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Walking through one’s life blindly only in the pursuit of meager pleasures or even over-analyzing one’s every experience without fully embracing the moment, both can be detrimental to the value of one’s existence. Kierkegaard, like many of the philosophers before him, has set up a model that all individuals can live by, and each stage feeds off the one prior.
Kabbalah means 'receiving' or 'that which is received. It is the combination of philosophical principles and divine instructions, infused with feminine-God imagery, to explore the mysteries of the human relationship with God as father and mother, Lord and lover. It tries to take one to God, through the process of negation.
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Aristotle’s definition of citizenship which is a “man [who] has a share in the administration of justice and in holding political office” is directly link to active, participatory citizenship. In the contemporary scenario, this means that citizens play a substantive role in the decision making regarding public policy (Kreibig, 2000).
Locke believed in living in a state of nature where the natural rights of every individual were respected and it was used to create a peaceful and contented society. He believed humans had an inherent moral understanding of the state of nature and if governed in the right manner by a civil society a state of war can always be averted.
The author states that Buddhism can be considered as one of the earliest and most established religions in human civilization. In the study conducted the main objective is to present a particular perspective on the Pure Land (Shin) and the Chan (Zen) schools of Buddhism. One of the main teachings of Buddhism is the concept of karma.
The author of the paper states that some people believe the best is strong, the state with a good economy, in which each person feels completely free and happy. Thus the problem of public, state system develops into a problem of understanding the benefits of human values and individual freedom.
The author states that in Truth and Method, Hans Gadamer makes the critical attempt at furthering the investigation procedures into the realms of truth begotten from experiences rather than from mere scientific researches. Historical studies play an important role in this regard as history itself is a legitimate verifier of meta-scientific philosophies.
Virtues are the characteristics that make what a person is. Two great Philosophers hold different views of these virtues that have been held in the thoughts of people for a long time. These views show the timelessness of the adage of Confucius that holds dear in China and that of Aristotle’s to the intellectuals who kept references to them.
The researcher discovered that the definitive distinctions between specific paradigms rely on three features which are, a belief in the nature of knowledge, a methodology, and valid criteria. It is primarily the construction of these three features that lends itself to distinction in any research project.
The discussion above exemplifies how ideologies have both hurt and helped civilization. The conservative ideology has served as the foundation of our society. It has helped maintain and sustain the status quo, making possible the stability of civilization as it seeks to progress through subsequent years of development.
The term appearance is used to signify that the presentation of the objects of sense does imply that upon perception the person can already understand the thing in itself. In other words, it does not deny that X appears as a form of perception but to claim that to know X as the thing in itself is to go beyond what the human mind possibly can know.
Kant believed that unless intuition (or perception) is processed by the empirical concept it remains a raw sensory data without any knowledge of the object. According to Kant, there are two sources through which knowledge can be obtained: sensibility and the understanding. There are mainly two types of representations: intuitions and concepts.
It is how we position ourselves within the world and thus provides us with the emotional stability we need to make sense of our actions. As a result, we strive emotionally to enforce these ideas that are a part of our internal nature. Most of the time, they exist under the surface of our awareness because they are supported by the values and ideals of the society in which we live.
The author states that another problem is that, the westerners viewed all the Orientals to be the same. This lead to the creation of an ideal, imaginary world which was far from the actual and progressive civilization. He also discusses how a marked shift was felt due to Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1978, which was not a routine loot.
The analysis demonstrates that whilst Dr. King, Gandhi and Chavez had different objectives and different leadership styles, their adherence to non-violent protests highlights the universality of Thoreau’s philosophies regarding civil disobedience, particularly as the three leaders utilized civil disobedience to trigger radical social change.
The definition of philosophy does not do justice to what it is all about and it is no wrong to say that in fact there is no a precise definition to it. There is one way to look at it and that is through the eyes of the philosophers themselves. Yet another way to look at it is the various perceptions attach to it in our daily use of language.
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Man with his advanced faculty of intellect and moral principles can adapt quickly to changes. As a philosopher, though in danger of contradicting his view on natural man by exploring the social contract, Rousseau presented the guidelines to be able to adapt and to guide the people into achieving the next best thing to natural equality that is through a social contract.
The author states that Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of Gautam Buddha, who lived between 563 B.C. and 483 B.C. Buddha was a prince of Kapilavastu. He was very disturbed to see the suffering of human beings and decided to attain the truth of life which will help a human being to remove all the misery and suffering from life.
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The transcript of Eichmann’s examination by an Israeli police agent while awaiting trial urged Arendt to note that “the horrible can be not only ludicrous but outright funny”. Accordingly, Arendt dwelled on his shallow intellect, his clichéd speech, his infinite ability for self-deception, and his profound detachment from reality
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The concept of organized religion, around the exclusive revelation of a prophet, gives great power to the central Church. In modern times, such religious institutions have given ground to scientific institutions in the form of Universities, research institutions, and other intellectually-driven associations.
Just like building a house, we will know better where and how we can build and develop our further knowledge after we know where and what the foundation is. The existence of the contrasting theories of empiricism and rationalism makes us build two houses of knowledge on different foundations so far, each of which keeps growing and keeps getting developed.
Accordingly, while for example, the African American philosophers of race endeavored to highlight the white aspect of American philosophy dwelling on the controversial ideas and treatises of black scholars such as Du Bois, Franz Fanon and James Baldwin, Feminist philosophers, on the other hand, were absorbed in discussing gender inequalities and underlined the “maleness of philosophy.”
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The author states that before starting with Epicurus’ philosophy, it is better to start with a little information regarding his life. This is undertaken to show that Epicurus is a human person; he is neither a god nor a Demiurgos. Epicurus, who is considered as one of the major Hellenistic philosophers, was born around 341 BCE.
Zarathustra is yearning for new humanity because presently we are supposedly in a nihilistic society that must be overcome. The idea is that today, there is a crisis of authority in the wake of the “death of God” and man seeks a new idol who will command and provide a new metaphysical foundation for morals. The ubermensch is, for Nietzsche is the new ideal wherein man must overcome man.
In Phaedo, Plato presents one of the classic dialogues in Philosophy in which Socrates on his last day illustrated the immortality of the soul using four lines of argument. These are based on the cyclical change between opposites, recollection, affinity or similarity, and the causal power of the forms.
Different kinds of truth model in many ways different kinds of knowing. Emotion, language, logic, and perception all are types of knowing facts (truths), and they are all connected to thoughts about truth. For some, emotion is the standard of ethical behavior. But it is not pertinent or particularly helpful in finding out how people discover whether ethical sentences are true or not.
When one is dealing with three thousand years of civilization, it is apparent that he is set to depend on authoritative sources without which it is well nigh impossible to keep close to tracks left behind by wise and able academicians. In Laozi, the writer Vincent Shen has made mention of ren (humanness) and yi (righteousness).
What is the most sought after thing in this world of materialistic civilization, impacted by the industrial and internet revolution? The younger generation and nine out of ten replies that they are ‘worried’ about success in life. The remaining one per cent says that they think about the success of their love life.
These sentences are also called “propositions”, and the knowledge of propositions excludes other kinds of knowledge like procedural knowledge (that is, knowing-how). When epistemologists trying to strictly define knowledge speak of the concept of knowledge, they often use “S knows that p”.
Hume’s strongest point is when he talks about the causation of memory that binds us to our past and present and hence the fixed nature of ourselves that keeps is together. This point is certainly worth celebrating for its emphasis on the way in which he posits identity as a succession of memory states.
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The author states that many believe that history is only about the collection and recalling facts where the historian is receptive only, as he has no task of reconstruction. The fact of the matter is that the historian has to use different methods to extract facts and data from the available documents.
Thereby, it depicts the same tradition of Nietzsche in disregarding certain mores, traditions, beliefs and ways of thinking because of the underlying belief that such norms and beliefs are conditioned by certain groups for their own interests and not necessarily for the edification of man and to transform him into a higher human being.
The leader uses his/her abilities to socially influence others to perform particular tasks for the common good. The person needs to possess specific competencies that enable him/her to effectively persuade people to follow specific guidelines that he thinks need to be used for success to be accomplished.
In a short but meaningful story, beyond physical appearances and impressions, he emphasized what their interviewers truly looked for in the applicants of their corporation- a stable foundation of basic knowledge and a firmer grasp of analysis. In his speech, he included a brief description of how their interviewers would go about measuring up an applicant.
Critical thinking is the process of taking decisions or performing a task with the help of purposeful observations, experiences, verbal or written expressions, or arguments. It is essential in almost every segment of human life. While studying, or performing a task at the workplace or while taking a political, economical, or social decision, critical thinking is essential. Decisions or the actions taken without the backing of a critical thinking may not be proper ones.
In the simplest sense, mathematics deals with reality from an objective perspective, whereas arts and ethics view it from a subjective point. But the paradox is that the accurate definition of truth or reality depends on the subjects who view it. Therefore, fact appears to be relative and contextual (Alston 25).
In line with Lucaites and Condit’s (1999) assertion that contemporary usage of rhetoric should be considered in light of the past and present; it is arguable that classical rhetoric theory itself was rooted in context and that therefore linguistic usage is inherently derived from experiences and understanding of audience (p.3).
The Greek tradition of rhetoric recognizes its subject as an invention. Moreover, the teaching of rhetoric in ancient Greece is concerned mainly with schooling in public discourse. Because of this focus, a theory of public discourse developed, which formulated a wide-ranging technical vocabulary to define qualities of argument, style, and delivery.
According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of rhetoric: the deliberative rhetoric (one the aims to establish the usefulness or the harmfulness of a proposed or future action); forensic rhetoric (the kind that defends or accuse, referring to past acts and circumstances; and, the epideictic or celebratory rhetoric (the kind that eulogize or diseulogize, presenting facts or events, particularly the one recommending those who are worthy of praise or blame).
In sum, the notion of truth is relative and very subjective as it reflects historical traditions of social organization and the theory of science. Still, it is possible to say that mathematics possesses universal truth accepted and followed by all people, while art and ethics reflect individual truth typical for some communities or individuals.
It is a paradox that sets off a rubber band effect on the field of science. It pushes and it pulls and it is not always acquiescent. It opens up a can of worms, so to speak, as it taunts the matter of scientific investigation in the process of the possibility that general truths may not be generally true in the long run.
The origin of private property and its legitimacy is a much-debated issue. Rousseau believed in the “right of the first claimant” i.e. at the most fundamental level, an individual can come to own property by being the first one there. This is called original acquisition. Yet this is too simplistic an explanation to explain the right to private property.
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Emerson’s 1836 essay Nature is generally hailed as the “gospel” of Transcendentalism in America. Influence of Transcendental philosophy may be noted as Emerson prodded the reader to enjoy an original relation to the universe, instead of relying on past experiences and on sacred books, principles, and doctrine which is the main argument of the essay.
Nozick is a harsh critique of Rawl’s “difference principle”, as according to him, this cannot ensure, that least advantaged persons in society can automatically share the earnings of their more successful fellow citizens, just merely due to social cooperation. However, going through both the works, certain questions arise.
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In contrast, with his modified and expanded notion of system, Habermas builds up significant compromises to Luhmann and to the framework of the systems theory. It is with this notion of a system that he discovers the intricacy and the highly differentiated systems of roles that are evidently typical of late capitalist society.
In Dahl’s conception, the exercise of power takes place irrespective of the different situations and possibilities that might exist among and between individuals. For Dahl, the exercise of power must be seen in as an entity within the decision making complex.
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Sophocles presents in Antigone an interesting treatise of justice. Firstly, judgment is rendered based not on man’s law, but moral law, and the latter takes precedence over the former. Secondly, man’s law, to be a valid instrument of justice, must not be subject to the whims and caprice of the lawgiver but must be restrained and impartial.
The author discusses Anselm’s ontological argument on the existence of God in order to understand the crux of the matter. Anselm’s ontological argument is cited in the second chapter of his theological discourse Proslogion and is considered to be one of the most written about philosophical arguments ever.
The author states that ethics have been studied for thousands of years and there are many varieties. According to Richard T. Hull, there are two types of fundamental ethical theories: those that say a person should choose their actions to "maximize the value or values to be expected as consequences of those actions".
The succession of speeches begins with Phaedrus who states that the first god was in fact, Love; and that it is because of Love and Love only that men show courage and want to be proven best. Pausanias, after Phaedrus, gives us the difference between common love and heavenly love in an extremely rhetoric speech.