Philosophy Essays

Marx argues the need for man to explore himself, within himself, Marx believes that it is futile for man to search here and there as all the answers. Man, who looked for a superhuman being in the fantastic reality of heaven and found nothing there but the reflection of himself, will no longer be disposed to find but the semblance of himself.

Nozick’s liberalism is entrenched in the theory of natural and core rights. All men are created equally as derived from the state of nature but in order to create a civil society men contracted for a just system of governance with essential human rights. This is the traditional theory of the relationship between the market and the state.

Throughout, he reiterates that an anarchic state should not be logical. According to him self-help and power are institutions, and they are not essential features of anarchy. He argues: “there is no logic of anarchy apart from the practice that creates and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another.” Thus, Wendt says ‘anarchy is what states make of it.

Durkheim contributed many theories and ideas that formed the base of development of modern studies in sociology and anthropology. He developed theories and ideas in social facts, division of labor, education, crime, punishment, law, suicide, and religion.

The idea, as well as Jean Baudrillard's theory of the society of the Simulacrum, is increasingly important in this age of different philosophic and psychological concepts relating to reality and unreality perception and comprehension. Many people believe that these issues and problems concern only those who are interested in philosophy and psychology.

Although the assertion that realities are socially constructed has gained considerable consensus from the academic community, the question of the agency that builds the socially constructed realities is not adequately resolved. The agency or authorship of language, culture, social groups, and macro structures in the making of the social construction of reality has been highlighted by theorists from radically different platforms.

Logical considerations can be used to justify the notion of attaching a numerical value to human life because it is arguably more logical in the context of the trolley problem. This is arrived at by including the sacrificed individual as a figure in the total number of individuals whose lives were under consideration.

I seriously value human life and the human values that man abides by. Human life is valuable because, without it, it is impossible to enjoy life and its pleasant consequences. I believe in the basic human values of love, freedom, and sacrifice because these three elements enrich and make one’s life memorable.

Termed “isms,” some espouse benevolent and socially acceptable tenets, such as altruism, while others, like racism, reflect societal evils. Many “isms” have evolved into movements, promoting change by congealing the tenets of many into a single, employable ideology. Its advocates are bound to range in opinion and methodology.

The author explains that that abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. Abortion can be natural i.e. it can be the spontaneous expulsion of a fetus, commonly known as a miscarriage. Or it can be induced i.e. the removal of a fetus by medical, surgical, or other ways.

In the Knight’s Tale portion of his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer finds the opportunity to articulate his view of chivalry.  He forms his description of the knight as a “worthy man, that “from the time that he first began to ride out, he loved chivalry, trou the and honor, freedom, and curteisie” (Chaucer, 1974, p. 3).

Her cancer continues to progress.Her physician wants her to try an experimental chemotherapy that has a 15% chance of putting this cancer in remission.She decides not to do this.She feels she would rather die than go through another treatment,one that will remove her from her home and put her in the hospital for treatment.

According to Bourdieu, trying to comprehend the ‘common sense’ understandings of a certain society or establishing the set of codes that is thought to govern social interactions misses the point of social life. This is because these approaches assume that there is a systematic nature of the object, predetermination of social phenomena to be accounted and communicative intent.

The author states that the philosophical thinking at that time has reached such borders, which it could not leave. The political life started to develop in the Greek republics has put forward new interests, much closer to an individual. The naive aspiration to world knowledge is superseded by the aspiration of an individual.

Frank says "When a man finds that it is his destiny to suffer, he will have to accept his suffering as his task; his single and unique task. He will have to acknowledge the fact that even in suffering he is unique and alone in the universe. No one can relieve him of his suffering or suffer in his place.

Plato, being the idealist philosopher, described the idea of the Good in his volume “Republic” through the dialogues of Socrates. The idealization of the Good is described as the child or offspring (ekgonos) of the Good, as ascribed by the superlative model of goodness, hence attributing to the absolute determinant of justice.

A teacher has a distinctive role in education. I am sure, a teacher possesses such treasures that can never be taken away from one’s person – the treasures of knowledge. These treasures are such that they always keep on growing. A teacher is the one who is primarily a ‘Giver’ giving to pupils and seldom even expecting anything in return.

The author states that slavery, representation, tariffs, and States rights were the issues that rose during this conflict. The North was described to be primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major roles which actually led them to faster life while the South is primarily agricultural. They had plantations.

The author states that Mesopotamian attitude towards death was quite in contrast to that of the Egyptians. The Mesopotamians believed in the grim and dour hypothesis that sickness and death were a direct consequence of sins committed. They gave no leeway to this notion as any hope of salvation by a divine existence after death was lost on this cohort.

Since a good part of the world's population is now undergoing the pattern of change, we should raise the question of the adequacy of various theories to account for that pattern. “Many of the perspectives we have examined so far have dealt directly with modernization, or with certain aspects of it, including Smelser's structural-functionalist analysis of England's industrialization and the social-psychological approaches of Hagen.

He was later to be the only person to rival Plato in terms of influence on Western philosophy. Human nature was a subject that made both of them interested a lot and this essay will explore what they felt about this subject. Though there seems to be a lot of similar ground in both their thoughts, yet Aristotle later markedly differed from the views of his mentor.

The author states that anthropology contributes to cultural understanding insofar as anthropologists, through their recording and presentation of culture, unravel the complexities which surround cultural symbols and rituals and, importantly, play a fundamental role in rendering the unintelligible, intelligible.

Therefore, we sometimes ought to believe proofs about a miracle we have a reliable witness. The significance of the revelation and the unbelievable nature of the miracle seem to prove one another. Nicholas Wolters Orff says on this topic, that Locke "assumes that if we do as we ought and subject the testimony of the gospel writers to the same evidential tests to which we subject any other testimony...

(The most fascinating area of philosophy that questions about the existence of God-the standard arguments whether there is a God through the point of miracles-Hume's point of view on miracles-Pascal's wager versus Hume's theory that religious belief depends on psychological and sociological factors, Ontological argument vs.

A political survival gimmicks perpetrated by the western world by flexing hopeless contradictory and hypocritical imperialistic muscles the world over. Many scholars have attempted to create schemes classifying the different branches and threads of realist thought that have emerged, while others have introduced a wealth of new terminology.

The cases above indicate how many actors, their number of activities, and how much influence they have on one another. This is very important because it gives the real picture of the actors and prevents any thought of bias or unclear circumstances. Without the use of a Rich Picture or a Use Case Diagram, it is unlikely that modeling would be understandable to those who have no knowledge of design in computer science.

The claims that were made by Bourdieu on the public opinion as regards their validity in the way they are formulated, carried out and analyzed. Most of these difficulties are currently being overcome by the emerging technology which has helped to bread some of these barriers. Bourdieu postulation may not hold or long as more and more people access the internet which provides blogs, wikis and others which are used to gauge public opinions.

The author states that man served the State and hence, ethics and politics were the same. This is to be contradistinguished with Machiavellian principles, which states that the State should serve the people. That is its whole reason for being. Under Machiavelli’s consent, a ruler is justified in doing whatever needs to be done to maintain the country.

The author states that the way how Marx views freedom is like a blank paper in which an individual can freely draw or write the way he preferred it. Although the space provided symbolizes the broadness of freedom, it still has its boundaries through its edges. This just implies that no matter how freely man can be.

In 412 a 14 Aristotle gives two answers to the question of what makes something to be perceived as alive. He states that by “life’ I mean self-nourishment, growth, and decay”. And the other formal cause is the soul which transforms things into being alive. These characteristics according to Aristotle identify the presence of life. 

But still, the "marriage cure" is not invention of our time, it has been used for centuries as a "cure" to eliminate poverty. Our epoch differs greatly from those two centuries ago. Our values and world perception has less in common with 17th or 19th century life philisophy, but the question of marriage is still a topical one.

Social customs are not written in blood. Most laws are created by man in order to fashion some sort of order that society should follow. However, over time a few established customs are subjected to scrutiny in the light of new evidence or progressive forms of thinking. The result is that old practices undergo change or are completely eliminated.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy and it includes the good demeanor, behavior, and life. It not only comprises the common conception of analyzing right and wrong, but also it gives the concept of “the good life”, a life that is worth living and pleasing. And this is considered to be more important than the manners and behaviors.

The author states that modern philosophy is philosophy done during the "modern" era of Europe and North America. The modern period runs roughly from the beginning of the seventeenth century until the present. There are two major figures of philosophy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

The author states that like the western psychotherapist, Buddhism, Vedanta, and Yoga have two main goals the transformation of one’s consciousness, of the way in which one perceives one’s innermost self and one’s existence and nirvana or the freeing of the individual from the various forms of conditioning thrust by the society.

The author states that theories of legal positivists were based on three things. Firstly according to them, it is not always that what the law should be is the law. It means that sometimes a legal thing is not moral. What the law is and what it should be are entirely different. Hence a society can also make law.

Primitive practices carried down traditionally enforced draconian measures including capital punishments on mere whims and fancies of the ruling class. New winds of changes were blowing across the continent of Europe in particular in the wake of the French Revolution and colonization, when scientific discoveries and explorations into unknown regions of the earth yielded new information, mineral and material wealth, and stimulated fresh reflections and insights into social practices and evaluative thinking.

Like philosophy enlightens us to the path of knowledge, so does humor. Aptly noted by Critchley 2002: The philosopher asks you to be sceptical about all sorts of things you would ordinarily take for granted, like the reality of things in the world or whether the people around you are actually human or really robots.

John Bowlby is the pioneer in the field of study on the phenomenon of attachment in human beings. The significance of the study of patterns of attachment in understanding our socio-biological behavior is being widely recognized by many recent studies. Human beings develop closeness with people in early childhood and are secure in the presence of people to whom they are attached.

This argument from Hume’s treatise is said to have paved the way for the foundation of the Theory of Evolution first proposed by Charles Darwin. The theory states that members of each species have a varying trait that is sometimes advantageous - allowing individual members of species to better survive or adapt to their environment.

In Technology and Ideology: The Case of the Telegraph, James Carey uses a so-called piece of technology to suggest that scientific advances can influence not only how people communicate with one another but also what it means to be human. Thus, he uses a lot of ideas prevalent during the Enlightenment and the Modernist period.

Without the non-material attributes necessary to achieve free thought it is apparent that free agency is a chimera. The misdeeds we commit are a collection of contradictions that relegate free agency to the realm of wishful thinking. If we possessed free will we would not be prone to addiction, greed, and the myriad of distasteful arenas we find ourselves in.

For an individual, the satisfaction of a good life comes mostly from the relationship with society and the individuals who form it. Life becomes more fruitful if an individual applies moral principles in each particular situation, thus learning how to skillfully master some general principles and sharpen his/her sense of practicality.

Diversity entails respect and acceptance of individual differences. According to Baron, Dennis and Isaacs, cultural competence is the process that allows individuals, systems and institutions to respond effectively and respectively to individuals regardless of culture, language, class, race, ethnic background, religion, sexual orientation or gender.

Rousseau, the prince among thinkers, thought that the collective participation of the people is necessary for creating the law of the state. He thought that to be a good citizen the person has to conduct many democratic and participatory tasks and law creation is one of them. “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” he said (181) .

Pictures and images are suitable to those only who lack more sophisticated expressions (Falzon 3). Plato has stated in Plato's Cave that when inside the cave, shadows on the wall are taken as real by persons not enlightened but the truth is that one need to come out in the sunlight to see reality.

Ethics can be defined as a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of what is morally right and wrong, good and bad. Then what is Morality "Morality is concerned to say as to how we should act and the kind of person we should become" (Source: Ethics - What is it Opening lecture).

Qualitative research looks for answers to naturally occurring social phenomenon and presents facts as they appear, with less chance of manipulation of the experiment. Data is collected through direct interaction with respondents to gain a good understanding of their perspectives. This research paradigm was developed when researchers struggled with weaknesses of quantitative research.

“In Theory of International Politics Waltz no longer relies on his first and second images to supplement war. He suggests that anarchy itself is the location of fear. The structure of anarchy means the states must compete for power in order to survive in this self-help system,” (Weber, 2001, p.32).

The mind-body problem is the problem of determining the relationship between the human body and its mind. Are our minds something different from our physical bodies Suppose we think that the mind is a substance of some sort -- a mental substance. We might still ask: Is there some way to explain what the mind, a mental substance, is, in terms of physical substance Or will we maintain that the mind is something totally different from physical bodies, and that we cannot explain what the one is in terms of the other at all