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The concepts of authority and liberty according to Leviathan mainly focuses on ensuring that man responds positively to the authority above them and the best way of doing this is through ensuring that a covenant is made between them and the government. This is probably where the whole concept of government constitutions came from.
In the context of religion, for example, he asserts that faith is a genuine option. More specifically, he states that "our passional nature not only lawfully may, but must decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds" (Pojman, 391).
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Even Aristotle, the great philosopher of antiquity defined the meaning of the word "ethos" as a character or temperament and put it on the basis of the adjective "ethicos", the meaning of which is gaining new one - "ethical", defining the goodness of human character, i.e., wisdom, justice and other.
To explain this argument in detail, we are given an example; it is the function of lyre-players to play the lyre. In chapter nineteen of Aristotle, a good lyre player must perform and deliver the best.
It is a guideline that directs me in the right direction at any time. It shields me from the temptations of desiring to divert from the right path by continually reminding me of the repercussions.
However, it can be broadly defined as values and ideas that are important to you. For me, they are what I believe in and shape my everyday life, regardless of where I am and hold close to my heart.
One's life is not dependent on fate since a simple action can change our entire future. Life is full of opportunities from day to day that we should learn to take no matter the aftermath.
Regardless, the death penalty seems like the worst punishment that can ever be given to any capital offender. So it is the most detested punishment anyone could ever wish for.
Finally, the consideration of the ethical and practical side of this case makes an employee think about, who from the participants of the developed situation is actually suffered. It is important that this consideration allowed to make ethically and practically accepted decisions, without excluding the important cost issue.
Locke’s description of human nature differs from that of Machiavelli’s and Hobbes’. He states that everyone is equal in the society because. He states “no-one being subjected to or subordinate to anyone else unless God….were to declare …that someone person be raised above the others and given an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty”.
Consider a philanthropist who works as a financial trader. It is purely true that that individual can cause a global financial crisis hence affect the poor people negatively. This could not be intended harm on the poor, as their intention is to make money and donate towards their philanthropic activities among the poor.
The paper “Quality Philosophies of Toyota Motor Corporation” is a comprehensive variant of the case study on philosophy. Toyota is a Japanese automaker founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Based in Toyota, Aichi, the company has recorded immense growth since it was founded to become one of the world’s leading automaker.
The paper "Ethical Analysis Drugs in Sport" is a good example of a philosophy essay. Drugs are generally chemical substances that alter body functions. Some drugs have positive while others have negative impacts. The use of drugs can be illegal or legal. The illegal use of drugs to enhance performance is commonly referred to as doping.
Generally speaking, the paper "Values and Conflict in Organisations - Kant's Philosophy" is a great example of philosophy coursework. The theory of utilitarianism is derived from the philosophical work of James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism is based on two elements namely: good and right.
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3rd December, 2011.Four Causes by AristotleThis paper analyzes Aristotle’s four principles that he calls the causes. The study is bases on James Hillman (2007) arguments in his book ‘kinds of power’. To James there are four kinds of reason that
The paper 'The Phenomenon of Enlightenment' is a perfect example of a philosophy case study. Although the phenomenon of enlightenment was coined some times back in the eighteenth century by very important and key figures like Kant, JS Mill, Weber among others, many would agree that it continues to present a far-reaching impact.
The paper "Philosophy, State and Society" is an inspiring example of an essay on philosophy. Hobbes felt that society resembles a state of nature. In the state of nature, human beings are equal. By being equal, Hobbes says that they are capable of causing the greatest of evils to one another: death (Bobbio, 1993, 39). Also in the state of nature, items are scarce.
The paper "Efforts of the Great Philosophers in a Bid to Create Awareness about the Democracy" is an outstanding example of a philosophy essay. This chapter carefully and systematically dissects the manner in which the great philosophers (Socrates and Plato) came to condemn the democratic space in Athens.
Elucidations of Hume's rationality of religion are regularly made against the foundation of more broad understandings of his philosophical aims. From this point of view, it is not unordinary to view Hume's perspectives on religion in terms of naturalism and skepticism, which prominently feature in his 1739–40’s Treatise of Human instinct.
Thus, the essay has proven that John Rawls’ principles of justice are not only useful but also superior over others such as utilitarian accounts concerning these specific party constraints. The principles vouch for equality in society without obscuring the rights of any member of the society. The application of these principles will draw a society closer to the achievement of such an endeavor.
Happiness is generally aimed at making very deliberate moves towards an imaginary final end where one develops physically, emotionally, and intellectually by utilizing distinctly human capacities. A study of the philosopher’s works reveals that the human function is a consequence of rational soul activity compliant with virtues.
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John Rawls's arguments post the ability of original citizens to focus on their future behind the comfort of their sets and the veil of ignorance of what the future unfolds like for them. John however in his arguments retaliates that the society members involved in the forecasting and working on their future do not necessarily know what the future position they would hold. (Audard, 2007, pg. 193)
The identified relationship tends to constitute the body’s nature, both conscious and unconscious mind, and the emotional life experienced by the subjects while seeking the governance. Foucault majorly focuses on the question of how discourse shapes and creates the meaning of the systems gaining the status and the currency of “truth” and dominance in the manner that people define and organize themselves.
Are dreams just dreams and meaningless? In his work, Freud examines the ideology of dreams, their inception, and interpretation. Dreams are vital for the stability of the unconscious mind because they are the key representation of the operations by the unconscious mind. Freud's argument emanates from his own dream that he found to have had a meaning of what was in his unconscious mind.
Supremacy and independence were recognized as essential aspects of a state by the turn of the century as Davis indicates. Political power was also identified as central along with the law. This article begins by reviewing how various writers defined state in both the modern and pre-modern eras. With the report in mind, then I turn to how the criteria for statehood changed in the 20th century.
There exist a big difference between happiness and meaning and happiness without meaning does not lead to a good life. In addition, happiness is not the sole measure for a good life since it is viewed as a temporary state which transcends the self by feeding a person’s needs that satisfies their own selfish gains which in turn rule it out as an important aspect of a prudentially good life.
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The paper “Does Virtue Ethics Have a Satisfactory Account of Right Action?“ is a meaningful variant of literature review on philosophy. Virtue ethics usually puts its emphasis on the character of a person. It stipulates that in any given situation or circumstance, a virtuous person would do the right thing. Therefore, a virtuous person is one who has virtues and exercises the character traits of virtues.
Railton did try to defend the objections of act consequentialism as a cold, unfeeling, and demanding theory. However, our discussion seems to find the response of Railton sufficient to warrant its success. It becomes difficult for a person to use the act consequentialist theories that allow deviation of methods from the intended goals.
Various essays are discussed in the book on topics such as drug use, hate speech, political correctness as well as gun control. The work of LaFollette is worthy of reading by any student learning philosophy since it offers rigorous philosophical views that are engaging and enable students to critically think on moral issues from a wider perspective.
In conclusion, it can be drawn from the above explanation of the existentialism theories that one of the major differences between theorists is the view they possess, on whether the main queries of our being can be answered. In a general argument, theorists agree that there is a possibility of incapability not to answer these questions completely being still in our finite form.
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The essay will also focus on the advantages and the disadvantages while comparing them all together in regard to the relationship that these theories have with society and how society perceives and understand the theories. Finally, an overarching conclusion on the best philosophy sums up the essay.
The introduction of novel scientific approaches and the subsequent development of the industrial revolution in the 19th century were some of the consequences of Enlightenment. The impact of these consequences included environmental pollution and the rise of a gullible population operating on reason while neglecting traditional and objectives practices of different societies (Horkheimer, 1993).
The argument for the existence of matter by Descartes is elucidated in everything else that has the capacity of being ascribed to body presupposes extension. Descartes argues that any substance that exists is matter (Cottingham, Stoothoff & Murdoch 1984, p.17). The reason is that every substance constitutes property in its nature.
Enlightenment led to great innovations, the industrial revolution, increased freedom, and increased tolerance. Human reason underwent a significant transformation and his perspective changed with the acquisition of knowledge. This era led to the emergence of prosperity and advancements that manifest in the present age.
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The paper "Eclipse of Reason by Horkheimer" is an inspiring example of a book review on philosophy. Max was a German Jewish sociologist and philosopher whose critical theory works earned him popularity. At the epitome of his career, Max published his book, Eclipse of Reason in 1947. In his book, he offers key arguments on instrumental reason, subjective reason and objective reason.
Jamieson goes further in identifying the challenges of moral theories. He defines feminist sensibility as a problem that occurred among the philosophers in the late 1970s. The other challenge was the widespread skepticism related to the authority that occurred in the 1960s. The scholars who were affected by these problems differentiated and the majority emphasized motivation rather than obligations.
The paper "The Philosophy of John Rawls and Ronald Myles Dworkin" is an outstanding example of an essay on philosophy. John Rawls (b. 1921, d. 2002) was a well known political philosopher of American origin who deeply envisioned the good of society based on equal rights for all, encompassed within an economic framework that was both free and egalitarian.
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It is based on these premises and observations made about the relationship between the law and morality comes into direct focus eliciting a lot of debate and interest with different schools of thought used to try and make sense of the kind of relationship that exists between these two all-important forms of social guidelines and parameters by which human coexistence is assessed and understood.
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Ethics is concerned with the study of theories regarding moral values, as well as the concepts used for their identification and assertion. It consists of superlatively significant critical reflection on the values by which humans live, as well as on which humans base their judgment about how they should live and relate with others.
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Keller defines philosophy as a set of beliefs and perspectives regarding the universe and life that an individual holds uncritically. This meaning is categorized as the informal sense of having a philosophy. In this type, it could be reasoned that when an individual may refer to philosophy as “my philosophy” in reference to an informal personal attitude to the subject being discussed.
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Despite the multiplicity of approaches scholars and philosophers have given with regard to physicalism, theories continue to rise and such have continuously attempted to provide explanations on the underpinnings of physicalism. Recent approaches by scholars have linked their theories to physicalism by giving the connectedness of physicalism to mental states.
Aristotle’s book on rhetoric was one of his longest literary works while Plato’s books were dialogues in form of literary works that were used to portray the impact of human speech when the purposes of a speaker are clear without selfishness. This rhetoric was observed from a speech in political meetings, individual talks as well as courts of law (Herrick, 2005).
As compared to other types of functionalism, Searle does not present very strong arguments against empirical functionalism. This may be due to the fact that empirical functionalism mainly focuses on defining mental states based on scientific theory. As Braddon-Mitchell & Jackson, (2007, pp.85-87) observe, empirical functionalism directs its attention on knowledge generated through experiments.
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The universality of human rights is based on liberal political ideology. As opposed to the cultural nonconformists, who believe that a community is the basic unit of society, universalists assert that an individual is the basic unit of any social set up with inseparable civil and political rights as well as the right to property ownership.
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Still, Darwinism fails to make testable predictions, but it can make predictions concerning the evolution of variety within favorable circumstances (Rennie, 2008). However, it is barely likely to explain in broad terms what favorable circumstances are apart from the fact that, in their presence, various forms can surface.
This thesis will use constructive and well-planned arguments to show that the current arguments and literature calling for a burqa ban is frail and trivial and explain how banning the burqa is an easy resolution to a nation’s identity crisis. It will examine the limited literature addressing the banning of the burqa to advance understanding of the issue and to develop the argument.
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Unhappiness arises from the confusion and the lack of satisfaction with the option that is finally chosen. Interestingly, researchers have empirically proved that choice overload can negatively affect the happiness of individuals. However, opinion on this topic remains divided as some research shows that increased choice brings about happiness.