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According to Block the concept of consciousness is a hybrid concept. In his words. “The word `consciousness' connotes a number of different concepts and denotes the number of different phenomena. We reason about "consciousness" using some premises that apply to one of the phenomena that fall under "consciousness"
The author states that the basis for this theory comes from Marx when he said, “It is not the consciousness of man that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness.” Marx meant that merely being conscious could not determine to the extent that a person existed within the world.
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Frankfurt relates his theory to ‘hierarchical mesh.’ The idea is that an individual can have conflicting desires at a first-order level and also have a desire about the various first-order desires to the effect that one of the desires prevails over the others. A person's will is to be identified with her effective first-order desire.
The author states that his emotions, his hunger, thirst, etc, and he also states these senses are much more clear and formed than mere ideas that he came to through his meditations. All of these are described as a sort of “faith” in his senses, which he had discussed previously. He had no clear way to prove the correctness of these assumptions.
The author states that Plato’s The Republic is one of the greatest ancient texts that touched on the relation between the individual and the state. Plato’s presentation in the Republic shows us that human beings come together and create a community because they recognized that on their own it will be very difficult to satisfy their needs.
Emotions are intentional for instance we get angry with someone for a particular action they have committed. Hence there is a purpose and it is absolutely rational. Hume agrees with Solomon that the emotion of anger is caused by an external being of whose thoughts and sensations we have no idea of (102).
In this day and age, perhaps the value of a pantheistic view such as his can find relevance in resolving environmental concerns. If indeed inherent value can be imputed into nature and the environment, then it would be much easier to justify actions that are meant to preserve the natural resources of the planet.
If someone were to do his moral duty and perform an action consistent with ethical principles, then it would not matter if it had negative consequences. Such is the view that deontologists hold -- decisions are made and actions done on the merit of the rightness or wrongness of action and not on the rightness or wrongness of its outcomes.
The very fact that Socrates does not formally establish a final definition of virtue is can be rather attractive. In this sense, he may be acknowledging that virtue is not actually definable, rather it is an element that can only be described. Indeed, to state virtue as a specific factor, such as temperance or patience, confines it unnecessarily.
The thing that makes a will good or bad is the intention or purpose that is behind it. Inanimate objects like money are good, but once it is used to violate the rights of others then the money is considered evil. This is to convey that our decisions and use of resources must be for the betterment of ourselves and others.
This proof is characterized by a rational inquiry, purporting to prove through the faculty of reason that God must necessarily exist. In his letter to the Faculty of Theology of
Plato did his best to stand for what he believed in, the same way that I fight for what I think is morally correct. He fought for the truth, knowing in his heart that it will one day prevail, that goodness will continually overpower evil. Plato, indeed, is an inspiration that will forever make the human race realize that it is not enough that you believe.
Plato defines the virtuous man as one who works toward the greatest good in thoughts, as the primary impetus to action. Aristotle took this idea one step further still, combining action and thought as he describes the virtuous man as one who has the right and noble thought backed up by the prudence and balance of the courageous man of action.
By remaining loyal to this stance in his own defense, Socrates not only emphasized this importance to those who came after him but also ensured his words would somehow be immortalized as the only way in which he might be able to reach future generations. Socrates’ ability to see beyond his one moment in time to the greater effects of his teachings prove him to have been uncommonly wise.
The strengths and limitations of Marxism are associated with the theory’s exceptionally large-scale aspirations concerning social progression which Marx assumed would lead to the formation of a socialist and democratic social structure. Marxist theory has mirrored for people of all time periods and geographic locations of societal evolution the universal aspiration for individual development.
This idea has been explored in numerous circles, as it became evident in literature and, particularly visual art as a representation of the greater society. The postmodern movement, with its emphasis on illuminating the previously hidden or unrecognized sublime, brings ideas of the contrast between the sublime and the visual to the forefront.
This assignment also compares and contrasts the life of leisure with the life of idle pre-occupation and compares and contrasts how Plato and Seneca counsel their readers about preparing to die. According to Socrates, a person will be prepared to die or receive death, when he/she expected that death would arrive, throughout their lives.
The author states that mythology is often thought of as being something that was made up a very long time ago by the Greeks or the Romans and then passed on through generations to become bedtime stories for young children today. The special nature of this narrative is that it is devised to reflect the beliefs of a particular culture.
The earlier important narratives of Utilitarianism, to which Mill frequently refers, are that of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, Bentham, and James Mill. Utilitarian professed the aim of philosophy to strive for the greatest goodness (pleasure enhancement) of the highest number of individuals, with exemption from pains.
This paper is going to examine a few important authors and what they have to say on some of the most striking and important issues of today. Authors taking a religious standpoint look at the issue from a religious angle, whereas authors of Philosophy would look and analyze the issue from a philosophical point of view.
In the paper, there is a detailed discussion on how and why Machiavelli and Hobbes’s concepts on proper political legitimacy would not be parallel to Aristotle’s application of human nature to produce adequate political schemes for each separate society. Aristotle believed political thought was frustratingly struggling between two ideological entities.
A negative aspect of capitalism is that not many of the specific items can be produced by just a few people. Industrialism has seen to it that many of one specific thing can be made in a short span of time. This goes against the idea of capitalism. A person must be responsible for their own work, and yet they can only get so much done on their own.
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Daoism is based on a short book called the Laozi, later accorded the title Daodejing, meaning ‘the Classic of the Way and its’ Virtue,’ or ‘Way Power Book,’ which has the distinction of being the most translated work in world literature, second only to the Bible. The Daodejing is attributed to Laozi, endures as several extant texts.
Based on the concept of the Bourgeoisie and the proletariat, Marx states that the capitalist system is a minor initial stage of the total economic development of society. Furthermore, he stated that as people will lose private ownership of the land, the capitalist system will cease to exist and simply collapse on its own.
It seems that in the real world, there are no rules and the idea of a just war remains as much of an enigma as it was in the times of St. Thomas. While moral virtues and religion might have provided St. Thomas the means to consider war as just or unjust, today we can get the same information from the media and our intellectuals.
If we examine the issue of ‘native right’ in the light of Locke’s perception, it is clear that Locke never favored commonwealth judgments. Locke’s perception of people claiming whose judgments can be treated as identical with each particular member retains the ultimate power to judge whether they can justly make an appeal to heaven.
John Stuart Mill was the leading proponent of the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Mill believed in the qualitative separation of pleasures. He argued that intellectual and moral pleasures have a degree of superiority over other types of pleasure. He also believed in the superiority of happiness over contentment.
The speech represents the flow of energy, which comes down from Dao. Any energy must be used properly; any interaction should have its result. However, men are not always able to control the way they use speech. Meanwhile, speech possesses a great power of influence on humans. That is why it should be used carefully.
According to Locke, the state of war arises when the state of nature becomes contrary to the natural rights that people possess. The state of war shows why the government must regulate and protect property. Morality, law, justice and property, all exist in the state of nature before the formation and establishment of a government.
Some of the bad apples come to our notice and hence we end up removing them. On the other hand, a few infected ones might have stayed back to infect the rest of the fruits in the basket. Thus he contemplates the best method would be to remove all the apples or empty the basket totally and then carefully put back the good ones only.
Gauthier's attempt at justifying private ownership from an original appropriation in the state of nature fails to produce a complete justification of private ownership, which shows that private ownership and only private ownership is justifiable. His justification is partly because his arguments fail to exclude other possible forms of ownership
It is all about ideas and how one perceives them. Imagination leads us into a philosophical class where many students are sitting on benches and a lecturer is giving some age-old explanation of a theory devised by an epoch turned scientist, sociologist, or theorist.
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Some philosophers like Stoics deny that emotions have any moral worthwhile some others feel that emotions like compassion and sympathy are conducive to moral consciousness and behavior. Aristotle belongs to their category of philosophers who believe that emotions are essential to the right degree at the right time.
Eventually, the researcher will develop an argument based on the different opinions of the past and current philosophers with regards to the ways on how standpoint epistemology should be developed. At the end of the study, the researcher will make a conclusion by expressing her own point-of-view related to the arguments of several philosophers.
Subsequently, while explaining the concept of senses, he gave emphasis on how they were the window through which the world became a notion of understanding for the individual. He advocated the idea that “unless you dare to trust in your senses…all that array of words is in vain, that has been massed and deployed against the senses”.
This discussion talks that understanding the rules of the games is the first stage in the development of your life strategy. A map and a plan are also essentials in the formulation of a good strategy. Throughout this book, the author emphasized knowledge of the rules, knowledge of what makes people tick.
An identity that is stable is based on a person’s life, actions and influences, which make sense to them. It can explain the past and can chart out the future. We can term it lifestyle after a true Gidden style. By lifestyle one understands the luxury choices of the affluent class, but Giddens interprets it according to his theory.
The author states that in considering the question of suicide, the first chapter where Zarathustra comes down from the mountain is significant: from his lofty position, “Zarathustra wants to become a man again”. The old man criticizes him: “You lived in your solitude as in the see. Alas, would you now climb ashore?
In the paper, the author would like to touch upon this subject and try to discover some possible explanations of why the evil and evil people persist in our world if the Almighty has the powers to stop them. Furthermore, he would like to explore the thesis of humans being created in G-d’s image, according to the principles of Judaism.
The researcher states that he has to go along with Strawson because if we were to go strictly by the thesis of determinism, it will be difficult to live in a world where everybody is a slave to the dictates and decrees of eon number of rules. We live not by the prevalence of determinism, but by the “reign of benevolence and goodwill”.
Aristotle envisioned happiness as being attained only when we are able to live our lives according to our individual understanding of moral virtues which would lead to the use of practical wisdom. In making his case, Aristotle illustrates how there are actually several virtues, which he calls by the names of courage, temperance, magnanimity, pride, gentleness, truthfulness and wit.
Thus education is the production and prevention of changes. (Thorndike, 1912) Starting the discussion about education and its role in the life of every individual it is important to view sketchily the history of educational system development in Great Britain. This will allow giving important clues to understanding perceptions of education in society and the advantages and disadvantages of the system as a whole.
Traditional Chinese philosophies are gaining popularity in the Western hemisphere for a variety of reasons. In the medical world, researchers are realizing more and more that the human body operates as an interconnected system rather than connected yet separate cooperation between the mind and the body.
From a concept of character building, as taught by Confucius, the first independent teacher, to his students to raise their moral standard in public life, the neo-Confucianism has grown in all aspects of mind and heart, created by the limited appeal of Confucius concepts in front of the more universal concept of mind, as propounded in Buddhism.
Aristotle believed reality has a set of series known as a graded series of realities, each and every step in the series enlightening more and more those common relationships which make it an object of accurate knowledge. At the closing stages of the series, he said, the objects present no longer relative, but absolute.
Generally, by examining the various elements of Thoreau’s life, his rejection of the material world in favour of listening to the natural world around Walden’s Pond and removal of himself from the shackles of property ownership, one can begin to understand the basic tenets of the Transcendentalists.
According to Hebrew Scriptures, God is One and He is the creator of this universe. He existed before all his creation and created heaven and earth from nothing. Therefore, Jehovah the Hebrew God is all-powerful and omniscient. He is timeless and exists through his creations everywhere. He is immortal and has sovereign power over all his creation.
Positivism is the philosophy that true knowledge is scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge can only be determined through theories proven by a strictly defined scientific method. This is an adequate philosophy for sociology if used with other philosophies for sociology. Alone positivism would leave too many questions unanswered.
As the philosophers were concerned with the functions of things, feelings, and even individuals the idea of these elements performing to their best would have been critically important for them. Therefore, the concept of areté becomes understandable even though it loses none of its complexity when it comes to how the Greeks used the word itself.
I was once asked by my high school English teacher, “Byron, why don’t you participate in the discussions and activities?” I responded, “There is a lot to be learned from observing.” My teacher retorted, “There is also a lot to be learned from participating.” Today I believe that perhaps we were both correct.