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Many people think there is no harm in believing in horoscopes. However, this idea is totally incorrect. It is because horoscopes have become business in our society. If people want to get a complete prediction, astrologers will charge a certain amount of money to do the work. Nevertheless, this is the problem of why the idea of no harm is wrong.
According to the utilitarian position, it is the consequences of an act that matter the most. In this regard, John Stuart Mill who was a utilitarian also talked about the results of the actions that a person performed. According to Mill, most of the actions that human beings perform are out of self-interest.
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Utilitarianism as a concept seems at first a hard idea to argue one way or the other. A form of consequentialism, it says that the morality of any action we do is judged by its utility, or how well it provides happiness or pleasure. That’s how it was described by one of its strongest backers, Jeremy Bentham (1789): “the greatest happiness of the greatest number.”
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Regardless of the illusions used in the process and the intelligent manipulations by the evil genius to triumph with the self-imposed scheme of deception, every other Tom cannot be deceived as long as the cognitive potential with distinction is applied in order to realize and identify the unreal from its counterpart with certainty.
Inconsistencies imply that the facts presented therein are not well connected. This is directly associated with the concept of reasoning and how this affects the thesis or argument of the speaker. In order for a speech or piece of writing to have an impact on the audience, it needs to be coherent. This also enables the reader to effectively pass on the intended message.
The ideas of metaphysics help in understand how theories such as idealism, mechanism, materialism and teleology affect humanity. Therefore, materialism theory insists that real existence is only found in matter and phenomena such as thoughts and feelings are generated by the activity of an occurrence.
Singer essentially attempts to justify his claim on different philosophical and logical grounds. He argues that “Equality is a moral ideal, not a simple assertion of fact” (Singer pars.2). He further says that the issue of animal liberation does not depend on whether the animals can reason or converse; rather it should take the question, into consideration, whether they suffer or not.
It's pointed out that in virtue of which right actions are good and in virtue of which wrong actions are bad. In the past few centuries, the question of great concern to many ethical theorists has been whether there exists a scientific foundation for the principles underlying a correct moral theory.
Whereas such an abstract and difficult to understand term has been so elusive to scholars, the common person has an unprecedented challenge in understanding the notion of ‘existence.’ Jean-Paul Sartre is arguably one of the philosophers who made a significant milestone in discovering and explaining the idea of existence.
When Heidegger writes about Angst and death, he is the brilliant among the brilliants of philosophers. Remember this is the same individual, who on retirement after 1945, is continuously visited by a stream of visitors, former students, and colleagues who plead with him to criticize Nazism and condemn the Holocaust, but his answer is a profound silence.
Usage of pesticides and fertilizers at frequent intervals to reap high-cropping yields also had a consequence of degraded mineral deposits in the land for natural farming. These consequences of ignoring feminism in farming and providing the farmers with inadequate conditions caused a significant impact on the ecological balance harming the natural setting of the environment.
Musicians express their knowledge with their melody; artists like painters fall into the depth of nature and come up with some paintings that have meanings, which not everyone can understand. Only the ones who have a love for such kind of talent will understand this because somehow they have the same knowledge as well.
Confucius would conclude that the paramount example of harmonious order would be xiao (piety), in which the essential trait would be jing (respect). If people and their actions are in their proper places and follow propriety, the results would lead to relationships that are serene, procedures are unproblematic, and noble deeds are wanted and completed willingly.
In the six essays, Descartes sought to prove God’s existence and the immortal nature of the human soul in an era defined by radical ideologies grounded on scientific discoveries. For example, Copernicus and Galileo proved that the earth revolves around the sun, a presumption contrary to what the church believed.
For the existentialist philosophers, the essence of something is the purpose, the aim, or the nature of something. The existentialists hold the view that human beings were not made with any particular nature or purpose, it is the responsibility of every person therefore to create their essence, or in other words to determine what they will be in life.
Understanding the debates between humanists and others in the Renaissance, such as Petrarch and Salutati, gives a different meaning and definition toward the value of human life and the way in which one can live an active lifestyle. Salutati and Petrarch combined beliefs of Christian morality with pagan rhetoric.
The philosophy of utilitarianism judges ethics centered on the effects that a given decision brings about. For a society to behave in a utilitarian manner, decisions ought to produce good outcomes. As a result, the consequence of this decision ought to ascertain the ethical worth of the original decision or deed.
Modern science assumes a child to be of little knowledge who does what he does not understand. For example, a baby can relieve himself and still eat the same waste because he doe not understand what he is doing. At the same time, a child can dare touch fire or hot substance and until it burns him is when he realizes that that is dangerous.
People want to do the right thing in raising their children, and want to be good citizens of their country and their world; politicians want to create fair political systems, and philosophers want to seek out the idea of an objective right, to make being a good human being as clear and simple as possible.
The last part deals with the critical evaluation of how the famous liberal scholar, Ronald Dworkin, defended the freedom of speech as a fundamental human right and how far he can achieve his goal. The general intellection of almost all philosophers today is that human beings possess moral rights in terms of both special rights and general rights.
Development control can be said to be a direct successor to building control under the public health acts, and a reaction to the normative standards of the building by-laws. The control of development through the granting and refusing of planning permission came to control position in the British planning system created in the early forty’s.
John Locke's essays, like “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” and “Two Treatises of the Government” are two of the most influential philosophical essays of the entire time, particularly in the field of Political Science. In “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, he talks about how knowledge is acquired by using certain ideas and qualities.
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Phaedo notes that, though the death was astonishing to experience, he never had pity regarding it, considering that Socrates had happily and bravely faced death without being afraid of the unknown. At this point, Phaedo takes the opportunity to emphasize the absence of Plato on the occurrence due to illness.
Robert Solomon was an American philosophy professor who described the essence of love as reciprocal and desire of response. Cognitive theory of emotions has been developed by Robert Solomon. The emotions of human beings are vulnerable to alteration and rational assessment. The nature of love has also been speculated in a philosophical manner by Plato.
Nozick drafted a view on how free willpower is very possible. How with no causal determination of any action, an individual could have behaved differently yet does not behave randomly or arbitrarily. Regardless of approaching the situation from different directions, Nozick found it so obstinate, so resilient to illuminating solutions.
With a quick look at the background of the problem of evil, one finds orthodox theism blurring the logical and evidential clarity of the situation. Most orthodox beliefs around the existence and supremacy of God declare that God is omnipresent, perfectly free, worthy of worship, and an eternal entity. It is, indeed, believable that such a supreme power of good exists.
According to Karma, actions and thoughts have consequences. What we do and think would come back to us. If we do good, then good will come back to us. Samsara is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Man is in a continuous cycle of Samsara until he achieves Nirvana. Nirvana is the ultimate aim for Buddhists where the desire for all material things ceases to exists.
According to Abelard, an act is considered immoral when a person intentionally commits an immoral act. Heloise, also agreed that an act was immoral when the intent was immoral. However, Abelard further stated that thinking or doing an immoral act without thinking would not be an immoral act.
The concept of respect for elders and for authority has been seen in various shapes and forms in China. Confucius has often been engaged in establishing how to gain order in society. He also supported the notion than people would live in harmony with everyone if they respected and understood the rankings of people in society.
Since capitalism is inherently exploitative, class antagonisms are also inherent and the only logical solution is a total transformation of the system thereby establishing a classless society through communism. The logical structure of capitalism is the source of the problems apparent in this system. For Marx, the bourgeoisie is not to blame.
Lefebvre’s work acquired more relevance within the 20th century as well as during WW II based on the leading French intellectuals while writing on broader scopes of subjects with transgressed disciplines and with special relations to philosophy and social sciences. The author argues that confinement in knowledge is opposed to disciplinary conventions.
Kant continues with the discussion about Rawls who argues that meritocracy does not exist for a long time as the talented will always prosper. Thus, Sandel explains the fairness that results from differences in pay. In this case, he compares the earning of Judy a television judge who earns $25 while Sandra a Supreme Court justice earns $200, 000. Therefore, Sandel asks if this is fair.
According to Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia, happiness could be achieved only if people led virtuous lives. Aristotle set up ultimate goodness as the aim of all human activity and thought. He held that if there is any goodness in humans, it is in the functions that they serve. For instance, a good flutist is ‘good’ as far as his flute playing is good (Parry)
This philosophy regards the unseen forces as natural laws. It explains that there is a very rigid cause and effect relationship and we can actually predict the future on its basis with 100% accuracy (Fischer 23). On the other hand, we have Compatibilism which has a contrary idea as that of determinism about human actions and events.
Many instances have been reported where women die during the process of conducting an abortion. This happens due to poor procedures performed or in the event that the would-be mother is seriously hemorrhagic and ends up losing too much blood as a result. This risk of losing life should be enough to have abortion abolished totally.
The reality is of course that we do have laws and we do have prisons and both of those aspects in life appear to be growth areas. This would suggest that the punitive system, as it stands does not work because it is not acting as a deterrent to either further offending or new offenders committing similar crimes.
Plato upholds virtue-based eudaemonistic ethics. That is to mean, human welfare, is regarded as the highest endeavor of moral thought and behavior; the qualities are the necessary skills and traits. If Plato’s support for an ethic of happiness appears rather unresponsive that is because of some varied reasons.
In fact, since his or her physicians have already determined that the illness, which they have, is terminal, it would be better if the suffering of such people would be ended swiftly because keeping them alive by artificial means or drugs will not save them from their fate. Both active and passive euthanasia end with the same result (death) and it would be wrong for all parties.
This is the question that continues to become so controversial. There are conflicts in various ideological claims of science with cosmology and evolution in opposition to religious claims of the world. These ideas are too difficult to grasp which makes every human mind enter a cognitive dilemma on what assertions and assumptions must really be considered.
A country should not disregard its rivals but instead, it should demean the war as the enemy between the country and the rival. In addition, the module has asserted that the US as the leading superpower must develop strategies, as well as, set standards he would guide towards disarmament. Concisely, the module has significantly, agreed on Muste’s excerpt on getting rid of nuclear-based wars.
Metaphysics is a broad sub-field of philosophy and the word means beyond or after physics. The word’s meaning can help in explaining the concept, which mainly seeks to explain the central nature of existence and the universe that is included in it. Even though the concept is not easily outlined, it primarily involves two aspects.
Levinas develops philosophical concepts some of which are attributable to religion and spirituality. People foster the growth and development of their own religious beliefs. Levinas does the same in his philosophical work as he attributes most of his philosophies to religion, which in this context arises, from his strong faith in the doctrines of Judaism.
Classical liberalism focuses on property, liberty, and life and argues that the government should not interfere in the lives of citizens as they pursue their goals. Welfare liberalism, on the other hand, focuses on the same rights, but unlike classical liberalism, it supports government interference in the lives of citizens.
The word crime or bad deed is not new in dictionaries but has been present since the creation of this world. People in different eras and times had have been committing crimes and are sometimes successful in escaping punishment or are sometimes unfortunate enough to be captured and treated as warranted.
Inequality exists in terms of races, genders, social classes, cultures, economies, and even food. World history tells us that this feature of inequality is not new and has been existent throughout man’s existence. For example, the Vedas, a Hindu religious book tells us about the different classes of the division of people.
Educational Philosophy defines an insightful writing testimony, which gives a summary of the foundation of an individual’s educational beliefs (Taneja, 2005, p. 248). It is an individual’s belief about the nature, ideals, process, and purpose of education. Educational philosophy is a reflection of people’s educational goals about the teaching process.
In my own life, I believe that exercise of virtue certainly holds the central position in my mental and physical wellbeing. However, I would have been nowhere close to living a content life was it not for some unique embellishments in my personal life in the form of very supportive friends and family group.
The result proved quite the opposite; the politician had only thought that he was wise, but the study showed the contrary. The politician was not comfortable with what Socrates found out; this resulted in hatred from the politician. Astonishingly, most of the leader’s subjects present during the evaluation were also not pleased and developed hatred towards Socrates.
For Hick, the salvific transformation is not very much special to a particular tradition (Velez de Cea). Hick has a concept and knowledge about Real in which he believes there is only one God exists. Whereas, Buddhist claims differently on this truth as they follow their many spiritual Gods. Moreover, he has a firm belief in it that really cannot be experienced.
With different names and definitions, critical thinking is the process that completely defines a man’s ability to correct oneself and get the best out of his thoughts. Critical thinking has the power of changing a man’s thought constitution and refining it to the extent that he can change his destiny on the basis of it.