Philosophy Essays

Socrates' defense against his case before the Athenian council is based on the principle of his curiosity and the facts that he seeks to comprehend. This is concerning and in response to his accusers that attempt to label him as an evil doer for seeking to acquire knowledge beyond that which is conventionally visible and understandable.

The book shows the views of a person who sees the world from a secular point of view and the other who sees it from the spiritual side of view. The book consists of two main characters C.S. Lewis who is a theist and Sigmund Freud an atheist (Armand 17). Freud was a dominant atheist in his entire existence, yet the question regarding God continued to re-occur in his life.

From the details of the incident, it seems that killing Virginia was the easy way out, more for George himself than for Virginia. Killing Virginia saved George all the time and effort he would otherwise have invested in taking care of her. It is noticeable that Virginia had been suffering from this condition since 1969.

There are various prison policies that are taken seriously for the health hazards which may result from some of the habits. For an instant, Kleinig says that the policy of terminating smoking in the prison should be strictly adhered to due to the health problems that may come about. The prisoners should be concerned about the health status of their inmates. 

According to the paper, Kant’s principle of moral principles and obligations are arguably one of the finest of ethical theories as stipulated in the deontological theory. In his argument, Kant asserts that human beings are unique and essentially rational beings meaning that every individual uses the power of reason to make decisions.

The entire philosophy of Samkhya combines Yoga and Samkhya basic doctrines. However, Samkhya philosophy is representative of theory, while yoga is representative of practical or application aspects.

Hempel claims that the logic of science, which is confirmation, has a method according to the proponents. This method involves a set of universally valid rules like those of formal logic.

However, believing something does not amount to knowing something because as Audi states, a belief that is untrue is not knowledge (n.p.). On the other hand, a belief that results from a lucky guess also does not amount to knowledge regardless of the fact that it might be true (Audi n.p.).

According to the mental health practitioners who dealt with them, men and boys suffer post-traumatic stress similar to those experienced by women but aren't willing to accept that they are rape victims and need assistance. For some time now practitioners, researchers have tried to find out how sexual assault on males impacts the individualists psychologically and to create therapies that efficient in enhancing the recovery of these male victims.

The debates comprises of pro-choice versus pro-life reasoning. The issue of abortion traces its roots back in history and has become a topic of interest politically, morally and religiously. For many years, women have sought to procure abortions because of moral and ethical reasons.

In western philosophy the work of Immanuel Kant holds great importance. His contribution to western philosophy is commendable since he gave a new outlook to the philosophical problems of his time. The work of Kant is of particular importance to German philosophy as philosophers like Hegel were deeply inspired by Kant.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines rape as: "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim" (http://kidshealth.org/teen/safety/safebasics/rape_what_to_do.html, Accessed December 6, 2012).

In this proposition,the immaturity of an individual is considered to be imposed upon oneself and an immature person ought to be relieved of anxiety in seeking the ability to discern.On this ground,humans are summoned to initiate with a certain level of responsibility by acknowledging the significance of courage in order to be willing to acquire pertinent means to understand.

The author states that it is hard to know much of the personal lives of men who lived so many years ago. So many details about Euripides' life is lost in the fog of history, and so it is hard to know how much personal experiences influenced the way that he wrote or his perspective on the world.

His life and philosophical theories are mostly accounted by contemporary writers and his students. Socrates has been mainly portrayed in the works of Plato a contemporary philosopher and his student. Although the authenticity of his portrayal has been questioned at times, Socrates’ contribution to the philosophy has been acknowledged by all philosophers alike.

Even fought for some noble cause, war invites dreadful consequences and subsequently forces the rival factions to come to terms with the peaceful solution of the conflict. Since no group, faction, state, or country can remain indulged in any endless war for a long periodate wise and prudent leadership always tries its best to escape the possibility of hostility and invasion.

In this respect, the philosophical treatment of freedom serves as an optimal drive toward understanding thereof. Two philosophers, Jean-Paul Sartre and Immanuel Kant are taken into consideration in terms of their justification of freedom. Each interpretation is to be weighed and further discussed.

On the level of moral philosophy, debating about equality of animals still remains contestable and questionable. There are certain paradigms that clash each other and there is also an occurrence of certain shifting between these paradigms that give rise to further complexity about the matter.

Until the fundamental French Enlightenment, American Unitarianism and Deism were more or less the same and both fit in the outer edges of Anglican Protestantism. Locke ignored the concept of trinity and natural sin but restrained to numerous Christian beliefs.

Moreover, Birnbaum added that it is the shorthand for the problem of evil in the face of God and for a formulation of a resolution of the problem with evil (3). A common definition of theodicy is a defense of the justice and righteousness of God in the face of evil or simply, reconciling God and religion on the face of evil (Birnbaum 3).

Student’s Name Course Tutor Date Philosophy of the Mind Introduction The topic of philosophy of the mind (dualism) which is referred to as soul has over the centuries been marred by controversy. The existence of the soul has been put to question and its relation with the body has also been put to scrutiny.

“Does God Exist?” This is one of the most important questions that each one of us has asked ourselves at one point or another. Theists and atheists, philosophers and theologians, scientists and logicians have all tried to answer this question.

What individuals need to ask themselves is whether the honor they really are looking for considers each definition that is observed in this case, other than the usual Webster’s dictionary meaning that tries to generalize the definition by putting it as an individual of respect or high regard, integrity, privilege and high status.

Staple was in a fix to handle the situation by exercising his moral obligation on the same. Having been offered Briggs’ job including other financial incentives, Staples had to balance the proposal by Ramsey and his stand on what was morally right as far as his witnessing the death of Brigg’s death is concerned. 

Confucius was a great Chinese philosopher who lived about 2500 years ago and taught about human nature and its principles. Rainey asserts that during his lifetime, Confucius was faced with the same problems that people continue to face today (1). For example, there was moral decay, irresponsible governance, high rates of ignorance, and evolutions in the socio-economic lives of the people.

In order to reach out to the truth, people must learn to be flexible and this can only be done by critically analyzing the views that the society may have influenced the person to develop. When a child is born, it only has instinctual knowledge of certain things.

This is because it has an effective, cultured communication with the audience. One perfect example is Dada. Dada emerged from after War disaster and confusion from arrival of modern society. In addition, Dada was extremely unorganized, scattered and chaotic.

Cosmological Argument. A cosmological argument attempts to prove the existence of God. The argument attempts to do this by showing that an infinite number of regressions that caused things to exist, is not there. The cosmological argument usually asserts that God is the final uncaused cause of all things.

Greene (359) argues that human beings make moral judgments without reasoning first. It is only after they have made the judgment that they seek reasons to justify their actions. Psychological research helps in explaining why people make certain moral judgments. There are certain factors that drive people to make certain moral judgments. 

Around the same time each year, there are millions of American kids out there that graduate from high school. After graduation the real celebrations start with getting drunk and massive parties, it even ends up with police involvement and arresting of students. These legal issues take a lot of time to resolve sometimes months and years as well. 

Under this regard, a second amendment was passed for the bill of rights that is given initially. The bill of right with second amendment did not allow the citizen as a right to do so; the addition amendment provided the basic right or inalienable right that a citizen should allow with by the founding leaders.

There were also several differences in other areas of life, culture, thought, and the way of living. This text explores such differences and similarities between these two ages. In terms of philosophy, it is evident that certain cultural values have changed from the Renaissance to today. Perhaps, it is of uttermost importance to start the text by defining the most crucial terminologies involved.  

Some literary works take you to another world or in another realm that you may never knew existed, and some authors contemplate astonishing facts and concepts that introduce you to your own true psyche and compels you to disregard the self-assumed mental inhibitions. Renowned psychotherapist Viktor Frankl’s literary masterpiece Man’s search for meaning, published in 1959, is one such example.

Blame is something that in recent years I have come to practice quite often. I was born in Saudi Arabia. Although alien and distressful to many, yet, I have always perceived it as home. Luckily I had the great fortune of being born in, what is considered to be part of a liberal and open-minded family, in Saudi Arabia.

It is essential to state that the fact that the activities that we normally categorize as mental, such as thinking, making decisions, wishing, imagining, and experiencing pains and pleasures, are activities that we directly engage in as we go about our everyday lives and should make the nature of the mind obvious to us.

The paper seeks to tell the reader that there is no such thing as perfection, especially in terms of finding the right woman or right partner in life, or in terms of finding the right kind of love relationship. Donne uses fantastical imagery in order to illustrate his point, and this imagery is often even unrelated to love or relationships.

Citing the example of the negation with regards to the existence of devil-loving demonic witches has strictly been observed by the modern scientific evidence, eliminative materialism claims that the non-existence of the state of mind will also be proved by modern science with the passage of time (Mind as Myth, 145-46).

Rawls and Nozick talk about natural gifts and talents and if people deserve them and the gifts derived from them. They also explore the impact of government equality policies on liberty and justice.  Rawls and Nozick have different conceptions of justice and liberty because of their divergences on deserts, the government’s role in ensuring justice, and whether justice or liberty is more important than the other.

In the article: Business and the environment, Jane Shaw depicts some issues that people have misinterpreted as environmental issues in connection with business. One of the issues that she points out is the establishment of the air pollution act 1970. In this article Jane states that the air pollution has started going down long before the establishment of the Act in the year 1970.

“What Makes You Happy?” Concerning the Evolution of Happiness and the Ways to Respond to It Meaningfully We hear it often from people that they want to be happy. We have also seen surveys conducted around the world determining the happiest people on earth.

A train is coming; its current course is going to kill four hapless workers. You, the utilitarian, have the power to flick a switch that will save the four men, but you will as a result kill some other work as the train will be diverted to his track. Most utilitarian thinkers would not have a problem with doing this.

As the society develops, people become alienated and estranged from his work, his being, and his society. In his essay “Estranged Labor” from the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx saw how the whole society must falls apart into two classes — property owners and propertyless workers.

A hero is somebody who would jump into a crowd of bullies to save the life of a girl. A hero would shoot all rascals and yet would survive with a hundred bullets in his stomach. This tells that a hero has traditionally been perceived as a physically strong person, but physical strength is much smaller a virtue than emotional strength. A true hero is characterized by his emotional strength.

It is also in democracy that government pledges to guarantee liberty and justice for everyone, regardless of race, religious creed, and even political persuasion. However, it is also this universality of rights that prompts the emergence of another problem, the conflicts in rights.

The author states that Peter Singer is of the view that the lower or poor stratum of the advanced nations, including pensioners and workers, observes the problem of limited income, which cannot be compared with the thick magnitude of poverty prevailing in the third world, which deprives the overwhelming proportion of the entire population.

Aristotle suggested that happiness is the supreme good upon which the purpose and value measures of all aspects of human activity are centred. The role of human interrelationships in this supreme good that informs all our activities is also a subject of much investigation (Kipfer 179). The world has experienced human strife and unhappiness to extreme levels in the past and in modern times.

Rufus in this dialogue tries to portray that thinking by a human being cannot be a preserve of the intellect, and that something in potency may be considered to attain its actuality through a process, which makes this potency into actuality in attaining its end or actual form.

These advancements have led to various options in gaming, especially in mode, type, and style of playing. Undoubtedly, issues on the playing of these games, especially the violent ones have been brought forward. While some users declare that these violent computer games are not morally wrong, others insist that they encourage violent and immoral behaviour among gamers.

Singer also points out that equality does not necessarily mean that everyone should be treated identically, but it does mean that everyone should be treated with the same consideration. In other words, although humans may not be equal in their capacities, it doesn’t mean that just because someone is a woman or black that they are therefore less intelligent or less capable than a white male.

In the textbooks of various disciplines of science, the history of science was described mainly as a linear development with gradual accumulation of knowledge about the universe. The current state of affairs in science is presented as a culmination of this development.