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The exact onset of consciousness in a fetus is a matter of controversy (Benatar & Benatar, 2001): hence the morality of abortion cannot be unequivocally established on grounds of the cognitive abilities of an unborn child in the womb. The fact that a fetus less than 10 weeks old has no sensations does not necessarily mean that abortion can be justified.
Shallow environmentalists argue on the need to protect the environment if this will serve humanity or will be for the advantage of human beings. Deep ecology on the other side argues that the environment should be protected as a whole and independent entity. It should be protected for its benefit to human or non-human existence.
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Locke’s description of human nature differs from that of Machiavelli’s and Hobbes’. He states that everyone is equal in the society because. He states “no-one being subjected to or subordinate to anyone else unless God….were to declare …that someone person be raised above the others and given an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty”.
Different philosophers expressed different views on assisted suicide. It is illogical to consider only the arguments of only some of them while deciding about assisted suicide. Most of the philosophical principles were formulated during ancient times. These principles need modifications in the modern era.
A worldview is one’s presuppositions or the way one interprets life in order to come up with decisions. They enable the person to come up with values that determine his lifestyle in the future. This comes in many varieties and this explains why at the end of the day people in society can never be the same but similar in actions and character
Death is the foundation upon which political systems have been built, the fear of death pulling populations together to form protections against threats against life. Hobbes defined the concept of the fear of death through passion while attributing the preservation of life through reason.
The engineers are faced with issues to do with negligence, whistleblowing, honesty, integrity, as well as a duty to respecting the good of the public, the law, as well as life. Although these principles may seem hard and challenging, they need to be adhered to by the chemical engineers due to the nature of their work.
In-depth psychoanalysis can offer detailed information regarding the formation of civilization. This is important in the understanding of the major factors that were involved and the main aspects that need to be taken into consideration when determining the progress of civilization in the modern world.
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The wish-fulfillment theory of dream brings about two arguments. The “manifest dream content is the fulfillment of a wish, and second, its motive is the wish’. In Chapter IV of Freud’s 1900 works 'Magnus opus on dreaming,' he asserts that “the meaning of every dream is the fulfillment of a wish... there cannot be any dreams but wishful dreams".
Freud (2004) regarded dreams as the royal way to the unconscious because it is in dreams that defenses of the ego are minimized so that a number of the suppressed things come through to consciousness, even though in a twisted form. Freud considered that people sleep because they are exhausted from receiving and reacting to the exterior stimuli within the environment.
According to Rousseau general will as well as cultivation of virtues, remains a key point towards achieving a rational government. This is because of its lack of virtues that cause the development of selfish interests leading to things like corruption and tribal conflicts. Loyalty is a virtue earned through correct governance.
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is the leading symbolic representation of the nature of reality, human condition, and knowledge. However, the interpretation has turned out to be a travesty work commitment of the political thought, metaphysics, epistemology, and the moral philosophy if pursued on the identified general lines.
To turn from the needs of others in order to satisfy one’s own journey is to decay the essence of spiritual life. As a seeker of enlightenment searches for answers, he or she must be aware that the conduct they portray is viewed and judged. This can taint any path that is followed if attention is not given to perceived intentions and actions.
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The transcript of Eichmann’s examination by an Israeli police agent while awaiting trial urged Arendt to note that “the horrible can be not only ludicrous but outright funny”. Accordingly, Arendt dwelled on his shallow intellect, his clichéd speech, his infinite ability for self-deception, and his profound detachment from reality
Kant believed that unless intuition (or perception) is processed by the empirical concept it remains a raw sensory data without any knowledge of the object. According to Kant, there are two sources through which knowledge can be obtained: sensibility and the understanding. There are mainly two types of representations: intuitions and concepts.
The essay includes a critical analysis of whether actions based on emotions and feelings surpass those sanctioned by moral obligation. The case study of this research is Bennett’s discourse, The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn. The research includes as well a review of Kant’s deontology – duty ethics with a specific focus on how it relates to two of the characters in the case study.
Kant examines common notions and assumptions of ethics with the goal of demonstrating that the premise of ethics is founded on independent reason. In addition, Kant is of the view that that one has to initially examine and comprehend the theories of a ‘good will’ and ‘duty’ and their correlation to each other to better appreciate morals (Wood 1999, p40)
The earlier important narratives of Utilitarianism, to which Mill frequently refers, are that of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, Bentham, and James Mill. Utilitarian professed the aim of philosophy to strive for the greatest goodness (pleasure enhancement) of the highest number of individuals, with exemption from pains.
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As the paper tells, to a utilitarian, the choice that brings about the greatest benefit to the maximum number of people is the choice that is ethically correct. It is often described by the phrase ‘the greatest good for the greatest number of people' and is popularly known as the greatest happiness principle.
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Cognitive relativism (also called epistemic or epistemological relativism) is a philosophy that claims that the truth or falsity of a statement is relative to a social group or individual. Eventually, every statement becomes valid and comparable to any other, with the independence of the degree of reason or verification.
Auto mechanics always will separate ethics from business and that they are carrying out their duty. Politicians do not mind about their ethics at all as long as they maintain their seats as long as they can. Doctors will do the same, they will scratch whoever patient and demand procedures that are of no relevance at all, and they will not conceal each other's misdeeds.
It is important for both the government and individuals to come up with remedies for all forms of inequalities. This is because it is up to everyone to ensure that there is equality in society so that there is a reduction of poverty levels in the world. In his book, Pogge provides some solutions and remedies to this problem.
Heidegger investigates a particular type of Being, the human being, mentioned by him as ‘Dasein’, meaning literally ‘Being-there’ (Solomon 1972). By Dasein, Heidegger draws attention to the fact that a human being cannot be accepted except as existing in the heart of a world together with other things (Warnock 1970), that Dasein is ‘to be there and ‘there’ is the world.
The subjectivism of Deidre implies that if she was only selfish and wants to work for her own interest, she could go to any other field. But according to her “volunteer agency is doing the best” so she is right at her own, and her feelings for working as a volunteer arise from this subjectivism. So as far as her feelings for the volunteer agency are good, the work she is doing is good.
The philosophers, from the very beginning, have tried to find answers to questions of truth, the meaning of existence, and the meaning of life. However, how to find answers, that is what should be the task, is a very problematic issue. In the times of Plato and Descartes, the task was to find an objective, unchanging answer to these questions.
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Certainly, even in ancient times, Aristotle’s naturalism had already been under attack by the school of skepticism. But, Aristotle would have insisted against the Skeptics that “a life without some rationally justified beliefs could never be an ordinary or happy life, as we commonly conceive it” (Dentsoras).
Here I reflect on and write a personal statement of philosophy about teaching and learning. This personal statement has been written to represent a deep reflection about my own values, morals, and beliefs and how this would impact what I would do in the classroom, acting as a guide for making decisions related to classroom planning, teaching, and assessing.
It seems that in the real world, there are no rules and the idea of a just war remains as much of an enigma as it was in the times of St. Thomas. While moral virtues and religion might have provided St. Thomas the means to consider war as just or unjust, today we can get the same information from the media and our intellectuals.
The above facts and other pointers lead us to an explanation that the universe is not suited for human life. One scientist calculated the odds against which the earth was formed and he came up with the number 10,000,000,000124, an unimaginable number. We can conclude that based on these numbers that an inhospitable universe would emerge.
The Private Retirement Account seems to hold all the answers to the current problems besetting the Social Security program of our nation. As a democracy, our country needs to give its citizens options when it comes to the hard-earned money that they contribute to the system. Allowing them the PRA option would be a good start towards that goal.
I will zero in on inductive reasoning. This argument is the type in which it is thought that the reason is provided by the premises that probably is the conclusion of the truth. In this version of the argument, it is wished that that premise will be stronger and if it is not false then there will be limited chances of its conclusion being false.
Regardless of whether they agree or disagree with Descartes’ original thoughts, processes and premises, though, the fact remains that it is Descartes and the realm of ideas he brought forward that they are basing their arguments upon, thereby underscoring and reinforcing the concept that Descartes is the father of modern philosophy.
People think of a white death as preferable to black or dark death. White death can be symbolic in pure and impure deaths. This paper will explore death that is synonymous with white using three texts; White, Skating to Antarctica, Moby Dick or The Whale and three films; Night of the Living Dead, Nosferatu, and Scott of the Antarctic.
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Human beings must develop, define and make a decision regarding their nature by engaging themselves, their society as well as the natural world surrounding them. He further argues that each human being’s nature depends on each specific individual; this radical freedom has an equivalent radical responsibility.
'Universals arise solely from the fact that we avail ourselves of the same idea to think of all individual things which have a certain similitude; and when we comprehend under the same name all the objects represented by this idea, that name is universal.'It does not stand for a real universal that the intellect apprehends.
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After Nietzsche's theory of the “Will to power” has been viewed as an interpretation then it is easy to step outside its deterministic principles of quanta of power then focus on more general principles of valuation. The aforementioned excerpts show the Will to power as essentially an interpreting function, this is s function that evaluates from certain perspectives.
The major ethical concern in the field of engineering is the unconscious prioritizing of “technical ingenuity over helping people” (Bowen, 6). It is from this angle, the “mechanics of what happened to the twin towers” has been a matter of investigation as it puts forth a number of sorrowful yet important questions from an engineer's point of view (Pfatteicher, 12).
The third definition is what I shall focus on where both Euthyphro and Socrates landed on the question, “Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods?” The first statement would be preferable where the pious are being loved by the gods because it is pious.
Hume’s strongest point is when he talks about the causation of memory that binds us to our past and present and hence the fixed nature of ourselves that keeps is together. This point is certainly worth celebrating for its emphasis on the way in which he posits identity as a succession of memory states.
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‘Think’, the first introduction to philosophy, is a book dealing with the psychological questions, which often comes in every human mind and life at different levels and stages, but are neglected and avoided to the utmost, as these questions are not easy to answer and the person gets confused if attempts to satisfy his quest for an answer.
Rowe argues that;
God exists in the understanding
He (God) is a possible being or might have existed in reality
If a thing exists only in the understanding and might have existed in reality, then it must have been greater than it is
Supposing that God exists only in the understanding, then he must have been greater than he is.
Aristotle was still a boy when his father died but the links to the Macedonian court greatly influenced his early life. Aristotle is associated with many radical contributions to humanity which range from logic, politics, ethics, medicine, agriculture, mathematics, physics, biology, and theatre arts. Aristotle was a student of Plato even though he differs from Plato with regards to forms.
From here the main problem is to discern if and how we are able to decide upon moral and immoral actions. There are many different approaches that various philosophers have taken. In considering moral philosophy, the philosophers Gauthier and Narveson have stated that the Contractarian outlook on morality is the only rational basis for morality.
Widely regarded as the first sociologist during the middle of the 19th century, positivism highlights the positivist view, that is, the scientist ideology. This view was shared by technocrats who believed in the necessity of progress through scientific progress, and by naturalists who argue that any method for gaining knowledge should be limited to natural, physical and material approaches.
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Generally, in order to comprehend the goodness or evilness of humankind, this paper tends to serve as research discussing Anne Frank and Victor Frankl’s conception of man’s basic nature; its either man is good as what Frank perceives man or man is definitely evil inside as what Frankl thinks that man is.
Mereological nihilism theory believes that the only things that exist are the basic building blocks like electrons or quarks that actually exist. Based on this concept, they believe that believing that the world is full of objects with parts, is a misconception. It is because of our wrong vision that we see composite objects.
The real world of the will is objectified, pictured, or represented, by the phenomena which we wrongly take to be real ourselves. The nature of this metaphysical will, or in other words the 'ultimate reality', is fundamentally cruel and evil. All we see is the world objectified by our five senses, a filtered version of the true reality.
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In his Treatise of Human Nature Hume wrote “Morality, therefore, is more properly felt than judged of: tho’ this feeling or sentiment is commonly so soft and gentle, that we are apt to confound it with an idea, according to our common custom of taking all things for the same, which have any near resemblance to each other”.
Jean-Paul Sartre is at one with Greek philosophers Parmenides and Plato in his contention that the chief problem of philosophy is the problem of being The famous works of Sartre such as "Being & Nothingness that talks about ‘Consciousness & being-in-itself’, ‘Nothingness, Freedom & Anguish’, ‘Bad faith. Transcendence & Facility’ and ‘Being-for-others & the look’ are all interrelated.
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Socrates was sure that a divine spirit directs and inspires him, and that a clear mind is a primary condition providing for the virtuous life of humans. Socrates resembles a Christian martyr or a Puritan. The last part of his speech, discussing the afterlife, expresses his assurance that immortality exists and proves that the uncertainty that had been revealed by him was false.