Philosophy Essays

It is difficult to define justice in few words because of the different perceptions and understandings associated with justice by different people. Politicians interpret justice in one way and sociologists and philosophers interpret it in another way.

Based on MacKinnon’s discussion, as well as other research on the subject, this paper will also address the question of whether or not the United States government or certain citizen groups should mount a concerted effort to clean up the internet by attempting to ban pornography. MacKinnon, a feminist and an attorney believes that society in the US applied different legal rights, lesser rights, to women as compared to men.  

Broadie put this more clearly when she explained the Aristotelian principle about how “fear might prevent the craftsman from functioning properly as a craftsman,” and that “it might hinder his dexterity or warp his judgment in some way, but if we know the situation we shall not assess his skill based on that response”.

There are times that the leaders can do such heinous acts against people with impunity. Since killing was done within the jurisdiction of a territory, the killing can be justified by the perpetrator according to one’s political agenda. During Roman times, slaves and prisoners would be forced to engage in gladiatorial fights in arenas to be watched by the audience as they kill one another.

Socrates, the second party, responds to Meno’s suggestions with different opinions. In the case of Meno, he put forward that distinct kinds of virtue just exists for different race of people. Socrates opinion is that, Meno’s definition would probably be seen as a swarm of bees, with each bee representing each kind of virtue but his interest revolves around the quality they all share.

Why does Ruse say that Creationism should not be understood as a science? Creationism-science is an epitome of an oxymoron; a phrase that has built in it two institutions of knowledge that do not amalgamate. Taking the literal senses of the words that make up phrase is taking up a much bigger debate; the debate of religion versus science.

Two of the most prominent thinkers in this mode of understanding are Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although these theorists are many times characterized as holding diametrically opposing views, it’s clear that to a great extent their embracement of irrational human urges is fundamentally contributing to the makeup of civilization.

located at 16035 East Arrow Highway, Irwindale, California. From among its products (Freeze It, It Brushable, Vital Care Hair and Vital Care Skin), the brand Vital Care was noted to be the organization’s flagship brand and was reported to “have consistent positive sales growth in major retail chains throughout the United States, including CVS, Rite Aid, Walgreens, Wal-Mart, Target, Kmart, Supervalu/Albertsons and Kroger/Ralphs/Food 4 Less” (Key Brands International, Ltd.

What does Roy in "Normal" want from a sex change? There is an inner sense of knowledge that a person believes in regardless of his body appearance which is called gender identity. If the gender identity is different from the physical appearance, the person does not feel satisfied in his physical body and the psychological disorder is called “gender identity disorder”.

Viktor Frankl called his own psychoanalytic method “logotherapy”, based on the Greek works logos, which is denoted as “meaning” (Frankl 104). While he professes that he was influenced by Freud, Adler and other existential psychologists, he deviated from the original concept of existentialism and created his own existential philosophy and psychotherapy (Corey 143).

In determining Logic, Kant once said that in order to judge the truth of cognition, it has to be compared to its objects; this calls for more cognition on the same object, which may not be true. This assertion implies that the judgment of truth may in fact not be truth (Net Industries, 2012). Hence according to Kant, the definition of an object cannot be taken for determining its truth.

Through the Summa Theologica, Aquinas states that “the natural law is nothing else than the rational creature’s participation of the eternal law” where the eternal law constitutes the principle that demonstrates the intellect of God in designing and directing His creation toward the goal of perfection.

Majority of religions have symbols, traditions, sacred histories, and narratives intended to explain the universe, meaning and origin of life. Religious beliefs tend to derive religious laws, ethics, morality or a certain preferred way of life based on their ideas about human nature and the cosmos.

Unjust laws have many lawyers, philosophers, political scientists because they first reflect on law standards, in which people govern by themselves. Unjust laws have raised many questions, which are difficulty on understanding of law, our obligations to one another and the government’s duties.

Although most people in this world are theists, some like H. J. McCloskey have stood up boldly for their atheistic beliefs. The result is therefore a clash of beliefs. Nevertheless, as long as one uses a different basis for his belief, then he can never possibly argue against someone who is arguing from a different context. The theists argue from one point of view while the atheists argue from a different one.

Throughout history, women have paid a high price, often have been forced, and even so, to have many children for short periods, causing their physical debilitation and death still young. Therefore, abortion is very controversial because it involves a basic conflict of rights or positive values: autonomy and freedom of the mother and the right to life that is in gestation.

People that have this kind of virtue-based ethics tend to ask the major question of which action to choose when they are faced with a dilemma where a basically moral decision has to be taken. The theory also tends to train people on how to overcome the vices such as that greed or even unnecessary anger that may stand in the way and stop someone from being a good person.

This stresses individualistic values of freedom and self-assertion while pre-modern approaches are associated with communal structures. The main role of culture on economic growth has been established as a very powerful force behind the growth of capitalism in its early phases since culture played an essential role in explaining the industrial revolution.

On many occurrences, there are different scientists who bear different opinions on the belief systems of how science works or should work in its values. Consequently, there are two such philosophers who provide differing points of view and understandings; Haack and Harding, whose works and opinions/ beliefs form the basis of this essay in comparing and contrasting their understanding of the roles of values of science.

According to Bruce H. Lipton, proteins are able to activate DNA but the genes themselves are dependent upon environmental triggers which are the ones that determine when and how these genetic features will be attained. Vigorous epigenetic research has been used to prove that the DNA passed down genetically is not as detailed at birth.

Outside of Locke’s position on the right to own property, there are changes that may take place once a civilized society comes into being. A civilized society will at times make exceptions to this right by either appropriating a portion of an individual’s property through taxation; or by acquiring an individual’s property or communally owned property.

Love is a kind of relationship in which if the two people involved are not physically compatible with each other, they cannot deem to be in love with each other. Similarly, for a love relationship to be valid it is also important that the two people in love are emotionally compatible with each other.

Aristotle certainly thinks it was such desire that inspired and drove him to investigate, seek answers, and reflect that eventually resulted in the writing of his Metaphysics. Aristotle thoroughly studied the concept of ‘knowledge’ in Metaphysics. He believes that human senses do not create wisdom, only experience.  

The first issue raised by Sommers in her argument refers to how unfortunate is it that a false contrast is created between sexism and assimilation by radical feminists. This false contrast serves to prevail the misleading feeling as if there were nothing in between the notions of sexism and integration.

We say that these decisions are of our own doing and normally, we own the consequences of our actions resulting from these preconceived “judgments” that we give to particular ideas, issues, acts, and even to certain groups of people. In this opinion-making process we must recognize the great influence of our culture especially with regards to decisions of what we consider to be right and what we consider to be wrong – which is moral, and which is immoral.

Kant professes a secular and universal kind of morality while Hume's argument is highly subjective and could be very problematic in its applications. Hume has observed that it is our modern philosophers who define morality on pure reason and in contrast to that our ancient thinkers have considered “morals as deriving their existence from taste and sentiment”

The argument put forth by Goodman was also sensible and based on reason and not on the prescription of any deity or any organized religion sense of right and wrong. Some things are just basically wrong not because they are “never questioned or breached in practice, but because they never should be” (88).

His claim is that abortion is seriously wrong and immoral except on some very few, rare circumstances. He argues that the reason for making such exceptions is to eliminate ethical issues which might be controversial to anti-abortionists such as abortion following rape, and the one done after fourteen days of conception based on the argument that the growing fetus is not a person yet.

Natural gas that has been thought of as a proper substitute for oil is also running out if reserves being a fossil fuel and hence experiencing rise in price like that of oil. The other alternative comprises of the fuel cells that are hydrogen powered. However there is the lack of proper infrastructures that can produce the huge amount of hydrogen required use in transportation as an alternative to fuel.

It should be realized that the premises in this definition of an argument could be facts or just assumptions. Nevertheless, it is important that an argument applies a logical principle in using the premises to reach conclusions. A common example of the logical principles used in arguments is that of equivalence.

Popper opined that science is a method of trial and error. It is a method of assumption and refusal. Science is always accompanied by a group of scholars who check and criticize each other. The foundation of science is its rationality. The openness to criticism should be converted into the willingness of scientists to falsify their theory.

Some studies supported the direct relationship between team sports and good character (Greenwood & Kanters, 2009; Camire & Trudel, 2010). Other studies questioned this relationship and rejected even a correlation, because of instances where players exhibit bad character (Miracle & Rees, 1994 qtd.

This implies that there is a difference between what appears in the memory of a human being to the ideas and thoughts conceived in the mind although with a certain measure of regularity and method, they introduce each other. Nature and reality is what causes situations to prevail.

Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date of Submission: Moral relativism Moral relativism is a philosophical theory that morality, principles, ethics are relative which are culturally dependent as well count on an individual’s choice. This morality is not absolute, it does not hold for all people at any place and it depends on time and situation too.

The issue of the use of human individuals for the purpose of medical experiments is fraught with complications and there are arguments that can be put forward on the part of people who are both for and against the idea. The idea is in a sense, fundamentally against the democratic principles of the society that we live in, in that it denies many people the right to an existence in the same way that people who are gifted are.

This will then lead to the relation between ‘being,’ and preservation of good and evil, evaluating how a being is regarded to be good or evil as related to the act and intention of such a being. Finally, the author will evaluate the dilemma concerning freedom of choice, which will be essential in proving the hypothesis above. In Anselm's argument on free will, God, angels, and humans are considered rational beings able to make viable decisions.

What is Cultural Diversity? Cultural diversity refers to a situation where people belonging to different cultural backgrounds, religions and ethnicities are living together. In other words diversity can be referred to the differences of demographic characteristics of individuals and a variety of qualities possessed by several things, concepts and practices of community members.

The author states that an important issue that needs to be considered is the definition of the term ‘citizen’. Historically, women, slaves and the lower classes have rarely been considered as citizens, and the rights of these groups have not been considered when evaluating the extent to which the legal system is just.

The researcher explored various moral systems while keeping in prospect their need and functionality in the present world, as well as the Nietzsche' s ideas regarding those systems. Based on the information, the researcher found whether it is necessary to renovate or replace current moral systems or not.

Here are the two cases. A young musician successfully learns their first piece of music by repetition and study and plays/sings it through alone and for the first time with a firm inner understanding of the piece. On the other hand, a young musician learns their first piece of music by repetition and study and plays/sings it through under successful examination and in front of assessors with a firm sense of accuracy of the piece.

There are many reasons to believe in the existence of a supreme being. Below are some of the main grounds to believe in the existence of a supreme being. These reasons are: the argument of motion, cosmological arguments, arguments of design, as well as moral arguments. There is movement in the universe because an object cannot move itself.

When a researcher or a laymen comes across a fact or reality which confuses his beliefs and truth world declares put him in the phase of research. He starts digging on the values and information related to it. At this stage there are various schools of thoughts exist to adopt for the research of knowledge.

This wager has been referenced by scholars, philosophers, and theologians ever since Pascal first introduced this particular logic. It works to analyze Pascal’s wager from a rational point of view to determine if it is a sound belief system or whether it should be disregarded entirely. It should be noted that it is not the intent of this paper.

From this paper, it is clear that many people consider the ability not to give up or perseverance a virtue and in fact, the majority of the world religions encourage it in their followers. Perseverance, from ancient times, has been one of the keys to success and it is very difficult to achieve any level of success without it.

Environmental issues and crises have raised ethical, religious, anthropocentric, bio-centric and Theo-centric debates over man’s treatment of the environment. Environmentalists, egoists, and philosophers have tried to unearth human connectedness to nature from spiritual and secular traditions.

The author believed that human beings do not make random decisions but consciously or subconsciously make informed decisions following some form of natural law. For instance, before an agent makes a decision, there is deliberation on what decision to make based on the natural law. This clearly shows deterministic traits in human behavior.

According to the paper many people have always been concerned with their looks and appearance more than their internal qualities and this is motivation enough for them to desire. This is what has led to the pervasiveness of the plastic surgery trend worldwide thus instigating serious concerns over the justification of plastic surgery.

In addition, love is not confined to the humans only; rather, insects, birds, animals and even beasts demonstrate their feelings of love particularly towards their young ones; it is therefore the domestic and wild animals including cows, elephants and deer etc shed tears at the eve of getting separated with their companions and young ones.

Neo-Platonism refers to the term associated with the teachings of Plato and the Platonists. It is vital to note that though it bases its arguments on the teachings of Plato, it is quite different from what Plato wrote (Remes 22). Plotinus and his apprentice Porphyry get credited as the founders of Neo-Platonism. 

The main event that led to this article was when recently, a woman identified as Heather Frost, from Britain’s Gloucestershire is offered a ‘mansion’ to live in with her eleven kids, husband, and two grandchildren. Fogg feels this is wrong, as it influences the economy negatively.