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“Delusion” is another type of lying which is a tendency to see excuses as an alternative to truth. According to Eric Hoffer, “We generally lie loudest when we used to lie” (Ericsson 3d). It is one of the most powerful ways of lying. Delusion affects the ability of the mind in order to create a perception of truth.
Individual happiness is a broad notion that involves experiencing favorable and delightful emotions, fewer instances of negative vibes, and high life satisfaction. The encouraging experiences embedded in high individual happiness are a key framework of positive psychology since they improve life by making it satisfying.
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The emerging finding out of the statement advanced by Socrates is a two-way result. The first observation is that it is true that a wise person will always act well. This is seen in cases where people make decisions that benefit humanity. On the other hand, we have wise people who have made decisions.
In general, the study of ethics has intrigued the faculties of scholars since early philosophers and ethicists during the times of Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle, to name a few. Ethics is defined as “branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions.”
A personal goal is the desired result that a person envisions to attain or achieve in a given timeframe that is associated with some sort of development according to that person (Gleeson, 2003). There are short-term and long-term goals depending on the time frame3 within which the person has set to achieve that particular goal.
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Theories of knowledge try to explain the acquisition of knowledge and how we can ascertain whether the knowledge we have is reliable. Researchers always try to make discoveries and thus discrediting what we already believe to be true. Sometimes they make discoveries which remain relevant for a long time; e.g., mathematical principles rarely change.
Nietzsche’s relevance as a profound philosopher lies in his originality and firm belief in the immense potentiality of the human self. His uniqueness also stems from his staunch expression of sadness at the human self which, he claims, is constrained at the hands of western traditional morality and Christianity.
In this day and age, perhaps the value of a pantheistic view such as his can find relevance in resolving environmental concerns. If indeed inherent value can be imputed into nature and the environment, then it would be much easier to justify actions that are meant to preserve the natural resources of the planet.
It would not be a mistake to suggest that faith plays a considerably important role in humanity's life. Despite some people denying GGod's existence, they object to faith shows that they take the latter into account. To support the above thesis, it may be suitable to engage the views of St. Thomas Aquinas. First, one should quote his famous expression: "whatever is in our intellect must have previously been in the senses" (Aquinas).
Scientific materialism is a conceptual framework used by men of science in examining and exploring a specific thing or idea; it categorically views morality (e.g., religion) as a “function of culture or biology” (Schultz, West, & Maclean, 1999). In Marxist scientific materialism, religion as an idea is like opium. In Galileo’s scientific materialism, however, religion and science are one.
This concept revolves around the human consciousness and it is the main factor, which determines the thoughts, behaviours, and perceptions of human beings. This paper aims to analyze the concept of self in the light of broad and diverse academic resources.The concept and philosophy of self-revolve around the individual consciousness and awareness, which he or she has for him or herself.
Descartes’ argument for the existence of God hinges on the belief that God is "eternal, infinite, omniscient, omnipotent, and the creator of all things that exist apart from him". Descartes argues that he is himself finite (doubts and lacks and therefore imperfect) and hence he could not create such an idea of himself.
Of course, Jefferson did not mean to imply that we all had equal wealth, weight, color, or talent. The mythical view of a world where everyone was completely equal exists only in a world of science fiction robots. However, these words conveyed Jefferson’s belief that all men were entitled to an equal voice in government, had a right to equal protection of their life and property, and had an equal right to self-determination.
Positivism is the philosophy that true knowledge is scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge can only be determined through theories proven by a strictly defined scientific method. This is an adequate philosophy for sociology if used with other philosophies for sociology. Alone positivism would leave too many questions unanswered.
Thus, those interested in finding the source of knowledge that guides souls have developed different theories to explain the same. Some of the theorists for this subject are Descartes, who discussed mediation in describing God's role in determining one's morality; Locke also inquired about human understanding.
Commandments are set to act as a guideline in many areas especially where there are interactions of individuals. They also are set to act as a guide at a very personal level of individuals in their day-to-day activities. Commandments are stipulated for certain professions, social networks, religions, and leadership. In essence, man requires direction and guide in every area.
Almost all religions call followers to work and, hence, work is a vocational calling. There are different forms of work, and workers are always at will to change places of work and type of job where possible. Everybody seeks to perform better in their work, as the level of work performance measures the value of a worker. Christianity urges its followers to give labor its due priority but not to idolize it.
If we have an explanation for something, then we will not attempt to push the limits of our knowledge to find the reason why something actually works the way that it does. Hume the empiricist would be essentially opposed to anything that by nature would be setting limitations upon the knowledge that can be gained through human experience.
There is no one best style of leadership. A style for one situation may fail in another situation. In determining leadership styles and models, various variables have to be studied and analyzed: role assumed by the leader, distance of leader to the group being led, knowledge and control of resources, nature of the task, the motivation of worker.
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The author Thomas L. Friedman is a columnist for the New York Times and an author of series of other books. He brings a new look at the crises pertaining to the destabilization of the climate and change in the competition of energy. He strongly opposes the activities that promote global warming.
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The story is one that is full of comical relief about the way in which the people of the time always related to each other. It brings to light the relationship that existed between master and slave in the Roman Empire. In the entirety, the play was written so as to entertain the people that were free at the time.
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In his essay, James Rachels argues that an ethical egoist cannot be refuted or challenged. This paper will deal with this particular argument of James Rachels regarding ethical egoism. My Personal opinion on this claim of James Rachels will also and arguments will be given to support my personal opinion.
Taoism and Confucianism are two of the most influential philosophies in ancient Chinese history. Both have their origins in the sixth century BC, during the Spring and Autumn period, a time when China was divided into many small states. While both philosophies share similar principles such as living in harmony with nature and seeking inner peace, they have distinct differences that set them apart.
The essay also looks into different cultural perspectives on happiness, and how our views of it may differ from one another. Finally, the essay will explore the implications that different forms of happiness can have for our lives and relationships.
Looking back into the historical context can provide insight about how societies, cultures, and people interact with one another; by studying history, we can learn from past mistakes and successes, comprehend our current situation, and better plan for the future.
For some, finding purpose and meaning in life leads to greater happiness and fulfillment; for others, it can become a source of frustration and confusion. Regardless, it is an essential part of life that we all must grapple with at some point in our journey.
The paper "Australian Global Society: Rawl’s Central Argument for Justice as Fairness" is a good example of a term paper on philosophy. John Rawls seeks to explain that justice can only be served through fairness. Rawls tries to explain the concept of justice through what he calls the ‘principles of justice’. He argues that all decisions in society are supposed to be made through a social contract.
Rousseau clearly indicated that man is different from animals for he has the ability to make choices, the ability to act against instinct and inclination, and therefore moral action is possible. A child has rights governing its speech, education, and religion. In case of conflict of interest, the right of the child is considered more important.
Death has had a progressive dissociation that results from the process of human life, through the rituals as well as customs abandonment surrounding the dying and dead people. As a result, death is continuously fought against, very often hidden, and widely ignored. Death and Dying are among the most significant psychological studies.
One of the main basics of the common law system is the concept of justice and fairness personified in classical principles of government. It is important to draw a division between the righteous approach of classicism with its emphasis on the social bond and the balance between the social good and individual liberty which are the center of ‘conservative’ thinking of crime and punishment.
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The moment an individual grows powerful than the perpetrator of force, he disobeys it. Such compliance to coercion can neither propel a human being towards duty nor to the higher call of the morals.
Mandela understands that a court of law is more a finder of fact than the truth because truth can be obscured by the emotions of idealism. That while it is idealism, perhaps, that compels certain actions, it is nonetheless a court, a finder of fact, whose task it is to sift the idealistic “truth” from fact and act according to the facts.
The very fact that Socrates does not formally establish a final definition of virtue is can be rather attractive. In this sense, he may be acknowledging that virtue is not actually definable, rather it is an element that can only be described. Indeed, to state virtue as a specific factor, such as temperance or patience, confines it unnecessarily.
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Nevertheless, Cottingham attempted to consider the lives of those who chose to live following their animalistic instinct, which is being aggressive and egotistical in the absence of restraints. He pondered whether this immoral kind of life, exemplified by his concept of the “committed torturer”, has the right to become meaningful.
This paper has highlighted why multiple realisability is a problem for type-identity theory. The key element underlying multiple realizability objection is the assumption that: looking across species will yield type differences in brains despite the type identities of mental states. There is apparent heterogeneity of the mental domain itself.
In philosophy, the word dualism refers to the activities of the mind. Dualism is the measure of loss in the world. “In dualism, ‘mind’ is contrasted with ‘body’, but at different times, different aspects of the mind have been the center of attention”. Dualism is a set of views, which explains the relationship between mind and matter.
Eliminativists argue that the “folk psychology” has failed mankind--eventually needing replacement with descriptions derived from the neurosciences. Such philosophers thus highlight the significance of biological research, as well as recent findings in artificial intelligence to support the theory (Armstrong, 1999, p. 95).
Intuitionism is an older theory that has its roots in the works of Plato, while Emotivism is a newer theory that developed in part as a response to Intuitionism. While neither theory is perfect, Emotivism has fewer flaws in general.
Maybe this was the reason why Socrates posed a mathematical problem to the slave boy to prove his theory. Socrates picks up a slave boy from Meno’s entourage and gives him a geometrical question for answering. He draws the geometric figure of a square on the ground. But the boy fails to find twice the area of a square when asked to find it.
The hierarchical structure of nature, however, does not give us license to attribute any greater value to one level than to another: all things in nature are equally valuable. Leopold’s egalitarianism in this respect has striking implications for the general concept of a “community”—a concept instrumental to his view.
Ethics that considers evil in terms of the abstraction of miserable human conditions, pain, suffering, and intolerance, as Neo-liberal ethics considers as “radical evil” in the case of the extermination of the Jews, is the one that prioritizes the concept of evil. However, essentially Badiou asserts that Evil is what human beings perceive because of their inborn Good.
In sum, the notion of truth is relative and very subjective as it reflects historical traditions of social organization and the theory of science. Still, it is possible to say that mathematics possesses universal truth accepted and followed by all people, while art and ethics reflect individual truth typical for some communities or individuals.
What is the most sought after thing in this world of materialistic civilization, impacted by the industrial and internet revolution? The younger generation and nine out of ten replies that they are ‘worried’ about success in life. The remaining one per cent says that they think about the success of their love life.
It pulls us to examine the extent of what we can fathom to the reality of our existence and our subsequent purpose to which we follow through these inherent complications in what we call life. In a world of constant search, the indefinable is often identified as a failure. The governance of reason over everything is what keeps minds at ease.
There is another important point to make about relativism and morality. Since relativists usually are agnostic or atheists, they might well also call themselves existentialists. This is a very depressing worldview which can mean exactly the same thing as nihilism. There is no meaning to the world. Since God does not exist in everything.
If we are to follow Camus line of thought, what matters in life is not being able to find inherent meaning in the world but the opportunity to create one’s own meaning and purpose by having the freedom to reason and decide for one’s own self. In recognizing that it is absurd to seek any meaning in the universe but still keep striving.
There is so much wonder and strangeness in the world that it is actually quite difficult to do what he did: reduce it all to ash. If he could see how the world is designed for us to live in and enjoy, he would have changed his mind. If he could just look at the beauty around him and stop worrying about his own problems he would have felt better.
The second formula is the formula of humanity. In these regards, Kant believes that an individual should not treat fellow humans as a means to an end, but an end in themselves. For instance, to use a person only to gain access to their garden would be wrong unless there was genuine friendship or personal appreciation involved.
One can read Derrida and Heidegger in the same manner, observing how the process of text interpretation fuels the growth and expression of subjectivity in life, through writing, understanding, speech, dialogue, and debate – all meta-linguistic means in the semantic context of the post-modern school of thought.
Socrates was occupied with educating the youth population on the importance of moral excellence. Socrates emphasized the need to apply Sophists intellectual principles in moral contexts. Socrates asserted the need of eliminating ignorance before engaging in any deliberative process.