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Hegel maintained that true understanding can only be attained if one has a comprehension of ‘The Absolute’, and for Hegel the whole of human history and intellect constitutes a progressive self-realization of this Absolute spirit that takes place through ‘dialectic.’
In that sense, both men were different in their approaches. However, another similarity was that both men were classically trained philosophical thinkers who followed in the footsteps of their predecessors by rationally deducing logical and well-thought-out arguments. Each of these men should be revered for their great contributions to society.
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Paine’s famous philosophical political work is The Right of Man written in 1791. Besides the fact that The Right of Man is seen as a vindication of the French Revolution, it also clarifies the basic notions of Liberalism. In this work, Paine developed a political theory that identifies three basic principles; (1) society and civilization, (2) the origin of present old governments, and (3) the old and new systems of governments.
The main branches of Philosophy are: Metaphysics, which deals with reality, Epistemology, which deals with knowledge, Ethics, which considers moral values, Politics, which accounts for legal rights and governments, and Aesthetics, which looks in to nature of art.
The author states that currently an Emeritus at the Divinity School, University of Chicago, he has produced many renowned books on religion and theology. His book, Figuring the Sacred is one such book and is a wonderful collection of twenty-one essays. Paul Ricoeur is a European intellectual.
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However, in the previous and present centuries, we have witnessed the development of humanitarian laws and international human rights legislation which have been applied with the force of law in countries signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although the application of these laws is not maximized to a full degree.
Positive freedom may critique negative freedom, in fact, it emphasizes a weakness of positive freedom as a truly workable political theory. Specifically, this is because there is no obvious place to draw the line when it comes to an individual’s environment or setting and maximizing freedom in the positive liberty perspective.
The author states that due to the major impact on people’s life, Lao-Tzu is sometimes considered a divinity, or, at least a messenger of a Divine force. His constant efforts to teach others how to respect order and harmony at all levels have materialized into the work that is presently known as Laozi.
Critics have often asked whether this is the same difference as between “aesthetics and maths”. We often speak about hiring people in our offices or selecting our social circle on the basis that these people should have a good reputation or wear decent clothes. These are all matters of aesthetics.
The author states that Hegel’s notions start with the idea that knowledge does not have the ability to explain itself; therefore human beings must trust their senses to understand knowledge. The mind also comes into play here, because the mind processes all senses, and thus becomes the primary focus of knowledge.
Marx’s critique of religion is his critique of Christianity. Not only was Christianity the religion he knew best; but he also assumed, as did most Western thinkers in the nineteenth century, that Christianity was the ‘highest,’ the most developed of the world’s religions. Thus, when Marx speaks of ‘religion’ he has Christianity in mind.
It is important to distinguish the conceptual possibility of incorporating an extremely wide range of considerations in a consequentialist view from the moral question of what considerations belong in a moral evaluation. It is, for example, possible to define a consequentialist view in which murders that happen on Tuesdays are morally permissible.
In such situations small variations in behavior can have dramatic consequences, both positive and negative.
A contextual theory suggests that situations which induce stress for an individual diverts their attention resources and so inhibits optimum cognitive functioning.
In the time of Socrates, we can see two contrasting notions of education. The sophist treats his pupil as an empty receptacle to be filled from the outside with the teacher's ideas. Socrates respects the pupil's own creativity, holding that, with the right kind of assistance, the young man will produce ideas from his own mind and will be enabled to work out for himself whether they are true or false.
We all dream of a “Perfect Society” where there are love and respect for one another. We want to live in a peaceful world; with no violence, no jealousy, and no protests. Furthermore, we want society to have the discipline that almost all institutions work so hard to implement. True enough, we would have a better place to live in.
However, Locke, Rousseau and Kant changed our political perspectives, our understanding of the rights and duties of citizens and states and emphasized man’s right and responsibility to take political action, even revolution, when needed.
Writing and Difference waѕ firѕt published in 1967, and it contains a collection of eѕѕayѕ by this author from 1959 to 1966. This book has molded contemporary French thought and is hailed as the landmark aѕ for the iѕѕueѕ it deals with. Deconѕtructioniѕm iѕ the ѕtrategy of analyѕiѕ, moѕt importantly applied to literature, philoѕophy and linguiѕticѕ
The reason behind this idea is that Nietzsche believed that it was impossible for a system of morality to be established without breaking the laws it is set up t uphold. While there are many ways to interpret the phrase “Beyond Good and Evil,” the most appropriate and wide-reaching implication of the statement is the terms moral and immoral.
Hegel's dialectical philosophy was the ultimate expression of German Idealism, which was prevalent throughout his lifetime and was connected both to Romanticism and political revolution.
Arguably the most politically and economically impacting philosopher to follow after Hegel, Karl Marx in the 1840s "reproached Hegel for having absolutized into an ideal state the Prussian state" of his era.
As with love and knowledge, the concept, message, meaning, reasons, etc. of existence is also hard to define. There is no universally-accepted definition of the term. The twentieth-century view of existence that dominates states that existence is asserted by statements of first-order logic of the form "for some x Fx", as Wikipedia reports.
The author states that this viewpoint is in direct contrast to collectivism, which states that the opposite is true – that the importance of the community is high above that of the individual, and that the good of the community to which one belongs should be considered more important than one’s personal needs or wishes.
The author states that democracy usually gives way to monarchy and tyranny in the guise of achieving this goal, upholding the mighty ends. In, ‘Hanging’ George Orwell has drawn a picturesque representation of the last minutes of a condemned prisoner, and also the relief of the authorities after finishing their task of execution.
The definition requires the inculcation of the theory of Perceptual Relativism-which explains Socrates’ focus on the dynamics of perception. It is worthy to note that the man-as-measure theory is broader and requires deeper consideration because it encompasses deductions concerning values, such as “the just” and “the good".
He explained that when all men lived without a strong power, they was in the state of war, and "such a war as is of every man against every man" (Hobbes, Chapter XIII). Hobbes therefore supposed that a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire of power after power.
Aristotle believed that these were comparable in the sense, that these were arrangements of convenience, wherein additions or subtractions in the notions could be contrived at a theoretical convenience, just so that a link could be established amongst the theoretical construct originally proposed by them.
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The ridiculous man reaches a point of utter despair. Alienation has gripped him completely and when a young girl appeals to him to save some stranger’s life, he abandons her. He drives her away. Again, what is the point? This person will die regardless, right? Turning his back on humanity, the ridiculous man reaches a crisis point.
Greek philosophy since the beginning of time has often directed its focus on inquiry and reason. Scholars and philosophers of all times have made great attempts to define justice, Greek philosophers being no exception. This work makes a critical view of Plato’s definition of the republic, justice, and its (justice’s) application in society.
The author states that some philosophers hold the opinion that moral obligation refers to the laws that cannot be advised. Bentham gives the justification of good and bad as ‘pleasure’ and ‘pain’. According to Bentham, nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.
Marx argues the need for man to explore himself, within himself, Marx believes that it is futile for man to search here and there as all the answers. Man, who looked for a superhuman being in the fantastic reality of heaven and found nothing there but the reflection of himself, will no longer be disposed to find but the semblance of himself.
Nozick’s liberalism is entrenched in the theory of natural and core rights. All men are created equally as derived from the state of nature but in order to create a civil society men contracted for a just system of governance with essential human rights. This is the traditional theory of the relationship between the market and the state.
Throughout, he reiterates that an anarchic state should not be logical. According to him self-help and power are institutions, and they are not essential features of anarchy. He argues: “there is no logic of anarchy apart from the practice that creates and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another.” Thus, Wendt says ‘anarchy is what states make of it.
Durkheim contributed many theories and ideas that formed the base of development of modern studies in sociology and anthropology. He developed theories and ideas in social facts, division of labor, education, crime, punishment, law, suicide, and religion.
The idea, as well as Jean Baudrillard's theory of the society of the Simulacrum, is increasingly important in this age of different philosophic and psychological concepts relating to reality and unreality perception and comprehension. Many people believe that these issues and problems concern only those who are interested in philosophy and psychology.
Although the assertion that realities are socially constructed has gained considerable consensus from the academic community, the question of the agency that builds the socially constructed realities is not adequately resolved. The agency or authorship of language, culture, social groups, and macro structures in the making of the social construction of reality has been highlighted by theorists from radically different platforms.
Logical considerations can be used to justify the notion of attaching a numerical value to human life because it is arguably more logical in the context of the trolley problem. This is arrived at by including the sacrificed individual as a figure in the total number of individuals whose lives were under consideration.
I seriously value human life and the human values that man abides by. Human life is valuable because, without it, it is impossible to enjoy life and its pleasant consequences. I believe in the basic human values of love, freedom, and sacrifice because these three elements enrich and make one’s life memorable.
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Termed “isms,” some espouse benevolent and socially acceptable tenets, such as altruism, while others, like racism, reflect societal evils. Many “isms” have evolved into movements, promoting change by congealing the tenets of many into a single, employable ideology. Its advocates are bound to range in opinion and methodology.
The author explains that that abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. Abortion can be natural i.e. it can be the spontaneous expulsion of a fetus, commonly known as a miscarriage. Or it can be induced i.e. the removal of a fetus by medical, surgical, or other ways.
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In the Knight’s Tale portion of his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer finds the opportunity to articulate his view of chivalry. He forms his description of the knight as a “worthy man, that “from the time that he first began to ride out, he loved chivalry, trou the and honor, freedom, and curteisie” (Chaucer, 1974, p. 3).
Her cancer continues to progress.Her physician wants her to try an experimental chemotherapy that has a 15% chance of putting this cancer in remission.She decides not to do this.She feels she would rather die than go through another treatment,one that will remove her from her home and put her in the hospital for treatment.
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According to Bourdieu, trying to comprehend the ‘common sense’ understandings of a certain society or establishing the set of codes that is thought to govern social interactions misses the point of social life. This is because these approaches assume that there is a systematic nature of the object, predetermination of social phenomena to be accounted and communicative intent.
The author states that the philosophical thinking at that time has reached such borders, which it could not leave. The political life started to develop in the Greek republics has put forward new interests, much closer to an individual. The naive aspiration to world knowledge is superseded by the aspiration of an individual.
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Frank says "When a man finds that it is his destiny to suffer, he will have to accept his suffering as his task; his single and unique task. He will have to acknowledge the fact that even in suffering he is unique and alone in the universe. No one can relieve him of his suffering or suffer in his place.
Plato, being the idealist philosopher, described the idea of the Good in his volume “Republic” through the dialogues of Socrates. The idealization of the Good is described as the child or offspring (ekgonos) of the Good, as ascribed by the superlative model of goodness, hence attributing to the absolute determinant of justice.
A teacher has a distinctive role in education. I am sure, a teacher possesses such treasures that can never be taken away from one’s person – the treasures of knowledge. These treasures are such that they always keep on growing. A teacher is the one who is primarily a ‘Giver’ giving to pupils and seldom even expecting anything in return.
The author states that slavery, representation, tariffs, and States rights were the issues that rose during this conflict. The North was described to be primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major roles which actually led them to faster life while the South is primarily agricultural. They had plantations.
The author states that Mesopotamian attitude towards death was quite in contrast to that of the Egyptians. The Mesopotamians believed in the grim and dour hypothesis that sickness and death were a direct consequence of sins committed. They gave no leeway to this notion as any hope of salvation by a divine existence after death was lost on this cohort.
Since a good part of the world's population is now undergoing the pattern of change, we should raise the question of the adequacy of various theories to account for that pattern. “Many of the perspectives we have examined so far have dealt directly with modernization, or with certain aspects of it, including Smelser's structural-functionalist analysis of England's industrialization and the social-psychological approaches of Hagen.
He was later to be the only person to rival Plato in terms of influence on Western philosophy. Human nature was a subject that made both of them interested a lot and this essay will explore what they felt about this subject. Though there seems to be a lot of similar ground in both their thoughts, yet Aristotle later markedly differed from the views of his mentor.
The author states that anthropology contributes to cultural understanding insofar as anthropologists, through their recording and presentation of culture, unravel the complexities which surround cultural symbols and rituals and, importantly, play a fundamental role in rendering the unintelligible, intelligible.