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Philosophy is one discipline that criticizes and challenges the human perspective of life. In all its works it adds knowledge to the existing one by seeking to understand more about reality, human nature, life form, life significance and so many more. Using the two articles, this essay compares their analyses of the role of philosophy in order to determine which among them has more details.
As the paper outlines, a good life encompasses a constellation of joy and it cannot be good without happiness (Julia .1998pp. 37-p.55) the western philosophy is commonly known as the classic philosophy and eastern philosophy mainly deals with the subject of happiness. There are many theories that explain happiness.
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Immanuel Kant was so independent that he did not let people interfere with his way of thinking. Kant made his own moral values and worked alone in his research, avoiding criticism from outsiders. Kant hoped that individuals’ emotions and how they viewed the matter could impact their moral values and religion.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that the aesthetic as a division of philosophy, which is mainly concerned with the natural history of beauty, plays an integral role in strengthening the cultural differences in society. Different scholars have managed to bring out the various aspects of art through literature, film, and music.
Zombie in the philosophical mind is a just but hypothetical being whose difference from the normal human being lies upon its inability to have a conscious experience, qualia, or sentience. For instance, if a philosophical zombie is poked with a hot object or any other painful external stimuli its response is normally similar to that of a normal human being even though it feels no pain.
In Chinese script, it combines the characters for great or large with that for one. This is a concept that goes back several thousand years. The idea of tian can be linked to ideas about power and authority on earth. As to what tian actually consisted of there were different ideas. Zhou Bi Suan Jing put forward the idea of Gatian Shuo (蓋天說), with tian being a canopy over the earth.
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Unhappiness arises from the confusion and the lack of satisfaction with the option that is finally chosen. Interestingly, researchers have empirically proved that choice overload can negatively affect the happiness of individuals. However, opinion on this topic remains divided as some research shows that increased choice brings about happiness.
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Still, Darwinism fails to make testable predictions, but it can make predictions concerning the evolution of variety within favorable circumstances (Rennie, 2008). However, it is barely likely to explain in broad terms what favorable circumstances are apart from the fact that, in their presence, various forms can surface.
As compared to other types of functionalism, Searle does not present very strong arguments against empirical functionalism. This may be due to the fact that empirical functionalism mainly focuses on defining mental states based on scientific theory. As Braddon-Mitchell & Jackson, (2007, pp.85-87) observe, empirical functionalism directs its attention on knowledge generated through experiments.
According to Locke, the state of war arises when the state of nature becomes contrary to the natural rights that people possess. The state of war shows why the government must regulate and protect property. Morality, law, justice and property, all exist in the state of nature before the formation and establishment of a government.
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The paper has highlighted some important views based on Immanuel Kant's position on cloning. According to Kant, the idea of treating human beings as ends, not as means and can be understood in two ways. First, this can be treated as happiness and secondly as a mean which is not acceptable in the society.
Plato is regarded as one of the prominent philosophers that had worked on defining what knowledge is. Plato postulates the tripartite definition of knowledge by stating that before any statement could be recognized as knowledge, it must be (i) justified, (ii) true, and (iii) believed (O’Brien, 2006).
Citing information from the” book discovering right and wrong by Louis Pojman this essay will give a more legitimate answer to this legitimate question and give more details on the nature and purpose of morality. The question of why should individuals be moral should never be confused, as it is a reason for both the society and mainly the institution of morality.
The manufacturers of household refrigerators are aware of the dangers posed by these refrigerators. Despite this knowledge, responsible parties have failed to act on the issue that poses danger to the unknowing public. Therefore, there is a moral problem on the side of the manufacturers of household refrigerators as well as the policymakers.
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Although he was also known by a playwright, poet, and musician, Machiavelli is today best known (remembered) for his idea (philosophy) that the end justifies the means when it comes to politics, a philosophy described in his most popular work,” The Prince”. Machiavelli joined politics himself at 25 years of age when he was appointed as a clerk.
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Kant says that “Dialect is a logic of illusion” (81), which means a dialectical notion, is false or it is empty. Nonetheless, the Critique of Pure Reason is not supposed to be interpreted as a cognitive role of reason demolisher (Adams 81). Certainly, Kant wanted to restrict the reason’s bound, though this is not similar to argue that it does not have a position in our knowledge.
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Despite the multiplicity of approaches scholars and philosophers have given with regard to physicalism, theories continue to rise and such have continuously attempted to provide explanations on the underpinnings of physicalism. Recent approaches by scholars have linked their theories to physicalism by giving the connectedness of physicalism to mental states.
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It is based on these premises and observations made about the relationship between the law and morality comes into direct focus eliciting a lot of debate and interest with different schools of thought used to try and make sense of the kind of relationship that exists between these two all-important forms of social guidelines and parameters by which human coexistence is assessed and understood.
The author states that Descartes wanted to build a foundation on which all further intellectual inquiries could be built. He felt reason should follow and arrive at certain philosophical truths. There should be no further doubts left after this, which meant that the foundation had to be sound.
The author states that it is believed that the positions of these celestial bodies have a role to play in the future of the individual, and this can be predicted by proper analysis of the position of these celestial bodies. For the purpose of this proper analysis, our ancestors created a chart to provide the apparent yearly path of the sun.
Rayner (2005, p.6) notes that according to David Hume morality is subject to emotions and senses and not reason or divine will. David Hume believed that morality is empirically based and as such, his account of moral behavior draws significantly from an amalgamation of a wide range of philosophical schools of thought.
This thesis will use constructive and well-planned arguments to show that the current arguments and literature calling for a burqa ban is frail and trivial and explain how banning the burqa is an easy resolution to a nation’s identity crisis. It will examine the limited literature addressing the banning of the burqa to advance understanding of the issue and to develop the argument.
Enlightenment led to great innovations, the industrial revolution, increased freedom, and increased tolerance. Human reason underwent a significant transformation and his perspective changed with the acquisition of knowledge. This era led to the emergence of prosperity and advancements that manifest in the present age.
The argument for the existence of matter by Descartes is elucidated in everything else that has the capacity of being ascribed to body presupposes extension. Descartes argues that any substance that exists is matter (Cottingham, Stoothoff & Murdoch 1984, p.17). The reason is that every substance constitutes property in its nature.
The introduction of novel scientific approaches and the subsequent development of the industrial revolution in the 19th century were some of the consequences of Enlightenment. The impact of these consequences included environmental pollution and the rise of a gullible population operating on reason while neglecting traditional and objectives practices of different societies (Horkheimer, 1993).
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The essay will also focus on the advantages and the disadvantages while comparing them all together in regard to the relationship that these theories have with society and how society perceives and understand the theories. Finally, an overarching conclusion on the best philosophy sums up the essay.
Various essays are discussed in the book on topics such as drug use, hate speech, political correctness as well as gun control. The work of LaFollette is worthy of reading by any student learning philosophy since it offers rigorous philosophical views that are engaging and enable students to critically think on moral issues from a wider perspective.
People are ranked according to education level attained, present employment title and socioeconomic status not only by a society that rewards perceived social status but by the individual as well. This also leads to stress. The social status one achieves is merely a perception; it is an illusion, a creation of man.
By separating the concept of God from the concept of earthly rule, Locke was then able to continue his discourse to enumerate the natural law of man that claims each individual has the basic right to life, liberty and the pursuit of property and that the role of government is merely to protect these rights.
The author states that in relation to the general practices, the intended meaning of the author is usually secondary to the reader’s meaning. Besides, the identity of the author is a stable self having a single discernible intent is considered as fictional. However, post-structuralism refutes the notion that a literary text has a single purpose.
The author states that learning occurs through observing what others do, this has been firmly supported by Bandura’s learning theory. It has been observed over numerous decades that children learned from their parents through passive learning. Many research studies point out to this affirmation, observation creates a trigger of mind.
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The author states that his friend’s life seems so hyped because of the things he always talks about when we are together. He offers his advice and it is hard to take them because they have clearly not worked for him so far. He always looks shabby despite being dressed in some of the best designer clothes.
The author states that the Marxist view rejects liberal view on state cooperation and focuses mainly on the economic aspect where it uses the mainly materialistic interpretation of historical development in its beliefs. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels inspired it in the 19th century and ever since it has inspired several political ideologies.
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Michel Foucault is one of the philosophers who have redefined western thought in terms of bodies and sexualities. Judith Butler and Simone de Beauvoir are feminists who have continued in the quest for identities, challenging the ways in which social constructs like gender and identity define the perspectives of individuals and society.
Frankfurt relates his theory to ‘hierarchical mesh.’ The idea is that an individual can have conflicting desires at a first-order level and also have a desire about the various first-order desires to the effect that one of the desires prevails over the others. A person's will is to be identified with her effective first-order desire.
According to Hodgson’s research Darwin was neither a racist nor an imperialist, in fact, his work has been associated to everything from liberalism to conservatism and from war to pacifism (Hodgson 2004) which clearly shows that attributing the much-acclaimed Darwinian Theory to be the basic gist of Social Darwinism would be like a generalization.
There are people who oppose redistribution of income because they have certain reasons to justify their stand in either based on actual experience or pure reason. There are also people who would love to adhere to libertarian principles because they believe that paying taxes is the right thing to do because it particularly gives value to a person.
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The Hemingway novel shows love’s blindness makes the world a challengingly meaningful place to survive. love can be defined as blind. Blindness equates to darkness. In the dark alley of love, people fall in love with many seemingly wrong reasons. The Hemingway novel proves love’s blind ingredient creates a challengingly meaningful world to live in.
The article focuses on four branches of Bacon’s ideology and they include the mind, the body, and their leagues. In addition, the article further examined the relationship between the body using natural philosophy, philosophy of the man and the moral philosophy. They argued that imagination is a powerful aspect that influences the conception of cure.
The author states that the philosophers also believes that a good leader is one who shows or posses the interest of the citizens at heart. Good leaders as described should be able to show their ability to display their ethical judgments on different situations which requires them to make a decision concerning an action.
It may be viewed as rightful thinking to conclude that Goodman’s thinking of what the problem of induction shows does not offer any new insight different from how it was viewed in the past. But instead, his approach seems to presents an illustration that seems to be filled with complexities thus an answer to the problem is yet to be discovered.
In conclusion, it can be drawn from the above explanation of the existentialism theories that one of the major differences between theorists is the view they possess, on whether the main queries of our being can be answered. In a general argument, theorists agree that there is a possibility of incapability not to answer these questions completely being still in our finite form.
The author states that ethics have been studied for thousands of years and there are many varieties. According to Richard T. Hull, there are two types of fundamental ethical theories: those that say a person should choose their actions to "maximize the value or values to be expected as consequences of those actions".
The author discusses Anselm’s ontological argument on the existence of God in order to understand the crux of the matter. Anselm’s ontological argument is cited in the second chapter of his theological discourse Proslogion and is considered to be one of the most written about philosophical arguments ever.
The author states that though few remarks for Nature from these poets come directly to clarify their philosophy and thoughts on Nature, it is obvious that nature in most of their poems appears to serve the purpose of a background that is vast, endless, somber and generous as Nature itself is.
While sympathy is the act or power of sharing the feelings of another, empathy is the identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives, etc (Robin, 2009). In any case, both sympathy and empathy are definitely connected with morality which is concerned with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong.
The crowd is the most dangerous, the most powerful and the most irrational and helpless entity that can ever be. Crowd deprives us of our individuality, of our “Selves”. This is clearly shown by Orwell in his “1984”. One does not have to actually be out there, among thousands of people in the crowd, in the street, to be a part of it.
The author of the paper states that Sophocles' plays celebrate the superiority of humans, who are the crowning glory of God’s creation, and the master of their environment. But his plays seek to show that temperance of spirit in humans is a must, and cautions against irrationality and wild emotions.
In order to gain a clear understanding of the concept of scientific progression, one needs to have a clear understanding of the general concept that starts with the origination of the concept and its meaning. The word progress, derived from the Latin language pro-grade, refers to moving forward, advancing towards the next step.
John Stuart Mill was the leading proponent of the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Mill believed in the qualitative separation of pleasures. He argued that intellectual and moral pleasures have a degree of superiority over other types of pleasure. He also believed in the superiority of happiness over contentment.