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It is evident that the society should reduce the level of commercialization and consider the need for not buying everything but consider their value. Families, friends, trust, love and one's rights as a human being cannot be bought because it is against society’s ethical values. As we have seen, Sandel is more concerned about the social values of individuals.
Finally, the consideration of the ethical and practical side of this case makes an employee think about, who from the participants of the developed situation is actually suffered. It is important that this consideration allowed to make ethically and practically accepted decisions, without excluding the important cost issue.
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Generally speaking, through the meditations included in “Meditations on First Philosophy,” Descartes presents his logical sequence leading to the idea that since God exists, all knowledge must come from him and therefore, whether we are dreaming or awake, our perceptions of our reality must be real.
The kingdom of ends is a hypothetical state of man derived from the categorical imperative. Rational beings are defined as beings who are capable of moral deliberation; they can choose to act by maxims that have universality. It is from this point of view that they must judge themselves and their actions.
The definition of philosophy does not do justice to what it is all about and it is no wrong to say that in fact there is no a precise definition to it. There is one way to look at it and that is through the eyes of the philosophers themselves. Yet another way to look at it is the various perceptions attach to it in our daily use of language.
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Thomas Paine and William Godwin were both famous figures and thinkers who represented the zeitgeist of their times in significant ways. Like many other writers and philosophers of their time, they were deeply affected by the French and American Revolution and had first-hand experience of the spirit of revolution on the negative as well as the positive side.
Aristotle believed reality has a set of series known as a graded series of realities, each and every step in the series enlightening more and more those common relationships which make it an object of accurate knowledge. At the closing stages of the series, he said, the objects present no longer relative, but absolute.
Realism is a term that is often used in relation to power politics. It is additionally a perception that global politics is usually driven by the competitive self-interests of the participating member countries. Liberalism, on the other hand, is a belief among the ruling classes that greatly emphasizes on the significance of their people's liberty.
Specific deterrence is measured through the tool of recidivism rates, these rates refer to the number of crimes committed by one single criminal (Johnstone, 2010, p.60). General deterrence refers to the event in which punishment given to on individual deters others from committing crimes (Ahmed, 2001, p.31).
As a result, several theories have been put forth by many philosophers to try to come up with a standard solution to the named problem. Each of the theories ‘emphasizes different aspects of an ethical dilemma and leads to the most ethically correct solution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself’.
Even as Saint Augustine greatly influenced the Protestant movement that would one day become the dominant mode of Christianity in the Western hemisphere, his ideas on will and original sin were at the time revolutionary formulations. His understanding of humanity as influenced by forces of reason sometimes out of their control anticipates Freud and later developments in unconscious impulses.
The concept of the Yin and Yang serve to nurture and develop a love for nature as well as the harmonizing factor in their lives. The concept of eating the right foods during the different stages of one's lives and breathing in the right manner helps to keep their bodies and minds in a well-balanced condition.
Consider a philanthropist who works as a financial trader. It is purely true that that individual can cause a global financial crisis hence affect the poor people negatively. This could not be intended harm on the poor, as their intention is to make money and donate towards their philanthropic activities among the poor.
The data presented are some of the contributions of Buddhism in Chinese culture. Some impacts may be considered negative while some are advantageous. The most important point in the study is that the Chinese people were able to achieve a level of uniqueness in terms of culture that can be segregated from that of the influences.
He is best known for his “falsificationism” theory which calls for the constant and never-ending subjection of a theory to a refutation test on the premise that a theory can never be certain to be 100% true. Kuhn, on the other hand, started as a physicist, having earned his degree in Harvard with a summa cum laude and ended writing The Structures of Scientific Revolutions in 1962.
Jean Gebser was born in the year 1905 in Posen, Germany and is most famous for his works in the field of human consciousness. He was a poet and a linguist as well. He left his native land in the year 1929 so that he could resist the urge to fight with the fascists. He moved on towards Italy and then later on in France.
Traditional Chinese philosophies are gaining popularity in the Western hemisphere for a variety of reasons. In the medical world, researchers are realizing more and more that the human body operates as an interconnected system rather than connected yet separate cooperation between the mind and the body.
It is no surprise that are different beliefs, different theories, and individuals involved in it, some having beliefs conflicting that of others. The theory of immortality, afterlife and the soul are often the subjects that are most debated and viewed from different angles. Socrates had a theory on the immortality of the soul and divided his argument into four clear parts.
Rousseau agrees with most of Hobbes ideas but expands the argument concerning the social contract by suggesting that governments have to be legitimate in order to be accepted as rightful authorities. Between the two it seems that Rousseau is the historical winner since more states moved towards establishing democracies than kingdoms over the past years.
The exact onset of consciousness in a fetus is a matter of controversy (Benatar & Benatar, 2001): hence the morality of abortion cannot be unequivocally established on grounds of the cognitive abilities of an unborn child in the womb. The fact that a fetus less than 10 weeks old has no sensations does not necessarily mean that abortion can be justified.
Shallow environmentalists argue on the need to protect the environment if this will serve humanity or will be for the advantage of human beings. Deep ecology on the other side argues that the environment should be protected as a whole and independent entity. It should be protected for its benefit to human or non-human existence.
Locke’s description of human nature differs from that of Machiavelli’s and Hobbes’. He states that everyone is equal in the society because. He states “no-one being subjected to or subordinate to anyone else unless God….were to declare …that someone person be raised above the others and given an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty”.
Different philosophers expressed different views on assisted suicide. It is illogical to consider only the arguments of only some of them while deciding about assisted suicide. Most of the philosophical principles were formulated during ancient times. These principles need modifications in the modern era.
A worldview is one’s presuppositions or the way one interprets life in order to come up with decisions. They enable the person to come up with values that determine his lifestyle in the future. This comes in many varieties and this explains why at the end of the day people in society can never be the same but similar in actions and character
Death is the foundation upon which political systems have been built, the fear of death pulling populations together to form protections against threats against life. Hobbes defined the concept of the fear of death through passion while attributing the preservation of life through reason.
The engineers are faced with issues to do with negligence, whistleblowing, honesty, integrity, as well as a duty to respecting the good of the public, the law, as well as life. Although these principles may seem hard and challenging, they need to be adhered to by the chemical engineers due to the nature of their work.
In-depth psychoanalysis can offer detailed information regarding the formation of civilization. This is important in the understanding of the major factors that were involved and the main aspects that need to be taken into consideration when determining the progress of civilization in the modern world.
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The wish-fulfillment theory of dream brings about two arguments. The “manifest dream content is the fulfillment of a wish, and second, its motive is the wish’. In Chapter IV of Freud’s 1900 works 'Magnus opus on dreaming,' he asserts that “the meaning of every dream is the fulfillment of a wish... there cannot be any dreams but wishful dreams".
Freud (2004) regarded dreams as the royal way to the unconscious because it is in dreams that defenses of the ego are minimized so that a number of the suppressed things come through to consciousness, even though in a twisted form. Freud considered that people sleep because they are exhausted from receiving and reacting to the exterior stimuli within the environment.
According to Rousseau general will as well as cultivation of virtues, remains a key point towards achieving a rational government. This is because of its lack of virtues that cause the development of selfish interests leading to things like corruption and tribal conflicts. Loyalty is a virtue earned through correct governance.
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is the leading symbolic representation of the nature of reality, human condition, and knowledge. However, the interpretation has turned out to be a travesty work commitment of the political thought, metaphysics, epistemology, and the moral philosophy if pursued on the identified general lines.
To turn from the needs of others in order to satisfy one’s own journey is to decay the essence of spiritual life. As a seeker of enlightenment searches for answers, he or she must be aware that the conduct they portray is viewed and judged. This can taint any path that is followed if attention is not given to perceived intentions and actions.
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The transcript of Eichmann’s examination by an Israeli police agent while awaiting trial urged Arendt to note that “the horrible can be not only ludicrous but outright funny”. Accordingly, Arendt dwelled on his shallow intellect, his clichéd speech, his infinite ability for self-deception, and his profound detachment from reality
Kant believed that unless intuition (or perception) is processed by the empirical concept it remains a raw sensory data without any knowledge of the object. According to Kant, there are two sources through which knowledge can be obtained: sensibility and the understanding. There are mainly two types of representations: intuitions and concepts.
The essay includes a critical analysis of whether actions based on emotions and feelings surpass those sanctioned by moral obligation. The case study of this research is Bennett’s discourse, The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn. The research includes as well a review of Kant’s deontology – duty ethics with a specific focus on how it relates to two of the characters in the case study.
Kant examines common notions and assumptions of ethics with the goal of demonstrating that the premise of ethics is founded on independent reason. In addition, Kant is of the view that that one has to initially examine and comprehend the theories of a ‘good will’ and ‘duty’ and their correlation to each other to better appreciate morals (Wood 1999, p40)
The earlier important narratives of Utilitarianism, to which Mill frequently refers, are that of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, Bentham, and James Mill. Utilitarian professed the aim of philosophy to strive for the greatest goodness (pleasure enhancement) of the highest number of individuals, with exemption from pains.
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As the paper tells, to a utilitarian, the choice that brings about the greatest benefit to the maximum number of people is the choice that is ethically correct. It is often described by the phrase ‘the greatest good for the greatest number of people' and is popularly known as the greatest happiness principle.
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Cognitive relativism (also called epistemic or epistemological relativism) is a philosophy that claims that the truth or falsity of a statement is relative to a social group or individual. Eventually, every statement becomes valid and comparable to any other, with the independence of the degree of reason or verification.
Auto mechanics always will separate ethics from business and that they are carrying out their duty. Politicians do not mind about their ethics at all as long as they maintain their seats as long as they can. Doctors will do the same, they will scratch whoever patient and demand procedures that are of no relevance at all, and they will not conceal each other's misdeeds.
It is important for both the government and individuals to come up with remedies for all forms of inequalities. This is because it is up to everyone to ensure that there is equality in society so that there is a reduction of poverty levels in the world. In his book, Pogge provides some solutions and remedies to this problem.
Heidegger investigates a particular type of Being, the human being, mentioned by him as ‘Dasein’, meaning literally ‘Being-there’ (Solomon 1972). By Dasein, Heidegger draws attention to the fact that a human being cannot be accepted except as existing in the heart of a world together with other things (Warnock 1970), that Dasein is ‘to be there and ‘there’ is the world.
The subjectivism of Deidre implies that if she was only selfish and wants to work for her own interest, she could go to any other field. But according to her “volunteer agency is doing the best” so she is right at her own, and her feelings for working as a volunteer arise from this subjectivism. So as far as her feelings for the volunteer agency are good, the work she is doing is good.
The philosophers, from the very beginning, have tried to find answers to questions of truth, the meaning of existence, and the meaning of life. However, how to find answers, that is what should be the task, is a very problematic issue. In the times of Plato and Descartes, the task was to find an objective, unchanging answer to these questions.
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Certainly, even in ancient times, Aristotle’s naturalism had already been under attack by the school of skepticism. But, Aristotle would have insisted against the Skeptics that “a life without some rationally justified beliefs could never be an ordinary or happy life, as we commonly conceive it” (Dentsoras).
Here I reflect on and write a personal statement of philosophy about teaching and learning. This personal statement has been written to represent a deep reflection about my own values, morals, and beliefs and how this would impact what I would do in the classroom, acting as a guide for making decisions related to classroom planning, teaching, and assessing.
It seems that in the real world, there are no rules and the idea of a just war remains as much of an enigma as it was in the times of St. Thomas. While moral virtues and religion might have provided St. Thomas the means to consider war as just or unjust, today we can get the same information from the media and our intellectuals.
The above facts and other pointers lead us to an explanation that the universe is not suited for human life. One scientist calculated the odds against which the earth was formed and he came up with the number 10,000,000,000124, an unimaginable number. We can conclude that based on these numbers that an inhospitable universe would emerge.
The Private Retirement Account seems to hold all the answers to the current problems besetting the Social Security program of our nation. As a democracy, our country needs to give its citizens options when it comes to the hard-earned money that they contribute to the system. Allowing them the PRA option would be a good start towards that goal.
I will zero in on inductive reasoning. This argument is the type in which it is thought that the reason is provided by the premises that probably is the conclusion of the truth. In this version of the argument, it is wished that that premise will be stronger and if it is not false then there will be limited chances of its conclusion being false.