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A long, thick muscle has more sarcomeres and produces a more substantial bite. A long mandible delivers a stronger bite as the masseter and temporalis are longer than shorter mandibles that make less biting force. The cutting point is more excellent if the ramus height is more significant and inclined.
Evolution is the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every biological organization level. All life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor.
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Coyne. The topic of evolution has been an argument from time immemorial. The mentioned book by Coyne covers this argument in a more detailed manner. He
Most of the subsisting genetically modified crops have been altered to enhance yield, through improved tolerance of herbicides or enhanced resistance to plant diseases. The future of genetic modification may entail changing the nutrient content of food, enhancing
It serves the western states and runs further into the Mexican delta. Due to global warming, the River has been running low.
Human activities are an immense contribution to the occurrence. Using the water for irrigation purpose along the banks attracts varying
Species have developed mechanisms to control speciation and breeding. In reproductive isolation, the environment installs external barriers to reproduction among members of closely related species. Two organisms from incipient species are rendered unable to reproduce. This can be achieved pre or post-mating.
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been a model organism for studying genetics for the last one hundred years following the pioneering work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1910. The ease of culturing fruit flies in the lab, the fast generation-time, and a large number of offspring from each female makes the fruit fly an excellent research subject for genetics.
The technique allows an mRNA molecule to be amplified as complementary DNA (cDNA) copies. In RT-PCR, the RNA strand is first to reverse transcribed into cDNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase and primers. Oligo(dT) is used as a universal primer for mRNA molecules because it binds to the endogenous poly(A) tail that all mRNA molecules possess.
It can be divided into MEIOSIS I and MEIOSIS II. Following are the list of phases through which a cell undergoes during the process of meiosis.
Before the
The Philippines happens to be the home of the world’s richest marine life, with chain support of more than 500 species of coral and 2,000 species of fish. Ideally, this is one of the greatest hotspots for marine life diversity. Despite being very tiny organisms, it is evident that corals construct some of the world’s largest and ecological important structures (Alicea, 2006).
For the first experiment, the plasmids containing the mutant and wild type LHX3 and LHX3b isoforms genes were constructed and then cultured with human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The controls were set up by culturing the cells with empty DNA vector plasmids. The plasmids were taken up by the cells to express the genes encoded by these plasmids.
Wild bloodstocks are stocked in maturation facility that is made of fibreglass tanks. The ration of male to females in maturation tanks is two to one. The total range of biomass is approximately 100-150 kg. Each maturation tank consists
The author made 240 attempts to bring Sciuirus app bios to Sciurus vulgaris, but there was no single successful reproductive event. The reason is that the two species have different behaviour, and the author found that the differences resulted from allopatric speciation and the bottleneck effect.
Pichia pastoris, a kind of yeast that finds its industrial use in recombinant protein production, needs to be cultured either in large shake flakes or continuously stored tank bioreactors after the initial selection of suitable clones and preparation of optimum standard for culture conditions. However, there is usually a potential problem with this process.
This transformation efficiency pertains to containing of certain Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium ions. SOC enables the transformation of bacteria and overall yield in this regard.
Every individual is different do things differently. This applies to learning methods too. Some people have one dominant style of learning while others use a mix of different styles. I agree with the results of the quiz that correctly guessed that I use a mix of kinesthetic and read-write methods of learning.
The negative impact supersedes the positive ones. The following are some of the negative impacts of the species; “the alien species caused damages to forests, it had a wide impact on agricultural practice; this
Consequently, the following discussion elaborates on the concept of Christian stewardship. It also compares the concept to sustainability, and concludes by highlighting the impact of this course on my personal perception
there are only four possible combinations that can arise as a result of the gametes. These include AB, Ab, aB, and ab. The variety in combination is useful in producing genetic variability in offspring. Otherwise, for the combination to be perfectly independent, the genes are
The family had sprayed a pesticide that contained parathion. Parthion is considered a very toxic chemical. Even though all the family members were exposed to the same toxin, they reacted differently. The family members’ susceptibility
It is necessary to try to separate the advantages and disadvantages of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Let`s start with disadvantages: first, the use of preimplantation diagnosis methods can damage the fetus that can lead to greater complications or even to fetus death. Another disadvantage of using this type of diagnosis may be reducing genetic variability within the populations.
Enzymes are biochemical catalysts for chemical processes in the cell by increasing the rate of reaction and lowering the activation energy. Substrates bind to the active sites of the
It can be agreed that a lot of research work has gone into the study of the primary causes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whereas many scientists have considered investigating the causes in general, others have considered investigating the specific DNA configuration and activities to explain the cause.
The plant, as well as animal life in Madagascar, is facing destruction that has been occurring at a much-accelerated rate proving to be fatal if not dealt with. The species of Lemurs have been in existence on this island for a long time. It is believed that their origin is in Madagascar although some of their species can be found in Comoros.
On the other hand, the oil residues remain heterogeneously mixed with water and can be skimmed off the surface of water through skimming mechanism.
The industrial waste water treatment process include the
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In terms of physiology, they are basically autotrophic with all their materials from inorganic sources and photosynthetic producing complex carbon compounds from CO2 and light energy. Some algae are secondarily heterotrophic but retaining fundamental
The author states that perhaps the best example of this is the famous Darwin’s finches that belonged to the same ancestry but owing to the different seed types present in the different islands, they radially adapted for survival, thus giving rise to several species mildly different from the original ancestral ones.
In secondary production, the main source of energy is the heterotrophs. They produce the chemical energy and the herbivores feed on them. Energy flows through the species in a cycle that is dependent of each other.
In an ecosystem, the production and movement of
Naturally, as it is necessary to be descriptive in order to introduce these arguments, there is a degree of descriptive emphasis within the paper. If you still do not feel as if it is critical enough, I can remove much of the description as I have written
There is a close relationship between the social skills and the development of the human brain. Social success determines the role an individual plays in the society in the future. The brain is one of the complex organs in the human body that controls every function of the body. Children learn social skills from their peers by mimicking what they do in certain situations.
There has been an increasing trend from the year 1700 to the year 2007 and further increases are expected in the year 2007.
According to Fig 1, the rate at which the PH of rainwater is decreasing is directly proportional to the increase in the volume of CO2 in the
Biological resources are vast and encompass various aspects of nature. Some however can be hazardous for example during tsunamis where oceans flood human settlements.
The other role of the respiratory system is to provide a defense mechanism through tiny hair particles in the nose and air passages that filter large particles and clean it with mucus in the respiratory
According to Snodgrass (67), “in bacteria and fungi, arginine inhibits the conversion of glutamate to acetylglutamate”. Also, only at high concentration levels, orthinine transcarbomylase and argininosuccinate synthase undergo feedback inhibition mechanism by citrulline and argininosuccinate, which are their respective products.
Unfortunately, there is no known cure for high blood pressure thought it can be prevented or controlled. It is therefore construable that with diminishing body weight, one significantly reduces the possibility of developing high blood pressure.
The recent development in genetic manipulation where it is possible to control the genes of bacteria and use them for benefits may be used in controlling the moth
Rolian and Gordon were to achieve the re-evaluation by re-examining the manual proportions of Australopithecus afarensis. The researchers were to base their re-examination on the assemblage of manual elements sampled from Hadar, Ethiopia. According to Rolian and Gordon (2013), the foundation for the conclusions was an assemblage of A.L. 333 composite fossil from Hadar, Ethiopia.
This paper discusses their differences and examples in details.
Codominance has both homozygous recessive and homozygous dominant. Homozygous recessive have a recessive characteristic that the offspring’s phenotype has to have the
The second phase is to make the living environment and the diet same for the two groups. The next step includes feeding one group of 10 laboratory mice with two-fold diluted black coffee and the other group of 11 mice on regular
This paper focuses on fermentation as a microbiological reaction that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The reaction aids in the conversion of sugars to alcohol or lactic acid. The process of fermentation refers to the conversion of sugar into alcohol by the use of yeast or the use of bacteria in creating lactic acid in certain foods.
Inflammation is the response of tissue to any kind of injury by foreign substances like bacteria and viruses, toxins, etc. causing pain, swelling, redness, and loss of function of damaged tissue. The white blood cells are the functional cells for inflammation and immunity and are released into the blood and fluids that penetrate the tissue.
Aseptic transfer refers to the several techniques and procedures that are employed to establish control with the aim of minimizing pathogen contamination. A streak plate is a technique in which the spreading of the loopful bacteria over a surface is done till the isolated cell is obtained on the surface.
Analysis of this data has led to elimination of alternative theories that attempt to explain the universe origin. Despite the elimination of other theories, the Big Bang theory remains unaffected
Seed banks are reserves of viable non germinated seeds in the soil or the soil surface, which enhances restoration and conservation of habitats. Thus, seed bank dynamics and what drives it should be considered
The author states that a person can contact Ebola through physical contact with a sick person. Scientists and doctors have tried so much to come up with various preventive measures for this particular disease, though they come across many challenges. This is because it is not known clearly where the animals that originally caused Ebola are situated.
Which of the following type of microscopy would be most effective in visualizing the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments 10–25 nanometers in diameter? Answer A.standard light microscopy B.phase-contrast light microscopy C.transmission electron microscopy D.differential-interference microscopy
There are unanswered questions that are concerned with the need for energy production by these insects as their normal diet itself is more than sufficient for their energy requirements. While there is speculation about using the energy gained through the photosynthetic process during times of stress, this, however, needs to be conclusively proven.