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The author states that the basis for this theory comes from Marx when he said, “It is not the consciousness of man that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness.” Marx meant that merely being conscious could not determine to the extent that a person existed within the world.
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The 11th stanza begins with Hegel’s viewpoint regarding the current time period, which is a ‘birth-time’, or a period of rejuvenation or reincarnation. Hegel looks at this time as one which leads on to a new period. Hence this is a transition. The spirit has undergone several phases and had to change along with the ways of the world.
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It is this observation that continues throughout a person’s lifetime. A baby’s physical sight does not improve unless his visual field is challenged by having new objects introduced into his line of sight. Similarly, in order to challenge the mind, there must be forms or objects which must become more concrete
The author states that Freud further elaborates by stating that the desire to possess one’s mother is inherent in a child’s nature but this desire is embedded in the unconscious mind and can be interpreted through what we see in our dreams. Freud feels that a child is unaware of his inner desires and feelings towards his mother.
The natural rights view opposed excessive delineation or articulation of the rights by preferring to rest the burden of proof on the State. This is best shown in the 9th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states: “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others”
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This is illustrated by Augustine when he travels long distance including Rome and Thagaste in search of the truth regarding his doubts. Finally, it was in Milan where he concedes to sue the only truth and join the Catholic. Another social lesson learned is: personal development is a life-long process and there is are no skipping steps.
The researcher states that he has to go along with Strawson because if we were to go strictly by the thesis of determinism, it will be difficult to live in a world where everybody is a slave to the dictates and decrees of eon number of rules. We live not by the prevalence of determinism, but by the “reign of benevolence and goodwill”.
According to Block the concept of consciousness is a hybrid concept. In his words. “The word `consciousness' connotes a number of different concepts and denotes the number of different phenomena. We reason about "consciousness" using some premises that apply to one of the phenomena that fall under "consciousness"
The author contends that no one deserves his place in the distribution of natural endowments, any more than one deserves one’s initial starting place in society. He argues against the distribution of assets on the basis of natural assets. Natural talents, therefore, cannot be factored out of the distribution.
If Mary knew everything, she could not have learned about her impoverishment when she saw a red tomato. She could at least have seen something that she knew about it but in this case, she was hardly aware of the existence of such a thing. Seeing a red tomato would have helped her know more about red if she had had an experience like that one.
In his essay ‘Salvation,’ Langston Hughes has described his experience of the ritual of ‘salvation,’ that took place in his childhood. From the essay, it is clear that Hughes does not have faith in God and thinks that all the religious rituals are nothing but fake human drama. He has described the event that led him to lose his faith in Jesus
According to the study, the author Bruce V Taylor is an associate professor at the Menzies Research Institute. The author seeks to provide evidence that supports the claim that the environment has effects on Multiple Sclerosis casualties. His target audience includes both the MS casualties as well as the medical professionals dealing with them.
The author is careful to illustrate that it doesn’t matter if this reasoning is justified, true, or defeasible, only that reasoning, once employed, can be traced backward along a never-ending line of reasons leading to the conclusion. His argument is based on the concept of circular logic, in which statements are considered to be true because they contain within them the ‘proof’ of their origins.
For an individual, the satisfaction of a good life comes mostly from the relationship with society and the individuals who form it. Life becomes more fruitful if an individual applies moral principles in each particular situation, thus learning how to skillfully master some general principles and sharpen his/her sense of practicality.
In moral philosophy, there are three general variations in considering moral and cultural relativism. First, there is the strategy to deny that any sort of moral or cultural relativism exists, but the only way to make this claim is to appeal to some sort of knowledge beyond human existence, such as God.
We cannot state that something is out of our control, such as war, because everybody decides how they are going to be, and thus the only reason war exists is because we have chosen to be in a war that has caused the war. We also cannot state that we are taking place in a war because we had no other choice.
We can understand how they both can be synonymous, nothing and too many things, by considering how a vast amount of information can become so overwhelming that people are not able to really discern any amount of knowledge. If nothing is really learned, then nothing can be similar to too many things.
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The Book of Republic, comprising of ten books, is a series of dialogues by Socrates with ten other characters or followers, beginning with an elderly arms manufacturer, named Cephalus. The dialogues start at the house of Cephalus. These dialogues are recreated by Plato as his own way of philosophical inquiry into what makes an ideal State and an ideal citizen.
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In order for the system to work, argues Socrates, the city must be governed by philosophers. This idea of a ruler-philosopher is central to Socrates's argument and will go on to be constantly re-visited in the rest of the Republic. He, therefore, explains exactly what a philosopher is in this context.
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There is a general decline in the rule as time passes and each of these types of rule is superseded by a worse one. Unfortunately, the wrong ruler will also rule the just city being discussed because humans make mistakes and they will therefore choose badly. The bad leaders will focus on wealth and power while the goodwill wants justice and fairness.
Nietzsche warned that morality is not unconditional. Laws and moral rules are not set in stone. As cultures mature and grow laws and moral rules mature and grow as well. Not one human, even Nietzsche, is the possession of an all-knowing mind. Each human learns and matures in different ways.
In the introduction of a “Dionysian Drama on the ‘Fate of the Soul” the author, Keith Ansell Pearson compares the ‘genius of the heart’ to many things such as the tempter God and the Pied Piper. He beautifully enumerates how the genius of the heart smoothens out all the rough edges of daily life, making all those who come in contact with it, the richer.
Today slave morality can be seen in older African Americans. Older African Americans have a dignity that Jim Crow laws, segregation, and oppression can never take away from them. The dignified way they call every woman “Miss” or man “Mister” speaks volumes of the morality they have held throughout their lives.
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Aristotle is one of the greatest philosophers throughout human history. He has developed a number of great works ranging from philosophy to science. One of his famous works that contributed to ethical theory is The Doctrine of Mean. And his main contribution to ethical theory is the concept of happiness.
Titus Lucretius Carus was a disciple of the Greek philosopher Epicurus and this philosophic epic provides a wide understanding of the Epicurean world view (Lucretius (c. 99 - c. 55 BCE)) Epicurean philosophy is essentially steeped in materialistic philosophy and this is reflected in the philosophy of Lucretius.
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Although Plato wants to create a society in which everyone is treated equally, he recognizes that not all men or women are born with equal talents and abilities. Instead, he divides societies into three segments that correspond to the three essential elements of the individual – the worker, the protector, and the thinker or ruler.
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Plato points out how important it is for each individual to feel as if they are fully in control of their own decisions and challenges in life as well as the importance of shaping their education in such a way that they will choose to support the status quo. He argues that a person will only pursue something if they are given an opportunity to be interested in it.
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The author provides essential factors which contribute to the well-being of the citizens of an ideal state. Thus, in the Book III of the text, the author purports that the rulers of the state must be older and the ruled younger. He also maintains that the ruler must be the best of the citizens and he must be the best guardian who is best at guarding the city.
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In the Book VII of the work, the author provides an unforgettable image, the allegory of the Cave which illustrates the effects of education on the soul and this illustration leads to an important discussion of education which maintains that the fundamental aim of education of to transform the soul by changing its desires.
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The philosopher kings at first need to be educated in music, poetry, and physical training. Besides, they should have sound knowledge in numbers and calculations, geometry, astronomy, and dialectic. Plato holds that calculation, geometry, and other preliminary education to develop dialectic should be offered in childhood itself.
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Plato also expresses his views on concepts such as the form of good, truth, knowledge, the being, and the becoming. Plato offers utmost importance to the form of good and states that one has to pay special attention to grasp and learn the form of good. In order to learn the form of good one needs to make a distinction between what is really good and what is merely thought to be good.
According to Socrates, education should enable one to fight for the right cause and through real education, blind faith in the system should cease if it is not just. It does apply to me as the imparted education has made me rational and logical. It has enabled me to contemplate and can differentiate between right and wrong.
By dint of his dignified teachings, dedication to the human cause, and devotion to spreading the splendid message of peace, equality, justice, truthfulness, chastity, kindness, and purity of heart and mind, the great personality has left indelible imprints of his wonderful thoughtfulness and unique philosophy for the future generations to come.
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I think, therefore I am” that is at the heart of the dualism question. Through these thoughts, Descartes also claimed to have proved the existence of God since there must be something greater than himself that either gave him the capacity to sense the truth or has engaged in efforts to keep him continuously fooled.
Lack of education leaves a person in the dark so he does not recognize his true aspirations, and therefore he remains unhappy. Also, even if the person knows the higher interests that would make him happy, if he happens to be constrained or limited by social biases and prohibitions, then he will continue to be unhappy.
Kant expresses that judgments enable us to experiences beauty and grasp experiences as an ingredient of an orderly world that has a specific purpose. Ideally, the concept of judge and taste are inherently astonishing. Just like the old age that “beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder”, Kant insinuates that we often want others to agree with us when one says something is beautiful.
It is apparent from the presenting used by Smith that the essay "Joy " is persuasive. The narration of her experiences brings forth the understanding of joy and pleasure. Conforming to the Aristotle elements of proofs makes smith’s essay interesting and understandable. The various examples illustrated also reinforce the way persuasion is done based on the narration used.
Most people are familiar with death since they have dealt with it at some particular time in their lives. People’s view of death depends on several factors; the cause of death, gender and life orientation and acquaintance to the deceased. When dealing with death, feelings differ from person to person according to the circumstances of death.
The author states that in Truth and Method, Hans Gadamer makes the critical attempt at furthering the investigation procedures into the realms of truth begotten from experiences rather than from mere scientific researches. Historical studies play an important role in this regard as history itself is a legitimate verifier of meta-scientific philosophies.
The author states that existentialist thinkers concentrate on the issue of real and physical human existence rather than imagining the “human essence”. They assert that the preferences and choices in life are the determinants of “human essence”. Despite prioritizing the concrete human existence, existentialism renders some conditions as “endemic” to it.
The author claims that Epicureans advocated that for humans to circumvent their fear of gods, and their fear of death humanity should adopt a rational and highly practical approach to life. Epicureans feel confident that both god and death are not exceptionally preoccupied with human beings.
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The story is about different issues such as the war between good and evil, friendship, betrayal and courage in facing different trials. Another important issue is the capability to fight for one’s own dream and the need for taking responsibility in leadership. The said lessons can be considered conveyed by Lewis.
This paper discusses discourse ethics which can indeed address the dilemma of reason and relativism. In this paper will be a lot of examples to prove that the discourse ethics theory is directly responsible for the redressal. Also in this paper will tell about the theory of dilemma of reason and relativism.
The applicability of phenomenology in the explanation of the social world cannot lead to the assumption that the species concept does not suffer from weaknesses. In the literature, it has been proved that ‘both phenomenology and social constructionism have failed to acknowledge the inherently normative dimension of social and cultural life’
The theoretical frameworks serve to interpret the reality as it is within the organizational structures. Theories simplify and explain the happenings around the globe and in this context, explain the organizational management. The theories as they are do not always have a direct interpretation and may at times necessitate critical thinking.
Aristotle and Plato have debated about the Rule of Law. Barker writes about Aristotle's viewpoint and how being ruled by a constitution and rotation of office provides everyone with the same rights and worth, rather than being ruled by a king judging with his/her own feelings and thereby, not having a 'neutral' mind when exercising authority.
Human nature is one of the most talked about subjects in philosophy and Jean-Jacques Rousseau remains as one of the most outspoken theorists pertaining to the nature of man. It is, therefore, no wonder that Rousseau rose to fame as a central figure in the development of philosophy in the eighteenth century and one of the best-known exponents of the French Enlightenment.
As such, scientists are mandated with designing experiments whereby they try to obtain results to verify of disapproving a given hypothesis. On the other hand, philosophers are viewed as the driving force in the determination of the factors that will determine the validity of the scientific experiment.
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Emerson’s 1836 essay Nature is generally hailed as the “gospel” of Transcendentalism in America. Influence of Transcendental philosophy may be noted as Emerson prodded the reader to enjoy an original relation to the universe, instead of relying on past experiences and on sacred books, principles, and doctrine which is the main argument of the essay.
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Searle’s philosophy of social reality has had profound applications in the areas of law, economics, political institutions and social customs as it defines multiple layers of reality, including institutional and cultural realities that have their origins in the natural world. These contributions extend to both simple and complex realities of society.