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According to Plato human soul is divided into three parts which are the reason, the spirit, and the appetite. These three parts of the human soul are distinguished by their aims which are knowledge, power, and fame, and bodily satisfaction respectively. The accounts by Plato are all about the different goals or orientations in the actions of human beings.
Man must accept criticisms of his application of theories since it is in that case that he will have much to learn. Open-mindedness will lead him to liberality. That although there are absolute truths in the world, each case is a unique experience where freedom of thought finds its greatest meaning in studying and listening to all sides of an argument.
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The author states that his emotions, his hunger, thirst, etc, and he also states these senses are much more clear and formed than mere ideas that he came to through his meditations. All of these are described as a sort of “faith” in his senses, which he had discussed previously. He had no clear way to prove the correctness of these assumptions.
Scholars in the modern era continue to expound on the different aspects or threads of thoughts that they find to be fundamental in the study of philosophy and political thinking. These two philosophers are to be commended for their contribution to the different schools of thought such as utilitarianism and empiricism.
Since Saints subscribe to a divine leader, it is worth mentioning that such leaders claim to see everything one does and this extends to the thoughts of man. As such, Saints find themselves in a quagmire since their deeds and thoughts are not only questioned by their conscience but also by their divine leaders.
Happiness is indeed a vital factor in determining human contentment and civilization. Researchers have explored the relationship between happiness and personal civilization in the achievement of personal interests and expectations where some maintain that happiness is intensely imperative in the achievement of personal satisfaction and contentment.
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By way or example, descriptive ethics would concern itself with the proportion of people who believe that killing is inevitably wrong, while on the other hand, normative ethics would be concerned with whether it is correct for one to harbor such a belief. As a consequence, it is commonly held that normative ethics is prescriptive, and not descriptive.
What is the mind? What is the soul? Why can we not feel the soul through our physical senses? Is the soul proof of God’s existence? These are but some of the questions that have bogged scientists, philosophers, and theologians of the early times. Religious views held that man is composed of the physical and the spiritual and those that are beyond man’s understanding belong to the gods.
Stocker states that “One mark of a good life is a harmony between one’s motives and one’s reasons, values, and justifications. Not to be moved by what one values…bespeaks a malady of the spirit. Not to value what moves one also bespeaks a malady of the spirit”. Stocker has suggested that all those who had been following this theory had been suffering from “moral schizophrenia”.
Business ethics can be defined as a form of art that examines principles, rules, problems, and obligations that apply to people in a commercial business setting. Ethical issues usually crop up in business and there are different measures taken against those who are involved. Business ethics involves the principles and ethical rules that govern people within an organization.
What is evil? Disturbing, morally decayed, and sinister acts often come under this banner. Human life holds to create value; it is one of the most precious things in the world – that is the belief that most people hold. When we look into the problem of evil we see that anything that disrupts or destroys human life and the value of human life is seen as evil.
Confucius in his book titled ‘The Analects’ while defining the concept of self states, “The Master said, “Abroad, to serve the high ministers and nobles; at home, to serve one’s father and elder brothers; in all duties to the dead, not to dare not to exert one’s self; and not to of overcome of wine…”
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Most of the things that we could be aware of at any given point in time usually constitute part of an individual’s consciousness. Consciousness is an experience that is simple as well as complex at the same time. There are two main types of consciousness. Phenomenal consciousness refers to the usual experiences that people undergo in life such as sounds, emotions, sensations, sights, and feelings.
In most cases, philosophers use the word Happy or “happy life” as good. If the usage of the word is more descriptive, then in most cases, it is used to describe the mood or emotional condition or likely to be referred to his state of mind. It is considered to be a controversial thesis which may be also called eudaimonism.
It has been a question asked for a long time, will wealth lead to a person’s happiness. Richard Easterlin, who is a professor of Economics, at the University of Southern California agreed that people living in richer nations are happier than developing and underdeveloped nations. It has been suggested that people living in poor nation’s value wealth for happiness.
The strengths and limitations of Marxism are associated with the theory’s exceptionally large-scale aspirations concerning social progression which Marx assumed would lead to the formation of a socialist and democratic social structure. Marxist theory has mirrored for people of all time periods and geographic locations of societal evolution the universal aspiration for individual development.
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Various scholars in their days developed theoretical constructs to explain reasoning processes. On the other hand, these theories have received critical criticism on their applicability in today’s world. The three main theories are inductive, deductive, and abductive processes. Cross (2011, p.27) notes that the deduction process in designing involves proving that something must be.
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Over the years, scientists have developed numerous laws in order to explain various patterns in the world. The key interest of the scientist is to show the causation of certain happenings. This makes Laws an integral factor in science (Miller, 2003, p.257). This is more specific to natural science and physics where which is tasked with discovering what properties are there in the globe.
Aristotle and Plato gave a lot of information on how they thought society would be improved. Plato puts his concentration on achieving a perfect society (Bluhm 56). Plato suggests a utopian society as the remedy for problems that are in the society would be solved. Plato believes that the source of the problems in society comes from political tension.
Recent studies have shown that as we are recognized by people or recognize others, there is a characteristic developing an important role to shape our life quality. Recognition usually helps to form or even determining a picture of who we think we are in comparison to the individual values we render in our society.
The introduction of enlightenment saw to it major and dramatic shifts in different fields like science, religion, societal organizations, and philosophy among others. The enlightenment paved way for the present-day modernism. After the introduction of modernism, several scholars reacted to the new wave of enlightenment, among them included the French philosopher Jean, Jacques Rousseau.
Sir Karl Popper, the greater philosopher of science of the twentieth century held that it is not possible, in the empirical sciences, to prove a theory, so people can never be sure that their knowledge is complete or correct. As a result, the only way of advancing is through the process of trial and error through learning from their mistakes.
The author of the paper states that Plato’s idea of the social class system, rule of rational reason, and collectivism has predisposed many modern political perspectives. According to Plato, a good life can only be realized through a society or a state. Human beings are basically social and political animals in nature.
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Demarcation is concerned with the struggle that is ongoing between religious views and scientific theories. There is a question of which belief of religious origin should be put to scientific scrutiny. It presents one of the most debated sections which results in the formation of the philosophy of science.
Human beings are themselves not absolute (Pinchin, 2005). They also do not have any system that would prevent the making of changes to anything which is considered absolute and for this reason, it is not possible to prove that the truth that may have been given to them by God or the gods can retain its absolute in the future.
There is no doubt that much of the philosophy as we know it today drives a lot from the early Greek philosophers who dedicated a lot of their time and intellectual resources to this noble cause. Their level of intellectual discourse and engagement was so sharp that it guides much of the theories and matters of our modern-day philosophy, psychology, and metaphysics among other fields.
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While we continue to consider the theory of Charles Darwin as a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview has been and will continue to be as old as antiquity. Let us take Anaximander for instance. He postulated the evolution of man from animals and that of life from non-life. His postulations still live with us.
It is evidently clear from the discussion that зhilosophy is divided into two major philosophical periods the medieval and modern philosophy. The main difference characterizing these two ages of philosophy is the methodology used. Medieval philosophy basically used Aristotelian as well as Platonic philosophies.
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Free will is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of philosophy, so is the free will problem. There are various arguments over time on whether human free will is a basic component of human beings and implications thereof. Additionally, an understanding of the concept in the clearest way possible may require a comparative approach with respect to determinism.
Judith Jarvis Thompson openly argues for abortion in her article ‘A defense of abortion’ by use of experimental thoughts. Her arguments are based on the absoluteness of the right to life and to support them she uses analogies such as the violinist analogy. However, her general argument against abortion is the right to life which is violated by abortion.
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Beliefs denote a structure of thought which consists of information that accrues and is stored in people’s brains. Jointly, this gives a worldview as well as a mechanism through which people understand new ideas and assess how to manage experiences. Understanding new ideas lead to the acquisition of knowledge.
This paper looks at the precise bit of philosophy that deals with “self.” It is better referred to as the philosophy of self in the discipline and strives to study the nature of being and beings, time and space, existence, and causality. The goal is either to maintain or refute the views of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze who articulated that the actions of the body are inherently unconscious.
Subsequently, while explaining the concept of senses, he gave emphasis on how they were the window through which the world became a notion of understanding for the individual. He advocated the idea that “unless you dare to trust in your senses…all that array of words is in vain, that has been massed and deployed against the senses”.
Thinkers and philosophers across the world have expressed their views and opinions on the mind, body, soul, and the interconnection between them. Differences exist in the acceptance of the self, the existence of the self, and the knowledge of the self. Some thinkers prompt one to believe that human beings are merely bundles of perceptions.
Hart argued that if condemnation no longer attaches to punishment Thus proceeding from his theory that it is the attached punishment attached that deters the crime by, and then it is probably correct to say that the law would prevent fewer crimes if people did not morally condemn criminals who are punished.
The speech represents the flow of energy, which comes down from Dao. Any energy must be used properly; any interaction should have its result. However, men are not always able to control the way they use speech. Meanwhile, speech possesses a great power of influence on humans. That is why it should be used carefully.
If we examine the issue of ‘native right’ in the light of Locke’s perception, it is clear that Locke never favored commonwealth judgments. Locke’s perception of people claiming whose judgments can be treated as identical with each particular member retains the ultimate power to judge whether they can justly make an appeal to heaven.
Science as a form of knowing things is an accepted fact around the globe. It is undeniably true that the development of this particular process of investigating on things and realization of facts could be noted as the primary source of excellence among the human generations that passed history’s records.
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In Kant’s view, the framework for a posteriori knowledge is a priori intuition, but they also produce a priori knowledge. According to Kant the concept of causality is natural and is a system for organizing a priori concepts in the mind. Kant views space and time as lenses for perceiving events, while the casualty is a form of associating knowledge.
Hegel tries to understand how absolute knowledge can be attained. The system is concerned with showing how absolute knowledge must be, and how a man must be able to attain it. The knowledge will enable man to understand completely the totality of existing beings. The system will also be differentiating this absolute knowledge from other knowledge.
There is a clear distinction between the fact that the determination of the meaning of the terms used in observation as presented by the theoretical presumptions on one side and the basic investigating theories at the level of cognitive on the other side. Duhеm’s thesis has over the past years experienced challenges that are associated with theoretical testing (Busch, 2011).
A German philosopher, philologist, composer, poet, and cultural critic, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, born in 1844, is known for writing critical texts on morality, philosophy, science, and religion. Nietzsche is popularly known as a proponent of the idea that "God is Dead". So much so that it has become one of his oft-quoted and best remarks thus far (Mencken, 1908).
Feminist critique of science is expressed and experienced in several ways, and it has got various objectives and reasons. Some of the reasons for feminist critique are those that have demonstrated interest in rediscovering the role played by women in science and which is most of the time offered the attention that it deserves by culture in the field of science that is dominated by masculine.
The paradigm-shift model, developed by Kuhn, discusses the processes of change in science. The model posits that scientific advancement does not evolve gradually but experiences change through “intellectually violent revolutions." These intellectually violent revolutions are the periods of change that create a paradigm shifts and create a peaceful interlude of normal science.
Philosophy is one discipline that criticizes and challenges the human perspective of life. In all its works it adds knowledge to the existing one by seeking to understand more about reality, human nature, life form, life significance and so many more. Using the two articles, this essay compares their analyses of the role of philosophy in order to determine which among them has more details.
As the paper outlines, a good life encompasses a constellation of joy and it cannot be good without happiness (Julia .1998pp. 37-p.55) the western philosophy is commonly known as the classic philosophy and eastern philosophy mainly deals with the subject of happiness. There are many theories that explain happiness.
Immanuel Kant was so independent that he did not let people interfere with his way of thinking. Kant made his own moral values and worked alone in his research, avoiding criticism from outsiders. Kant hoped that individuals’ emotions and how they viewed the matter could impact their moral values and religion.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that the aesthetic as a division of philosophy, which is mainly concerned with the natural history of beauty, plays an integral role in strengthening the cultural differences in society. Different scholars have managed to bring out the various aspects of art through literature, film, and music.
Zombie in the philosophical mind is a just but hypothetical being whose difference from the normal human being lies upon its inability to have a conscious experience, qualia, or sentience. For instance, if a philosophical zombie is poked with a hot object or any other painful external stimuli its response is normally similar to that of a normal human being even though it feels no pain.
In Chinese script, it combines the characters for great or large with that for one. This is a concept that goes back several thousand years. The idea of tian can be linked to ideas about power and authority on earth. As to what tian actually consisted of there were different ideas. Zhou Bi Suan Jing put forward the idea of Gatian Shuo (蓋天說), with tian being a canopy over the earth.