Philosophy Essays

Theory of Ethical Egoism. The theory of ethical egoism implicates that the moral agents always tend to act in their own self-interests. This reaction is quite voluntary and well thought of when it comes to facing a situation that needs to make prompt decisions.

Twenty two million American citizens who would love to work permanently cannot get employment. Nearly half of those who are jobless have been without a job on long term basis. Earnings are declining the real earnings of a usual American citizen is now lower than the level it was back in 1997.

Justification may also refer to the validity of the punishment that is being exacted on the offender as necessary and commensurate with the extent of the offense. Because of the seriousness of the concept of punishment, moral philosophy has attempted to rationalize punishment and justification, with two main theories being the most dominant: utilitarian and retributive theory.

A thing that exists in both our mind and reality is way greater than that which exists in our mind alone. If God as a being exists in our mind, then can we imagine a being that is greater than God? we cannot, therefore God exists. In this argument God is a perfect being.

On the definitions of terrorism, offer an example of a terrorist act- real or hypothetical- that has the best chance at moral justifiability. Make your case with reference to Khatchadhourian’s arguments and the Walzer’s post 9/11 discussion. Terrorism is defined as those activities which incorporate mass destruction and innocent killing on the national level.

World View Essay. Human being is the crown of creation Humans is a term used to refer to those individuals who either belong to or are similar to the human race recognized as homo sapiens and these individuals are the products of other individuals and they have qualities that are unmatched if compared to other living things.

Epistemology It is all about what truth is and how we gain knowledge of anything. Exercise of free will is important in attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception. Deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, concept-formation have to be adhered to so as to attain knowledge.

Sigmund Freud is well-remembered by history not for coming up with the right answers—his theories have not stood the test of time well—but for asking the right questions. His conception of mental illness as something that could be understood, engaged with, and treated transformed our conception of the mentally ill or mentally disabled, and led to gradual improvements in the treatment of sufferers, both of emotional disturbance and cognitive disability.

Having to go to court to file for four different torts, some definitions will be made here in an effort to clearly speak to the injustices she suffered at the hands of incompetent people. II. Definitions (100 words) Here a few definitions that are pertinent to Ms.

According to Socrates, a commitment to moral reasoning is an essential condition of a well-lived life. An individual should base his actions upon the outcomes of such internal dialogues.

Hempel, however, finds this use of the induction ridiculous and untenable in a scientific situation. One of the major problems is that using induction to form the basis of a scientific experiment inherently involves the assumptions that it is supposed to remove, and is thus completely self-defeating. 

While some people expect that the process of learning can only take place in the classroom setting, it is important to realize that the learning process can take place in any given place and time. Learning does not have to take place in a formal setting.

He was usually too busy to have leisure time until he met Socrates, who introduced him to leisure. Leisure does not mean idleness, and an individual can work and still have leisure time. Having little leisure is going against the rule of leisure. Leisure is an act of worship to God.

According to Fromm Erich, freedom has both a negative and positive outlook. These sides can be established by looking at the circumstance in which the term is used. For instance, when people speak of freedom from something, this is said to be negative freedom.

We can pity the blind man who should instead be envied, because he has a more accurate view of life. The narrator passed judgment on the blind man before meeting him, and his “high” seemed to come from substance abuse rather than from his wife. His view of life stems from a biased and ignorant point of view.

Despite the good intentions of such government programs in alleviating poverty, many scholars have expressed their reservations on the issue, citing people who toil only for the fruits of their labor to be channeled to unproductive citizens and other sectors of the economy (Guzman, Pirog, & Seefeldt, 2013).

In brief, Rand, among other things, argued for an increase in the selfish motivation and drive that exists within humanity. Seeing this as the ultimate virtue for individualism and accounting for each and every positive outgrowth of the human experience, RAND puts forward the premise that selfishness should not be viewed as a vice but should instead be viewed as a means of furthering fulfillment and overall worth within the individual.

Freud believed that personality is unconscious, hidden and unknown and that it is shaped by sexual drives thus the much focus on sex as a determinant of personality. His work is rooted in the nineteenth-century culture, science and philosophy more so because he was raised in Europe at a time when sexual repression was rampant and hysteria in women was common place.

Abortion Generally, human pregnancy has been divided into three trimesters, each lasting three months. Issues such as miscarriage, preterm birth and genetic abnormality and trauma could cause the termination of pregnancy. The debate on abortion, however, has been on the induced abortion, carried out at any gestational stage for a given purpose.

Religious philosophy dates back during the early church era and promoted during the 1920’s. It involves historical reality and nature in which relationship between faith and reason is tackled. Looking closely, it deals with the nature of human logic and its limitations when it comes to faith and religion and more importantly in the historical context of religious practice and development (Howell).

For a long time, mental handicaps were seen as completely insurmountable, just something that nobody could engage with or do anything about. In the 20th century, though, that began to change.

It takes the skill to interpret the world into a captured moment, the language of the event captured by the artwork a revelation of something relevant. It takes the patience to work with both of those skills until the piece expresses something, acting as a conduit between the artist and the viewer.

Already a prolific writer, he turned to writing as a means of expressing his point of view when he was forced from politics and sent into exile by an invading French army. Machiavelli has been called "the spiritual father of modem democratic revolution" (Arendt 21).

GM crops are mostly used in large quantities to consign sufficient amount of crop plants for the rapidly increasing human consumptions. Through the use of a complex scientific method, these plants are developed in the medical laboratories to increase the production capacity or the nutritional contents of such crops through the inclusion or the exclusion of genes (Whitman, 2000).

This law is what people claim as justice for them and hence the interest of stronger i.e. government is the justice that people claim for themselves. Socrates however at first didn’t agree with the term ‘of the stronger’ since it appeared to create ambiguity.

 Adults have the habit of telling these younger, less experienced people that what they feel cannot possibly be love. However, even though adults claim that it does not love that they may feel, teenagers and children are still capable of having their own feelings of romantic love. They have their own version of what love should be.

Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill mention dignity as an important part of their systems. Mill describes a system of utilitarianism. Mill advocates for utilitarianism. Utilitarianism promotes happiness for the entire society and requires that all people act to promote this ‘happy state’.

Hardin says that metaphors help to describe issues and problems with more ambiguity and thereby provide people with opportunities to resolve the problem by creating new ones and the cycle goes on. In short, problems and solutions are unending cycles and each issue needs to be solved with lifeboat ethics.

Apart from universally recognized pros and cons for legally permitting abortion, there are also localized cultural sensibilities to contend with. For example, regions of the country with a large religious demographic tend to oppose abortion even when it is practically unreasonable.

According to the paper rationalism is defined as acquiring knowledge about human existence and the world through innate ideas and further through deductive reasoning. The most significant innate ideas that serve as a source of knowledge of human existence and the world is that of God, substance, infinity and finally destiny among others. René Descartes suggested that deductive reasoning enables a person to use innate ideas to infer other ideas.

It is the latter that has caused and continues to cause, an immense amount of heated debate. Euthanasia, in all of its forms, is the intentional ending of or consciously allowing the life of another to end through action or inaction in order to end pain and suffering.

Bertrand Russell argues that knowledge is a form of union of self and inner self and he disagrees with the notion of what is unknown, created by human mind is not part of us, and does not require neglect. In this regard, Russell argues that the definition of philosophy loses its meaning since it is not inclusive of not self.

Abortion Abortion is the process of termination of the pregnancy taking place inside a woman’s body in order to remove the foetus or the embryo from the uterus and stop it from growing into a baby. Abortion may take place by itself in the form of a miscarriage or induced on purpose to stop a woman from having a child.Today, there are many safe procedures developed for the purpose of conducting abortion unlike the olden days where unsafe medicines and tools were used to remove the foetus, which also tended to result in a large number of maternal deaths.

There have been three conflicting views of the essence of numbers over the course of history. The oldest and probably still the most commonly held view is the Platonic one, which states that numbers are real, but non-physical things that exist outside of space and time, in the “Platonic Realm” (Papineau 36).

Justice is offers to makes people who had been unjustly treated to feel contented and at peace both in mind and soul. In entrepreneurship, activities or events require justice if certain individuals within the business world carry out unjust activities. Unjust activities in business may mean neglect of business ethics while conducting business and fraudulent business undertakings just to mention a few.

5 Do they support or contradict each other? 6 How do these two authors regard technology and why? 7 Is either one right? 8 References: 9 Put a pacifist to work in a bomb factory and in two weeks he will be designing a new type of a bomb. A pacifist is a person with a strong aversion towards war.

The Problem of Induction Induction is basically a process of reasoning in which an individual makes inferences from a more specific to the general. Arguments founded on induction ranges from extremely low to very high probabilities, but usually less than hundred percent.

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant on Suicide According to the World Health Organization, the highest is 71 people for every 100,000 who kill themselves annually in Lituania, 57 in Belarus, 51 in Kazakhstan, 48 in Latvia, and so on (“Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex”).

The main characters of Sula and Nel are featured in their bounding and search for the sense of life. However, it is vital to scope out the episodes when the symbol of water takes place in order to justify the author’s position in her discourse on the most striking themes of the American society.

Free will allows people to have a methodological way of living which is guarded b their own inhibitions and their ideologies. They are free to do as they please, according to their personal will and are not bound by any restrictions or morals imposed upon them by society.

Descriptive ethics refers to the study of beliefs and behavior that are considered good or bad by a given society based on facts and actual actions. Normative ethics refers to the study of ideal beliefs against which the morality of persons and societies are measured against.

His early education was from Shrewsbury School of Grammar from where he got education on the subject of classics (Holder, 2). He continued his education in Edinburgh from where he learned medicine, a subject in which he was not at all interested. He then continued his studies in Cambridge in Christ’s College, over there he learned theology (Darwin, 37).

To be this way is not easy at all as it involves one appreciating that there is a controller of life in whose hands, everything comes from. Belief is the ultimate attribute that a person has to have in order to be able to be in tune with his soul. Being in sync with oneself is a slow process and not an instant act; there are several steps that has to be followed to achieve this state.

The view of the theory is that, in the case where a person believes in a given proposition (p), then they can know that the proposition (p) is true; only in the case that the proposition in question is truthful; the subject holds the belief that the proposal is truthful, and that the subject (S) can use a justification or offer a justification that their belief in the proposal (p) is true (Schaffer 73-75).

The EEOC, in its court application against the restaurant chain, insists that Hooters was breaching Civil Rights laws as long as male employees did not comprise 40 per cent of its workforce (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). The regulatory commission also ordered that Hooters pay aver $22 million in back-pay fund, which EEOC will allegedly use to compensate men who claimed to have been victimized by the Hooters policy of hiring only women to serve (Nations Restaurant News, 1995).

The real world, in this case, means the current world we live in where the objects are tangible. On the other hand, the virtual world is a world only possible in the human mind. It represents what psychologists prefer to call fantasy. This paper, with reference from other professional articles, seeks to explore the assumption in the movie that, the world we live in is imaginary.

es more sense. Hence this can be classified as justified true belief. Knowledge is basically a belief or conviction that someone has in something or a thing. However, knowledge can be enhanced by a combination of reason and experience. In order for human mind to make a belief that is dependable or reliable, there has to be substantive evidence on it.

His works were both criticised and accepted widely. Being argumentative and timid, some of the bibliographers claim that Hobbes learned several languages in his early life and translated some books too although he hated the university. Hobbes had writings in law, mathematics, religion governments and also studied classics apart from being a tutor.

What is spontaneous philosophy and what are its elements? What is Gramsci’s intention in your view in conceptualizing spontaneous philosophy? Spontaneous philosophy refers to the philosophical concept that proposes that human beings are philosophers in their own way.

The chapter starts off with the levels of meanings, i.e. common sense, science, transcendence and interiority. Interiority however is a significant level which is characterized by the cognitional processes of the self. Moreover, to make sense of the world, two things need to be considered, i.e.