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The argument for the existence of matter by Descartes is elucidated in everything else that has the capacity of being ascribed to body presupposes extension. Descartes argues that any substance that exists is matter (Cottingham, Stoothoff & Murdoch 1984, p.17). The reason is that every substance constitutes property in its nature.
The introduction of novel scientific approaches and the subsequent development of the industrial revolution in the 19th century were some of the consequences of Enlightenment. The impact of these consequences included environmental pollution and the rise of a gullible population operating on reason while neglecting traditional and objectives practices of different societies (Horkheimer, 1993).
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The essay will also focus on the advantages and the disadvantages while comparing them all together in regard to the relationship that these theories have with society and how society perceives and understand the theories. Finally, an overarching conclusion on the best philosophy sums up the essay.
Various essays are discussed in the book on topics such as drug use, hate speech, political correctness as well as gun control. The work of LaFollette is worthy of reading by any student learning philosophy since it offers rigorous philosophical views that are engaging and enable students to critically think on moral issues from a wider perspective.
People are ranked according to education level attained, present employment title and socioeconomic status not only by a society that rewards perceived social status but by the individual as well. This also leads to stress. The social status one achieves is merely a perception; it is an illusion, a creation of man.
By separating the concept of God from the concept of earthly rule, Locke was then able to continue his discourse to enumerate the natural law of man that claims each individual has the basic right to life, liberty and the pursuit of property and that the role of government is merely to protect these rights.
The author states that in relation to the general practices, the intended meaning of the author is usually secondary to the reader’s meaning. Besides, the identity of the author is a stable self having a single discernible intent is considered as fictional. However, post-structuralism refutes the notion that a literary text has a single purpose.
The author states that learning occurs through observing what others do, this has been firmly supported by Bandura’s learning theory. It has been observed over numerous decades that children learned from their parents through passive learning. Many research studies point out to this affirmation, observation creates a trigger of mind.
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The author states that his friend’s life seems so hyped because of the things he always talks about when we are together. He offers his advice and it is hard to take them because they have clearly not worked for him so far. He always looks shabby despite being dressed in some of the best designer clothes.
The author states that the Marxist view rejects liberal view on state cooperation and focuses mainly on the economic aspect where it uses the mainly materialistic interpretation of historical development in its beliefs. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels inspired it in the 19th century and ever since it has inspired several political ideologies.
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Michel Foucault is one of the philosophers who have redefined western thought in terms of bodies and sexualities. Judith Butler and Simone de Beauvoir are feminists who have continued in the quest for identities, challenging the ways in which social constructs like gender and identity define the perspectives of individuals and society.
Frankfurt relates his theory to ‘hierarchical mesh.’ The idea is that an individual can have conflicting desires at a first-order level and also have a desire about the various first-order desires to the effect that one of the desires prevails over the others. A person's will is to be identified with her effective first-order desire.
According to Hodgson’s research Darwin was neither a racist nor an imperialist, in fact, his work has been associated to everything from liberalism to conservatism and from war to pacifism (Hodgson 2004) which clearly shows that attributing the much-acclaimed Darwinian Theory to be the basic gist of Social Darwinism would be like a generalization.
There are people who oppose redistribution of income because they have certain reasons to justify their stand in either based on actual experience or pure reason. There are also people who would love to adhere to libertarian principles because they believe that paying taxes is the right thing to do because it particularly gives value to a person.
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The Hemingway novel shows love’s blindness makes the world a challengingly meaningful place to survive. love can be defined as blind. Blindness equates to darkness. In the dark alley of love, people fall in love with many seemingly wrong reasons. The Hemingway novel proves love’s blind ingredient creates a challengingly meaningful world to live in.
The article focuses on four branches of Bacon’s ideology and they include the mind, the body, and their leagues. In addition, the article further examined the relationship between the body using natural philosophy, philosophy of the man and the moral philosophy. They argued that imagination is a powerful aspect that influences the conception of cure.
The author states that the philosophers also believes that a good leader is one who shows or posses the interest of the citizens at heart. Good leaders as described should be able to show their ability to display their ethical judgments on different situations which requires them to make a decision concerning an action.
It may be viewed as rightful thinking to conclude that Goodman’s thinking of what the problem of induction shows does not offer any new insight different from how it was viewed in the past. But instead, his approach seems to presents an illustration that seems to be filled with complexities thus an answer to the problem is yet to be discovered.
In conclusion, it can be drawn from the above explanation of the existentialism theories that one of the major differences between theorists is the view they possess, on whether the main queries of our being can be answered. In a general argument, theorists agree that there is a possibility of incapability not to answer these questions completely being still in our finite form.
The author states that ethics have been studied for thousands of years and there are many varieties. According to Richard T. Hull, there are two types of fundamental ethical theories: those that say a person should choose their actions to "maximize the value or values to be expected as consequences of those actions".
The author discusses Anselm’s ontological argument on the existence of God in order to understand the crux of the matter. Anselm’s ontological argument is cited in the second chapter of his theological discourse Proslogion and is considered to be one of the most written about philosophical arguments ever.
The author states that though few remarks for Nature from these poets come directly to clarify their philosophy and thoughts on Nature, it is obvious that nature in most of their poems appears to serve the purpose of a background that is vast, endless, somber and generous as Nature itself is.
While sympathy is the act or power of sharing the feelings of another, empathy is the identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives, etc (Robin, 2009). In any case, both sympathy and empathy are definitely connected with morality which is concerned with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong.
The crowd is the most dangerous, the most powerful and the most irrational and helpless entity that can ever be. Crowd deprives us of our individuality, of our “Selves”. This is clearly shown by Orwell in his “1984”. One does not have to actually be out there, among thousands of people in the crowd, in the street, to be a part of it.
The author of the paper states that Sophocles' plays celebrate the superiority of humans, who are the crowning glory of God’s creation, and the master of their environment. But his plays seek to show that temperance of spirit in humans is a must, and cautions against irrationality and wild emotions.
In order to gain a clear understanding of the concept of scientific progression, one needs to have a clear understanding of the general concept that starts with the origination of the concept and its meaning. The word progress, derived from the Latin language pro-grade, refers to moving forward, advancing towards the next step.
John Stuart Mill was the leading proponent of the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Mill believed in the qualitative separation of pleasures. He argued that intellectual and moral pleasures have a degree of superiority over other types of pleasure. He also believed in the superiority of happiness over contentment.
The prominent flaw with Plato and Aristotle’s political philosophies is the exclusion of women from political and social life. A reader will obviously notice, even at first glance, the excessive use of the pronoun ‘he’ and the noun ‘man’ in their literary works. This error has proven to be immortalized.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was one of the creators of German idealism and an influential German philosopher whose philosophy of art or aesthetics constituting the first sub-section of his philosophy of absolute spirit forms part of German’s rich aesthetic tradition.
With a specific focus on a cultural problem such as gang violence, the following line of logic can be helpful in finding the problem’s origin. On a primary level, one can look at a city as a sort of infrastructure. Each and every metropolis that becomes more and more modernized sets a higher standard for cities that follow as their predecessors.
Russell would then state that Berkeley was stating that the existence of the matter of the table and the existence of the sensory perception of the table are two different things, and Russell felt that the sheer mention of the independence of the two implied that there obviously was in fact reason to believe that the matter of the table existed.
Foucault has expressed in detail the meaning of having such a spatial arrangement of buildings for prison schools and factories in terms of enabling maximum visibility and vigilance. Foucault further argues that this gives rise to a new form of self-disciplinary practice (which Foucault calls as internalized disciplinary practice).
The reason is a way of knowing that is common to any human being living on this planet. It is, in fact, a logical way of thinking that is natural and hereditary from the very beginning of humankind. The reason is one of the strongest ways of knowing, taking into account some other ways of knowing depend on it for guidance.
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The author states that to formulate Freud’s theories and demonstrate their effectiveness, it was necessary for Freud to think ‘outside the box’ of his contemporaries, to employ the various stages of creative thinking in order to change the way in which most doctors viewed the appropriate treatment of their mentally disturbed patients.
The author states that in global commerce, the closest one can come to a simple definition is that functionalism is a modification of the Marxist philosophy. Marx expected the ruling class to be replaced by the working class and government to wither, while the functionalist view shows it inextricably intertwined with international trade.
The author states that one of the challenges that confront human existence is the quest for a condition that will perpetuate and enhance human life. This challenge is continuously addressed on the supposition that “a human being can maintain his existence only when he has placed himself under, particularly favorable conditions.
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In the late 1800s, a philosopher and mathematician by the name of Edward Husserl (1859-1938) developed a philosophical approach known today as Phenomenology, which re-introduced the concept of subjectivity into the consideration of individual development. Husserl felt it would be especially useful as an initial inquiry to identify the major objectives of further study.
According to Hebrew Scriptures, God is One and He is the creator of this universe. He existed before all his creation and created heaven and earth from nothing. Therefore, Jehovah the Hebrew God is all-powerful and omniscient. He is timeless and exists through his creations everywhere. He is immortal and has sovereign power over all his creation.
The author states that the main characteristic of Plato’s work was the use of ‘forms’ which were the ‘vehicle’ for the ‘exit’ of knowledge to the real world by the representation of ‘intangible’ aspects. The importance of forms for Plato’s work is very significant. His work can be even misunderstood or interpreted on a wrong theoretical basis.
I agree with Rousseau that our outer senses are poor equipment for unraveling moral truths. Yet, while emphasizing the validity of feelings that arise from the heart, he fails to distinguish between those feelings which comprise conscience and the rest which are mere prejudice. This weakens his argument and leaves it incomplete.
To keep the breed of the guardians pure, certain nurses were to bring up the offspring of good parents, but inferior offspring would be put away in a mysterious unknown place. For the purpose of population control, women could bear children from the age of 20 to 40, and men from 25 to 55. The guardians were to have wives and children in common.
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It is quite possible that this various philosophy of humanity does continue to be made by human kinds' own interactions among each other and the environment, but it is best not forget that it initially developed through our creation and expanded from there, as again has been depicted in the literature.
Because utopia is the best humanity can conceptualize, utopia has to be humanity's regulatory philosophy. This definitive philosophy of motivation for the paramount life thinkable for the whole world can be one conventional component of common sense and central purpose in or else multifarious and disjointed world.
Currently, the world has become globalized, and the idea of cosmopolitanism cannot ignore the impulse to merge, cooperate and progress socially, politically and economically as a single unit. Humanity has commonalities, which are fundamental, and we have no option but to contain for the progress of the universe for the current generation and the coming generations.
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Morals are defined as principles concerning the differentiation between wrong and right or good behavior and bad behavior (Galens 20). It is the distinction between the right actions and wrong ones. Morals deal with peoples’ behaviors as well as their motives. These involve a particular system of principles and values of conduct, particularly ones held by a specified society or individuals.
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In a more simple and narrow sense, aesthetics can be defined as the theory of beauty in relation to the philosophy of art. However, in a broader definition, aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art, taste, and beauty. The Oxford English Dictionary associates aesthetics with the appreciation of beauty.
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Classical theory has the bragging rights of having all the great orators in the world who influenced masses through the use of the theory. By attracting big masses the leaders must have used classical theory. Theorists say that Jesus and even Buddha though they taught on a religious platform they used a persuasion element in their teachings.
Southey points out that Owen’s reforms succeed only because they are executed in a carefully controlled environment. He compares New Lanark to a cotton plantation, categorically stating that the mill workers, although they are white, “are as much under his (Owen’s) absolute management as so many negro-slaves”.
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The author states that in the second plate, Blake writes, “Without Contraries is no progression. Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate, are necessary to Human Existence”. In fact, Blake clearly concludes in the text that “Good is the passive that obeys Reason Evil is the active springing from Energy”.
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The term Master is used for Confucius as well as other disciples of Confucius who garnered a league of his own followers who fondly referred to him as Master. The dialogues between these Masters and their disciples provide a glimpse of the events that took place in their lives as well as post their demise.