Philosophy Essays

In this regard, the conduct of various characters in Animal Farm differs; For example, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer succeed boar in the leadership, but later disagree due to the differences in leadership roles as well as greed for power. This essay seeks to present an evaluation of ethics by different characters in the book; specifically, Consequentialism (Consequences), Deontology (Motivation) etc.

The debate of evil and angel nature of human being is an ancient pondering. Different philosophical schools of thought have explicated their views in varied approaches. It is normally believed that human beings are created having good and bad characteristics at the same time.

A person undergoes a rite of passage that eventually reforms his mindset in matters about knowledge and religion. Therefore, becoming a philosopher is not a complicated affair because it only requires critical thought and contemplation. This leads to being cautious with gurus. For instance, in India, a guru or a wise man is a revered person with followers comprising mostly young people.

However, this did not happen, as there emerged a difference between artificial and natural evidence. Similarly, the emergence of computers has not escaped criticism, many scholars have been agreeing, and disagreeing about the intelligence level of the computer compared to humans. It is important to understand that human beings are responsible for building and assembling computers.

In order to provide facts and proof for his argument, John Searle used an experiment, “The Chinese Room Experiment” whereby: A person who does not completely understand Chinese Language is locked in a room and exposed in a scenario where he/she has to follow instructions provided in English on how to manipulate strings used in Chinese Language.

Lying v. Misleading. There is a difference between lying and misleading. Lying is saying something that is untruthful. Misleading is saying something that is technically true, but is designed to create deception. According to Stokke (1), the moral differences between lying and misleading have been a topic of debate for philosophers in general.

Fundamentals of Abortion Outline Introduction: Abortion is a very important issue in many countries. Thesis statement: Abortion is a crime because it involves someone taking the life of another person, even if they have not been born yet. Body: A ) There are three methods of abortion: 1 ) Automatic abortion.

The author states that for Aristotle happiness is what enlightens and satisfy the soul. And happiness cannot be measured with worldly things like wealth, fame and social setup. From the virtues are the moral values of a person and they are really happy for a person as they define and satisfy the inner being of that person.

The persistence of opinion as an integral part of his being does not escape Descartes. They are very much second nature that always creeps back. He determined that these are doubtful opinions that must be struck down. He recognizes that to be able to do this, he must find the truth which would counter-balance such falsehoods and cling on to them.

necessity of undertaking once in my life to rid myself of all the opinions I had adopted, and of commencing anew the work of building from the foundation, if I desired to establish a firm and abiding superstructure in the sciences … Today, since I have opportunely freed my mind from all cares, and since I am in the secure possession of leisure in a peaceable retirement, I will at length apply myself earnestly and freely to the general overthrow of all my former opinions.” Descartes initiates his program thus in an approach typical of an ordinary scholar under critical doubt, capable of suspending beliefs of previous academic learning.

Both Freeman and Kalman state that, unless an environmental development can be linked to quantifiable cost and benefit, it could not be considered as an economic representation of ethical cost-benefit analysis. Both Freeman and Kalman believe that economic productivity in the field of environmental regulation necessitates that the minor benefit of environmental development in each aspect is evaluated against its minor cost.

20th Century Genius Award Paper It is my great pleasure to present the 20th century Genius Award. While a great amount of consideration was given to candidates throughout the 20th century, the committee finally decided upon an individual that fundamentally restructured the very paradigm of psychology – Sigmund Freud.

Furthermore, the human beings have also created a set of moral and ethical principles which have to be followed by the people. An important fact about moral judgments which has been put forward is that moral values are not universal and unanimous which provides the idea that morality cannot be generalized for everyone.

Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become The developmental stages provided by William Perry shows how intellectual and moral growth determines what one becomes. In addition, the concepts of determinism as demonstrated by the assertions of various philosophers such as Carl Rogers, Jean Paul Sartre and Bertrand Helm show various arguments on the identities of people based on determinism, feelings and thoughts as discussed in this paper.

To establish what is known is to establish an idea that is considered irrefutable. Communication between people in the form of language is defined by the expected uses of absolutes that affirm well conceived beliefs about how the world is constructed. Truth and what is known are not necessarily the same concept.

The scholastic paradigm revolved around religion, with all scientific and social developments supporting religion. In this era, religion was superior to all other factors, and nature was alive and mortal. In this case, theological considerations took precedence over all other factors. This paradigm was philosophical in nature.

Marxism by definition was the philosophy that went with the notion of an economic and socially directed community. The concept of Marxism went as far as scrutinizing and deep analysis of capitalism. This notion swept the world through a phase of political change that evolved generation after generation. There was also the concept of Existentialism that also spread through Latin America in a major manner.

Seventeenth century British Empiricist philosopher John Locke was not only an authority in epistemology and metaphysics but also an expert in political philosophy. His Theory of Tacit Consent, which supposes that a person tacitly and unconsciously consents to the laws of the place where he lives, has brought about a political controversy not only among the intellectuals of his day but also among contemporary philosophers like Rawls, Nozick and Simmons.

A protracted self is merely a falsehood, possibly an important one because it lends a rational sense of endurance of life, but a falsehood no less. The narrative model of self is a current variety of this perception. In effect, it is really difficult for us to prevent ourselves from inventing ourselves.   

At first, the names of the slides challenged my mind a bit because they all seemed new to me but I stopped at ‘Plato: Symposium.’ And opening it just at the second page it was written; ‘Plato’s praise for Eros or Love’ and I knew I had found what I was looking for.

Your Name Instructor’s Name Course Name Due Date Recently Susie was diagnosed with a terminal condition. The prognosis is a grim one. As the disease progresses it will bring, pain, degeneration, and ultimately complete immobility before inevitable death.

Death penalty has raised eyebrows, and the major question is that, is it illegal/legal or is it justified as a punishment. It is not only demoralizing, but it is morally wrong and inhuman as it takes the same steps as to which the offense is being accused of and is facing charges for.

Morality. The Genealogy of Morality believes that there are two different moral codes in the world that are good and evil and good and bad. The first dimension comes from the early conquerors and people who believed that their control over wealth and power or success was good and the other extreme was having nothing and being poor which meant being in a ‘bad’ situation.

They wish families to be redefined from the normal mother, father, and child unit to a mom-mother, or father-father, and child unit. This is an unacceptable move and is viewed by most as being morally wrong due to a number of socially acceptable reasons. This paper is being presented in an effort to clearly and accurately present the factual data pertaining to the reasons as to why same sex adoptions must be considered morally wrong.

In each stage, one meets challenges that they should confront. In every stage, one has to create equilibrium between forces arising from biological processes and sociocultural influences. In the art of making up a balance between these two forces, there arises a psychosocial vacuum. It is from this point of view that Erikson developed his theory. He believed that the ego exists all through a lifetime.

Some of the issues that are considered as being controversial in the field of medical ethics include abortion, stem cell research and the question of euthanasia or assisted suicide. Medical ethics can also be said to consist of issues concerning informed consent and doctor-patient confidentiality.

The difference between these two kinds of imperatives is that hypothetical imperatives are those acts done just to meet or satisfy a certain objective such as in the example stated of waking up so that one will not be late for work. A certain act is done because of the consideration of a certain end which could be subjective.

Here the conclusion is that since the sales associate says Weight Watchers is the best, then that claim must be true. This is relying on the authority of one person, the sales associate, and not considering that other points of view may yield different answers as to which program is the best (Bassham et al.)

In his deconstruction theory, Derrida believed that all western philosophy and literature depend on metaphysics of presence in that intrinsic implications or meaning are attained by virtue of pure presence. In addition, he argued that intrinsic implications or meaning at any given moment idea is constituted and understood linguistically.

Aristotle is known for his theoretical ideas on morality while Gautama Buddha is associated with practical religious ideas that are aimed at attaining the ultimate state of peace and happiness. This paper discusses two doctrines that were each developed by these philosophers because of their seeming similarity to each other

Then focus shifts to paradoxes entailed in self-evident self-evidential democracy. Is American democracy representative of a superdemocracy? Does it cater to be smaller factions of society? Has the democratic system fostered the rights of liberty, justice, life, and pursuit of happiness to good effect for masses once challenged by terrorism, racism, poverty, and recession? What good it has brought to its people?

Most people accept that animals may be used for purposes beneficial to them but, they are obliged to treat animals with decency. However, there are those who believe that animals have equal rights as those of human beings and entirely reject any use of animals whether for food or otherwise.

The problem with the question is that people are unable to give a satisfactory explanation. For example, one can see many people claiming the existence of God, but there are contradictions among their explanations. As far as there is no unanimity in the explanation, one cannot consider them as satisfactory answers.

Daoism, which can also be spelled Taoism, is an ancient Chinese philosophy based primarily on the human experience on change and transformation in human bodies and in relation to the world around them. Daoism can be understood as a way of life more than a philosophy.

In Buddhism, there are three marks of existence or characteristics that govern the entire existence-Anica or impermanence, Duhkha or suffering, and annata or not-self. These concepts are intertwined in one way or another. This is because everything arises as a result of causes and conditions that are constantly in flux. 

Values are psychological and they help us to have a better understanding of the most important things in our lives. However, values are not equally the same to all individuals as they vary depending on the significance to an individual and some may be deemed as negative to an individual.

Plato initially discusses about Dion’s political goals that Syracuse should be governed by best rulers with best laws and it ought to get freedom. He then tells how from his childhood he fancied to have a political career and as a young man he started taking part in the public and political affairs but after the trial of his friend Socrates he became disenthralled.

Those who repudiate the universality of the rights of humans to live are either not humans or are different kind of humans, that basically need help. No crime on earth can get bigger than defying the existence of another human and killing others for the sake of one’s own life, prestige, social standing and status, except for in self defense.

Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) refers to the mental illness that enables an individual to experience two or more personal states. The states, also referred to as alters, are portrayed differently and each respectively encompasses a particular way of relating with the rest of the world. It is important to note that some of the victims of multiple identity disorders portray different emotional reactions.

During the Second World War, the same was witnessed as the United States and the Japanese attacked innocent civilians, all in the name of winning, and proving their might with the destruction they were able to cause to the enemy. According to Crowe, the bombing of Hiroshima occurred during the August of 1945.

There are many theories associated with understanding what is good and bad. One of them is the Utilitarian theory which tries to emphasize what is the right thing to do. Utilitarianism lays its basic foundation on maximizing happiness, which makes the greatest good for the greatest number of people to have more significant value in determining what is good or bad.

. Nowadays, the statement that science is socially constructed does not even require reference; in Bayer’s time, however, even the proclamation of subjectivity of psychiatric science was comparatively new.

Since all mind-level arguments have mind level counter arguments, to arrive at the final solution is impossibility. In “Myth of Sisyphus,” Albert Camus argues, “Happiness and absurd are two sons of the same earth. They are inseparable. It would be a mistake to say that happiness necessarily springs from the absurd discovery.”(439-440 n.p.) Analogy like pushing a boulder up a hill will not help to reveal the truth relating to human existence in this world, seemingly full of contradictions.

This is an ethics issue. First we have to define how these three philosophers look at ethics and morals. The three of them have different views on ethics, especially metaethics. For Nietzsche, moral values are arbitrary; while for Kant and Mill, morals are innate.

Justice. Justice has numerous definitions depending on one’s creed, school of thought, and/or application in a given situation, which facilitates the existence of various forms of justice. As scholars seek consensus on a universal definition, unique traits and components of justice are revealed to describe what it entails as well as its dispensation.

These sources include parents and primary care givers who we watch and learn from early in life, then there are peers and teachers the latter who not only directly direct us towards the right ethics, but are also expected to lead by example. The society at large is also crucial in inculcating values into individuals more so in the form of religious beliefs, since most of us ascribe to the beliefs held by our parents and the immediate society.

As the paper outlines, if a person has difficult circumstances he or should not decide if to live or not to live. Suicide is not a way out, because death is inevitable. Suicide happens due to the lack of attention when people forget about each other and concentrate only on their own affairs. We are not just machines, love and care can solve a lot of problems and prevent a lot of deaths.

The current trends in philosophical thinking have focused on defining disease concepts as those which involve experiential assessments of human physiology and human behavior and well-being (Bloomfield, 2001).  First and foremost, people have beliefs about the normal functioning of their bodies based on their natural and logical expectations of physiology.

His view of man’s relationship and obligation to government parted from that of one such as Locke, who claimed that the citizen’s obedience to his government stems from a contractual agreement.  Central to this concept is the implicit consent of the governed, whose accession to this arrangement is assumed to be voluntary.  

Instead, I was feeling fidgety and nervous, as something was amiss. I closed the book, and tried to pinpoint the reason for this uneasy feeling, and surprisingly acknowledged an intense urge to check out my Facebook account. I was taken aback by the ferocity with which my subconscious diverted my attention from an activity that I always cherished i.e.