nirvana is the ultimate aim for Buddhists where the desire for all material things ceases to exists.
According to Abelard, an act is considered immoral when a person intentionally commits an immoral act. Heloise, also agreed that an act was immoral when the intent was immoral. However, Abelard further stated that thinking or doing an immoral act without thinking would not be an immoral act.
The concept of respect for elders and for authority has been seen in various shapes and forms in China. Confucius has often been engaged in establishing how to gain order in society. He also supported the notion than people would live in harmony with everyone if they respected and understood the rankings of people in society.
Since capitalism is inherently exploitative, class antagonisms are also inherent and the only logical solution is a total transformation of the system thereby establishing a classless society through communism. The logical structure of capitalism is the source of the problems apparent in this system. For Marx, the bourgeoisie is not to blame.
Lefebvre’s work acquired more relevance within the 20th century as well as during WW II based on the leading French intellectuals while writing on broader scopes of subjects with transgressed disciplines and with special relations to philosophy and social sciences. The author argues that confinement in knowledge is opposed to disciplinary conventions.
Kant continues with the discussion about Rawls who argues that meritocracy does not exist for a long time as the talented will always prosper. Thus, Sandel explains the fairness that results from differences in pay. In this case, he compares the earning of Judy a television judge who earns $25 while Sandra a Supreme Court justice earns $200, 000. Therefore, Sandel asks if this is fair.
According to Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia, happiness could be achieved only if people led virtuous lives. Aristotle set up ultimate goodness as the aim of all human activity and thought. He held that if there is any goodness in humans, it is in the functions that they serve. For instance, a good flutist is ‘good’ as far as his flute playing is good (Parry)
This philosophy regards the unseen forces as natural laws. It explains that there is a very rigid cause and effect relationship and we can actually predict the future on its basis with 100% accuracy (Fischer 23). On the other hand, we have Compatibilism which has a contrary idea as that of determinism about human actions and events.
Many instances have been reported where women die during the process of conducting an abortion. This happens due to poor procedures performed or in the event that the would-be mother is seriously hemorrhagic and ends up losing too much blood as a result. This risk of losing life should be enough to have abortion abolished totally.
The reality is of course that we do have laws and we do have prisons and both of those aspects in life appear to be growth areas. This would suggest that the punitive system, as it stands does not work because it is not acting as a deterrent to either further offending or new offenders committing similar crimes.
Plato upholds virtue-based eudaemonistic ethics. That is to mean, human welfare, is regarded as the highest endeavor of moral thought and behavior; the qualities are the necessary skills and traits. If Plato’s support for an ethic of happiness appears rather unresponsive that is because of some varied reasons.
In fact, since his or her physicians have already determined that the illness, which they have, is terminal, it would be better if the suffering of such people would be ended swiftly because keeping them alive by artificial means or drugs will not save them from their fate. Both active and passive euthanasia end with the same result (death) and it would be wrong for all parties.
This is the question that continues to become so controversial. There are conflicts in various ideological claims of science with cosmology and evolution in opposition to religious claims of the world. These ideas are too difficult to grasp which makes every human mind enter a cognitive dilemma on what assertions and assumptions must really be considered.
A country should not disregard its rivals but instead, it should demean the war as the enemy between the country and the rival. In addition, the module has asserted that the US as the leading superpower must develop strategies, as well as, set standards he would guide towards disarmament. Concisely, the module has significantly, agreed on Muste’s excerpt on getting rid of nuclear-based wars.
Metaphysics is a broad sub-field of philosophy and the word means beyond or after physics. The word’s meaning can help in explaining the concept, which mainly seeks to explain the central nature of existence and the universe that is included in it. Even though the concept is not easily outlined, it primarily involves two aspects.
Levinas develops philosophical concepts some of which are attributable to religion and spirituality. People foster the growth and development of their own religious beliefs. Levinas does the same in his philosophical work as he attributes most of his philosophies to religion, which in this context arises, from his strong faith in the doctrines of Judaism.
Classical liberalism focuses on property, liberty, and life and argues that the government should not interfere in the lives of citizens as they pursue their goals. Welfare liberalism, on the other hand, focuses on the same rights, but unlike classical liberalism, it supports government interference in the lives of citizens.
The word crime or bad deed is not new in dictionaries but has been present since the creation of this world. People in different eras and times had have been committing crimes and are sometimes successful in escaping punishment or are sometimes unfortunate enough to be captured and treated as warranted.
Inequality exists in terms of races, genders, social classes, cultures, economies, and even food. World history tells us that this feature of inequality is not new and has been existent throughout man’s existence. For example, the Vedas, a Hindu religious book tells us about the different classes of the division of people.
Educational Philosophy defines an insightful writing testimony, which gives a summary of the foundation of an individual’s educational beliefs (Taneja, 2005, p. 248). It is an individual’s belief about the nature, ideals, process, and purpose of education. Educational philosophy is a reflection of people’s educational goals about the teaching process.
In my own life, I believe that exercise of virtue certainly holds the central position in my mental and physical wellbeing. However, I would have been nowhere close to living a content life was it not for some unique embellishments in my personal life in the form of very supportive friends and family group.
The result proved quite the opposite; the politician had only thought that he was wise, but the study showed the contrary. The politician was not comfortable with what Socrates found out; this resulted in hatred from the politician. Astonishingly, most of the leader’s subjects present during the evaluation were also not pleased and developed hatred towards Socrates.
For Hick, the salvific transformation is not very much special to a particular tradition (Velez de Cea). Hick has a concept and knowledge about Real in which he believes there is only one God exists. Whereas, Buddhist claims differently on this truth as they follow their many spiritual Gods. Moreover, he has a firm belief in it that really cannot be experienced.
With different names and definitions, critical thinking is the process that completely defines a man’s ability to correct oneself and get the best out of his thoughts. Critical thinking has the power of changing a man’s thought constitution and refining it to the extent that he can change his destiny on the basis of it.
We apply philosophy by critically questioning the suppositions made and the conclusions deduced by the social and natural scientists, historians, writers, and scholars of all sorts. At an early phase of indication, we may solely pursue to combine the different perspectives into a wider interpretation.
Emerson was more theoretical, he decided to explain how exactly nature changes a person and how it serves people through centuries. He examined every possible lesson and every possible gift that nature could present to a man. Thoreau was more practical in his search- he wanted to feel everything and experience his living in wild conditions himself.
The nature of death has always interested in multiple philosophers, theologians, and even ordinary everymen. However, as Alan Sachs has reasonably noted: “Death is more universal than life” and this claim definitely makes sense, because what lives will be dead one day and what exists will be obligatorily discontinued.
The debate about whether society should be oriented towards serving individual interest or collective good has received diverse responses. The argument about the moral issue is a contentious one and has, over time, been meted with diverse responses. Thinkers and philosophers in the past have argued variedly about the issue regarding moral imperatives.
David Hume was doubtful about the presence of the self. Nonetheless, he doesn't state plainly, what makes up a person. Hume believes that everything that can be known through an impression. For example, I know that there is a chair here because I have an impression of the chair.
Plato’s discourse on the imprisonment of Socrates can be considered to be a means through which this philosopher believes in the rule of law as well as the maintenance of the integrity of the laws that govern the city of Athens. Socrates argues that to escape from prison would mean that he would be committing an unjust action.
In this way, philosophy becomes relevant to life because all such learning has a way to be applied daily. In the case of the philosophical issue of ethics, for example, one can learn and understand how to conduct or behave himself or herself with others. Ethics is a philosophical issue that can, and needs, to be applied in practical situations for it to be relevant.
Whereas political intellectuals typically refrain from trying directly to shape policy decisions, they have a duty to avoid being excessively accepting of the principles and goals of management with which they are associated. Intellectuals are not obliged passively to agree to the choices of their superiors in spite of negligent ethical standards and strategic flaws.
Therefore, the things and experiences in this world are not all there is. However, humans cannot experience the perfect world in this physical world unless they leave the physical world (Dancy 4).On the other hand, Plato's student, Aristotle, developed his theory of substances, which featured in his books Categories and Metaphysics Z. In this theory, Aristotle considered implications, and no accidents, to be the real things in the world,
The theory of transcendentalism was supported by writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. It was aimed at making life better by lifting people above the conflict that happens in our souls. Transcendentalists believed that if these chains are lifted the soul is exalted, given freedom and union with the good ideals in the society.
Not only is this type of science a source of reproductive aid, but it can also be treated as a method of procreation in and of itself. It may also be a source of stem cells and tissues designed to cure chronic diseases. To some individuals, this practice is a method of human design while others may think of it as a human experiment.
Puneet Narang and others, discuss the dangers posed by gun culture and how the threat of guns has the bearing on common citizens, besides creating challenging issues before the nation. The authors have made evidence reporting how guns, instead of providing safety for the people and their families, have increased the risk of death or injury.
The problem of evil has been categorized variously, but the major categorizations of evil entail physical evil on the one hand, and moral evil, on the other hand. Physical evil has been defined as the occurrence of physical suffering and destruction that is caused by the operation of natural laws, with no involvement of the human intention.
Discard uses on the ideas of infinity that characterize infinity as eternity; this is in the direct opposite of finite which has limits, edges, and an end. Circulatory, this links infinity and compares to the line that makes the circle and goes around without end. Recursion is the absence of utter reason.
Law is the system of rules set for the members of the society to base their conducts, actions and behaviors. The philosophers; Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau depict law and order as a very important aspect that plays a significant role in the society. Law shapes a direct impact on the whole society that brings social change.
I strongly agree with Patanjali’s ethics since they provide a succinct and clear pathway that one ought to follow in order to realize the ultimate happiness and inner peace. The Patanjali’s ethics provides guidelines that enable individuals to refrain from behaviors that could outwit happiness for instance hatred, aversion and delusion.
This is what constitutes Kant's formula for universal law. Kant, in his study and aligning his argument to that of the earlier philosophers, argued that an analysis of the practical reason would only be critical in revealing the way rational agents are supposed to conform to the instrumental principles set in that given society (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).
Despite their different approach to the issue of social structure, the two theorists were concerned with the rise of modern capitalism, the division of labor, and the market society. K. Marx and E. Durkheim approached these developments by highlighting the effects of the spread of market relations on solidarity and the ability of a society to reproduce.
The social site allows individuals that are older than thirteen years to sign up for it. Despite the reputation and financial success that is being enjoyed by the social area, the company has not been without controversy regarding the ethical issues surrounding the privacy of personal information and the interference with the individual's moods (Klitzman, 2014)
The author states that these scientists believed that every matter should be in its physical form, so to be studied and evaluated. Several theories provide a rational explanation of the soul’s physical being and its impact on the mind, but few are accepted; however, none can suffice to be universally accepted.
Such arguments may summon his attention to these conflicts and irregularities, but they cannot make him perceive, realize or understand what he accomplishes or says implies, for example, self-deceit. To fulfill this, he demands insight or realization. No argument can make him understand what is the purpose of his argument or accomplishing something
Therefore according to Meno, there is no purpose in the dialectical search. Socrates had introduced a recollection in order to explain how it is necessary to pursue the dialectic search. But Socrates is of a different opinion he had said that it is necessary for a learner to know about the object which he doesn’t know and sometimes he needs the assistance of the dialectical search to bring into mind the object about which he already knows.
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The connection between Plato’s cave and the world introduced at the opening of McCarthy’s novel is almost impossible to miss. It is described as “nights dark beyond darkness and the days greyer each one than what had gone before. Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world”. (McCarthy 3).
Bertrand Russell rightly said in 1917 that mathematics may be defined as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about, or whether what we are saying is true. This clearly demonstrates the fact that doubt is the basis of knowledge when it comes to the area of ever-expanding mathematics. Mathematics poses as a very special and unique area of knowledge.