Philosophy Essays

However, libertarianism is simply the basic moral principle or as derived one. In some cases, libertarianism is identifiable with the principle that every agent has the right to equal and maximum empirical negative liberty. In this case, empirical negative refers to the lack of forceful interference from others when trying to do your things.

Accuracy is the chance that the source of knowledge is relevant, truthful, and purposeful and techniques used to obtain the knowledge are effective. The error comes in with the character of mistakes, and in most cases, it leads to the attainment of wrong facts or information. But who knows? As the question unfolds, “Error is as valuable as accuracy in the production of knowledge.”

Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is concerned with the evaluation of problems with a finite amount of alternatives which are especially known at the start of the solution process. These alternative solutions result from mathematical models and their variables can either be uncountable or countable depending on the discrete or continuous nature of the data respectively.

This has led to changes in various activities including business operations and consumer tastes and preferences. These factors formed the foundation of this study. The study aimed at exploring the concept of Confucianism within the Australian context, the reasons behind the increased practices, Confucian values, and the association with business practices. 

A critical incident in its setting can be either positive or negative (Hrovat and Luke 2016, pg8). Learners must, therefore, determine the positive aspects of critical incidents and learn from them as well as determine the negative aspects and establish various ways to counter the negative occurrences (Jarvis and Newman, 2013, n.d).

It is from this view that economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and historians have correlated the views on the two subjects in connection to modernity. There are intense lobbying and divergent views by modern states on how to resolve disputes in the context of traditional values without raising conflict among affect communities.

The noble people have more power compared to the slaves because most of them are given prominent positions in organizations or owns the most valuable properties which they assign the slaves to take care of this they have the ability to dictate to their juniors what to do. The amount of power one has depends on the ability to use the authority that one has and the skills that one has.

Although only a few have heard about it, research on human happiness has been developing since 1960. Human happiness is regarded as the highest goal in life. The attainment of happiness is now the focus of philosophy, psychology, and even theology (Graham, 2010). The earliest researcher in human happiness Gordon Watson argued that there is no other quest that can attract a large number of people than happiness.

Logical positivism also known as neo-positivism or logical empiricism is a school of philosophy that coalesces empiricism, the thought that observational evidence is crucial for the knowledge of the world with a version of rationalism integrating logico-linguistics and mathematical constructs and deductions in epistemology.

The desires of a person have to be controlled. A person to achieve what is rightly his without frustrating others. From this perspective, it can be seen that Homer left some aspect hanging in his description of the soul. The loose ends were discussed in detail by Socrates and Plato. The suggestion by Socrates shows the rationality of the soul through self-examination.

The study of philosophical orientation, I have seen it as a very wide study where it has in many ways influenced the behavior of people both in person and culturally. In adult education, the educator decides which direction the class takes in terms of learning, and the methods used by students of this program lie entirely on what the educator directs.

There has been a lot of blogosphere discussion of this mighty debate and continuous debates on just how much, we as the present generation owe the future generations. One of the big questions that come up is, “did the previous generations also have a lot to think about what they owed to us?”Ralph Waldo Emerson for instance quoted that insects store up for their future generations.

Human beings are different from animals due to the fact that as thinking organisms, they have evolved and developed so much. They are also capable of obtaining culture and ideas within themselves. Rationality is exclusive to humans as it makes them superior to other animals. However, they can also be irreversibly irrational in choosing their actions in life.

One of the most important disciplines in Contemporary Philosophy is Philosophy of mind. The explanation of the capacities and cognitive abilities of human beings is the central goal of the contemporary cognitive study on behavior. It explores the capacity of an adult to comprehend and produce natural language and a child's acquisition of the language from the adults.

Nietzsche’s take on Christianity was largely influenced by Kierkegaard who was himself a Christian. He felt that the church practices at the time were extremely formal and showed no signs of evolving or changing. Seeking to understand the identity of a person, he escaped the commonly used scientific analytical methods and instead compared one person to another.

The concepts behind cultural relativism still draw arguments with supporting statements from both ends. Cultural relativism, in the basic sense, is the theory that supports the argument that ethical systems or morals across the various divides of cultures are equally valid. Therefore, according to this theory, no system can be superior to the other (Fieser, 2000).

Many theories have been created about these different stages to explain the significance of each stage in the development process. Many profound theories have emerged since the beginning of the century, the main theorists who have made a significant contribution to human development are Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud.

Although neither Max Weber nor Karl Marx wrote directly about education, their theory of class conflict has far-reaching ramifications on education. Marx’s views and theories influenced a lot of academicians and scholars to publish numerous papers on the issue of education, resource distribution, sociology, politics, and economics.

A paradigm describes a model that has been theoretically tested and is applicable in a certain specific situation. The concept of paradigms is used in decision-making criteria as it provides specific guidelines of acting, given particular conditions or settings. In the concepts of worldviews and paradigms, the issues of culture, beliefs, and ideologies shape how different people perceive it.

World view provides a basis for understanding others and the surroundings. One of the theories used to study individuals in the medieval theory[1]. The medieval world view theory describes the self, suggesting that the mind and the body are two different concepts that can be separated and studied individually.  

It is often said that the energy we set into the world will, at last, come back to us. Our current actions have an impact on the future. In the case where the impacts take long to happen, it is clear that it is the future generation that takes the blow. Although, in some cases, it is less likely that our decisions will affect the general course of history.

The identified relationship tends to constitute the body’s nature, both conscious and unconscious mind, and the emotional life experienced by the subjects while seeking the governance. Foucault majorly focuses on the question of how discourse shapes and creates the meaning of the systems gaining the status and the currency of “truth” and dominance in the manner that people define and organize themselves.

Elucidations of Hume's rationality of religion are regularly made against the foundation of more broad understandings of his philosophical aims. From this point of view, it is not unordinary to view Hume's perspectives on religion in terms of naturalism and skepticism, which prominently feature in his 1739–40’s Treatise of Human instinct.

Significant similarities and differences exist between a promise and a contract. The two practices apply similar principal methods in fulfilment of the instrumental function. Promises are statements whose normative forces are highly dependent on trust. Unlike promises, contracts are characterized by external sanctions.

On the other hand, goodwill refers to the unquestionable good. The goodwill relates that the intentions of a given action are such that when applied universally, the doer will be comfortable with it. It overlooks the sophistication realized from education and assesses people's activities purely on human nature.

As a result, those who seek to be away from others in society are usually viewed as escapists who have psychological or social problems. Some scholars argue that solitude may be beneficial in certain circumstances. For example, Barbour argues that when one has discovered the spiritual and value of solitude, he can benefit from it in a lot of ways (1).

Desire is a word that is used to refer to a strong urge of attaining or possessing something. In human beings, desires rise, but other feelings of desire often replace some. These feelings are the ones that spark the urge to do a thing, and without them, there would not be any reason to do anything and life would be void.

Considering Merleau-Ponty’s interpretation of perception mainly driving attention to the claim he raised that perception in itself involved a lived dynamic that was between the perceptual body and world. The hardness of the rock was known because of the exhibitive experience they gave of their very nature or qualities as they were.

The first notion as mentioned earlier is credited to a professor who provoked another scholar to bring up the second notion with the intention of understanding how society and technology correlate. In summary, the differences between the two theories are evident in the subjects which they address. 

Sexual desire as described in the paper has a visible impact on human behavior and can be used to interpret individuals’ actions. Cultural norms placed in societies act as an ethical standard to manage the actions of people in regards to their arousal due to the sight of an attractive person of the opposite gender. 

Ideally, culture is one of the essential elements of any society. Indeed, no society can exist without culture. Moreover, culture is valued because it agitates the sense of belonging and a bond that binds a community. Confucianism is considered the widely known culture of the East Asian nations.

In this paper, I will examine the position of abortion using the thoughts of Emmanuel Kant on metaphysics and ethics. In addition, I intend to apply John Stuart Mill’s thoughts about utilitarianism. In the development of this work, it will try to examine the point of rationality and what is good for the general society concerning the termination of pregnancy.

Apparently, ethics does not rely on particular acts and established moral codes. However, ethics encompasses as many moral behaviors as possible hence making up an individual’s worldview about ethics. As per the discussion, the classical Greek philosophies encouraged the moderation of all practices in society.

He brings out the mechanisms of discourse and dreams. He claims that among the many forms, language is one of the representations in dreams (Lacan, 144). He, therefore, argues that the unconscious also has the structure of S/s, and neither language nor unconscious can work outside the S/s structure (Lacan, 143).

However, what one perceives is but one’s own ideas or sensations—ideas that exist only in one’s own mind. Berkeley further explains that ideas are not mere thoughts of the mind. Rather, they are the objects that the mind uses in thinking.

There is a first-order observation wherein the observer performs the distinguishing. There is a second-order observation wherein the observer looks at the first observer and sees the blind spot of the first observer, and knows why. He also sees that the first observer could have chosen other modes of distinguishing (the fact of contingency).

Theoretically love is viewed from two theories; the erotic theory and the romanticized theory. These theories are both felt by friends and individuals or a caring love that is devoid of any connotation or sexual desire.  According to Plato, if this was the case then love was called tyrant love.  When love is considered as the empire of shaping an individual’s life, then it bears the tyrant profile.

In Loaded Christos Tsiolkas (Australia) depicts the life of Ari a young man who is driven by lust and has sex with many people in one day for the sake of escaping from his frustrations. Experiences and transgression in love are quite irrevocable and the characters often behave as a life-force that drives them into transgressive actions.

Jamieson goes further in identifying the challenges of moral theories. He defines feminist sensibility as a problem that occurred among the philosophers in the late 1970s. The other challenge was the widespread skepticism related to the authority that occurred in the 1960s. The scholars who were affected by these problems differentiated and the majority emphasized motivation rather than obligations.

The concepts of authority and liberty according to Leviathan mainly focuses on ensuring that man responds positively to the authority above them and the best way of doing this is through ensuring that a covenant is made between them and the government. This is probably where the whole concept of government constitutions came from.

According to Locke, no principles or concepts are inherent in the human mind. He views innate ideas as those that a person is said to possess independent of prior interaction. He believes that for a human being to think or perceive something, they must interact with the object in mind before through what he terms as experience.

The majority of the beliefs that people harbor today are Christian values and have elevated medicine into what it is today. All the human population has some beliefs and views regarding the world around them. It is worth noting that all significant decisions hold deep beliefs and values that assist shape their viewpoints.

It is not that we have failed to learn anything of value in the past fifty years, for a great deal has been done. It is rather that we have devoted ourselves to ignoring the key thoughts of Nietzsche, Emerson, and Freud even as they have come to be construed as the iconic figures of our time, and we have done so by misconstruing the value of work.

The truth is wound to knowledge. Evidently, whether something is considered true or not depends on the knowledge of the people involved in the subject matter. For instance, a ruling in court given in court is made on the assumption that the evidence provided is reliable to inform the decision of the judge.

Since we are basically in the same place as we were when he wrote this it is this writer’s thinking that we need a change. Certainly, this writer has a logical argument as this writer thinks it makes sense to think for ourselves. Is that not the whole purpose of higher education to teach us critical thinking?

In conclusion, the techniques of Monte Carlo in the simulation of radiation have great importance in medical physics. The use of EGSnrc tools aid in measuring the NaI detector that emerges from the spectra of the radiotherapy. The increase in computing power has also enabled the utilization of Monte Carlo techniques.

All the changes we observe in the different existing things are the different forms of the single eternal being. Another issue, as illustrated earlier, is that the doctrine does not believe in change. He says that change is impossible but the existence of the existing things is eternal. His doctrine pulls towards theology in some sense. 

In concept, a totally new character may emerge relating in a destructive way upon any single part of previous scientific practice. Nevertheless, besides the great plausibility of an ideal picture, there is an increase in doubt if it can possibly be a picture of science. Scientific revolutions are instigated by a mounting sense.

My personal opinion is that the assumption proposed by Singer was right because he reasonably states that under any circumstances, it is right to act morally and help people who are in trouble; yet, he does not mean sacrificing too much and harming own interests – it seems to be a just and reasonable approach to charity

This imperative does not rely on facts but rather on morals that largely depend on a particular reason. But according to Freud conscience comes from the unconscious mind. Here a person’s common sense and morals are a product of the superego. Superego embraces good character but condemns anything bad in terms of character and behavior.