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In Chinese script, it combines the characters for great or large with that for one. This is a concept that goes back several thousand years. The idea of tian can be linked to ideas about power and authority on earth. As to what tian actually consisted of there were different ideas. Zhou Bi Suan Jing put forward the idea of Gatian Shuo (蓋天說), with tian being a canopy over the earth.
Zombie in the philosophical mind is a just but hypothetical being whose difference from the normal human being lies upon its inability to have a conscious experience, qualia, or sentience. For instance, if a philosophical zombie is poked with a hot object or any other painful external stimuli its response is normally similar to that of a normal human being even though it feels no pain.
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In conclusion, it is worth noting that the aesthetic as a division of philosophy, which is mainly concerned with the natural history of beauty, plays an integral role in strengthening the cultural differences in society. Different scholars have managed to bring out the various aspects of art through literature, film, and music.
Immanuel Kant was so independent that he did not let people interfere with his way of thinking. Kant made his own moral values and worked alone in his research, avoiding criticism from outsiders. Kant hoped that individuals’ emotions and how they viewed the matter could impact their moral values and religion.
As the paper outlines, a good life encompasses a constellation of joy and it cannot be good without happiness (Julia .1998pp. 37-p.55) the western philosophy is commonly known as the classic philosophy and eastern philosophy mainly deals with the subject of happiness. There are many theories that explain happiness.
It is often said that the energy we set into the world will, at last, come back to us. Our current actions have an impact on the future. In the case where the impacts take long to happen, it is clear that it is the future generation that takes the blow. Although, in some cases, it is less likely that our decisions will affect the general course of history.
Philosophy is one discipline that criticizes and challenges the human perspective of life. In all its works it adds knowledge to the existing one by seeking to understand more about reality, human nature, life form, life significance and so many more. Using the two articles, this essay compares their analyses of the role of philosophy in order to determine which among them has more details.
The paradigm-shift model, developed by Kuhn, discusses the processes of change in science. The model posits that scientific advancement does not evolve gradually but experiences change through “intellectually violent revolutions." These intellectually violent revolutions are the periods of change that create a paradigm shifts and create a peaceful interlude of normal science.
Feminist critique of science is expressed and experienced in several ways, and it has got various objectives and reasons. Some of the reasons for feminist critique are those that have demonstrated interest in rediscovering the role played by women in science and which is most of the time offered the attention that it deserves by culture in the field of science that is dominated by masculine.
It is a field that requires a lot of research to collect not only correct but reliable and relevant data (Thomas, 2002). This field also requires a lot of research to be carried out on the participants and one must be very keen and patient while carrying out the observation task. Audience Ethnography is a task that can take place at any place, therefore, it might require a lot of movement and flexibility.
World view provides a basis for understanding others and the surroundings. One of the theories used to study individuals in the medieval theory[1]. The medieval world view theory describes the self, suggesting that the mind and the body are two different concepts that can be separated and studied individually.
A German philosopher, philologist, composer, poet, and cultural critic, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, born in 1844, is known for writing critical texts on morality, philosophy, science, and religion. Nietzsche is popularly known as a proponent of the idea that "God is Dead". So much so that it has become one of his oft-quoted and best remarks thus far (Mencken, 1908).
There is a clear distinction between the fact that the determination of the meaning of the terms used in observation as presented by the theoretical presumptions on one side and the basic investigating theories at the level of cognitive on the other side. Duhеm’s thesis has over the past years experienced challenges that are associated with theoretical testing (Busch, 2011).
Hegel tries to understand how absolute knowledge can be attained. The system is concerned with showing how absolute knowledge must be, and how a man must be able to attain it. The knowledge will enable man to understand completely the totality of existing beings. The system will also be differentiating this absolute knowledge from other knowledge.
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Kant says that “Dialect is a logic of illusion” (81), which means a dialectical notion, is false or it is empty. Nonetheless, the Critique of Pure Reason is not supposed to be interpreted as a cognitive role of reason demolisher (Adams 81). Certainly, Kant wanted to restrict the reason’s bound, though this is not similar to argue that it does not have a position in our knowledge.
A paradigm describes a model that has been theoretically tested and is applicable in a certain specific situation. The concept of paradigms is used in decision-making criteria as it provides specific guidelines of acting, given particular conditions or settings. In the concepts of worldviews and paradigms, the issues of culture, beliefs, and ideologies shape how different people perceive it.
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In Kant’s view, the framework for a posteriori knowledge is a priori intuition, but they also produce a priori knowledge. According to Kant the concept of causality is natural and is a system for organizing a priori concepts in the mind. Kant views space and time as lenses for perceiving events, while the casualty is a form of associating knowledge.
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Demarcation is concerned with the struggle that is ongoing between religious views and scientific theories. There is a question of which belief of religious origin should be put to scientific scrutiny. It presents one of the most debated sections which results in the formation of the philosophy of science.
The author of the paper states that Plato’s idea of the social class system, rule of rational reason, and collectivism has predisposed many modern political perspectives. According to Plato, a good life can only be realized through a society or a state. Human beings are basically social and political animals in nature.
Sir Karl Popper, the greater philosopher of science of the twentieth century held that it is not possible, in the empirical sciences, to prove a theory, so people can never be sure that their knowledge is complete or correct. As a result, the only way of advancing is through the process of trial and error through learning from their mistakes.
The introduction of enlightenment saw to it major and dramatic shifts in different fields like science, religion, societal organizations, and philosophy among others. The enlightenment paved way for the present-day modernism. After the introduction of modernism, several scholars reacted to the new wave of enlightenment, among them included the French philosopher Jean, Jacques Rousseau.
Recent studies have shown that as we are recognized by people or recognize others, there is a characteristic developing an important role to shape our life quality. Recognition usually helps to form or even determining a picture of who we think we are in comparison to the individual values we render in our society.
Aristotle and Plato gave a lot of information on how they thought society would be improved. Plato puts his concentration on achieving a perfect society (Bluhm 56). Plato suggests a utopian society as the remedy for problems that are in the society would be solved. Plato believes that the source of the problems in society comes from political tension.
However, knowledge is between the connection between beliefs and evidence and as a result of this, the borders of knowledge can be regarded as flexible, contextual, and are also subject to change. Participation in life is different for many people and they use different ways of participating and seeing the world. As a result, in some circumstances.
Ethical theory discussion can go on without an end because the theories themselves complicate each other with their different explanations. The reason behind this is that there is a lot of difference in culture as well as interests in different societies. This leads to every society giving its own interpretation to suit their understanding.
Although neither Max Weber nor Karl Marx wrote directly about education, their theory of class conflict has far-reaching ramifications on education. Marx’s views and theories influenced a lot of academicians and scholars to publish numerous papers on the issue of education, resource distribution, sociology, politics, and economics.
Many theories have been created about these different stages to explain the significance of each stage in the development process. Many profound theories have emerged since the beginning of the century, the main theorists who have made a significant contribution to human development are Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud.
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Over the years, scientists have developed numerous laws in order to explain various patterns in the world. The key interest of the scientist is to show the causation of certain happenings. This makes Laws an integral factor in science (Miller, 2003, p.257). This is more specific to natural science and physics where which is tasked with discovering what properties are there in the globe.
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Various scholars in their days developed theoretical constructs to explain reasoning processes. On the other hand, these theories have received critical criticism on their applicability in today’s world. The three main theories are inductive, deductive, and abductive processes. Cross (2011, p.27) notes that the deduction process in designing involves proving that something must be.
This paper looks at the precise bit of philosophy that deals with “self.” It is better referred to as the philosophy of self in the discipline and strives to study the nature of being and beings, time and space, existence, and causality. The goal is either to maintain or refute the views of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze who articulated that the actions of the body are inherently unconscious.
Shallow environmentalists argue on the need to protect the environment if this will serve humanity or will be for the advantage of human beings. Deep ecology on the other side argues that the environment should be protected as a whole and independent entity. It should be protected for its benefit to human or non-human existence.
It may be viewed as rightful thinking to conclude that Goodman’s thinking of what the problem of induction shows does not offer any new insight different from how it was viewed in the past. But instead, his approach seems to presents an illustration that seems to be filled with complexities thus an answer to the problem is yet to be discovered.
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The concepts behind cultural relativism still draw arguments with supporting statements from both ends. Cultural relativism, in the basic sense, is the theory that supports the argument that ethical systems or morals across the various divides of cultures are equally valid. Therefore, according to this theory, no system can be superior to the other (Fieser, 2000).
Science is a collaborative, dynamic, and creative endeavor that arises from the desire to make sense and learn about our world by solving problems, making predictions, investigating and exploring unknown factors. Learning science provides young learners with the opportunity to develop in-depth knowledge and understanding about significant science concepts that are a crucial part of the universe.
Nietzsche’s take on Christianity was largely influenced by Kierkegaard who was himself a Christian. He felt that the church practices at the time were extremely formal and showed no signs of evolving or changing. Seeking to understand the identity of a person, he escaped the commonly used scientific analytical methods and instead compared one person to another.
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Beliefs denote a structure of thought which consists of information that accrues and is stored in people’s brains. Jointly, this gives a worldview as well as a mechanism through which people understand new ideas and assess how to manage experiences. Understanding new ideas lead to the acquisition of knowledge.
Judith Jarvis Thompson openly argues for abortion in her article ‘A defense of abortion’ by use of experimental thoughts. Her arguments are based on the absoluteness of the right to life and to support them she uses analogies such as the violinist analogy. However, her general argument against abortion is the right to life which is violated by abortion.
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Free will is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of philosophy, so is the free will problem. There are various arguments over time on whether human free will is a basic component of human beings and implications thereof. Additionally, an understanding of the concept in the clearest way possible may require a comparative approach with respect to determinism.
One of the most important disciplines in Contemporary Philosophy is Philosophy of mind. The explanation of the capacities and cognitive abilities of human beings is the central goal of the contemporary cognitive study on behavior. It explores the capacity of an adult to comprehend and produce natural language and a child's acquisition of the language from the adults.
It is evidently clear from the discussion that зhilosophy is divided into two major philosophical periods the medieval and modern philosophy. The main difference characterizing these two ages of philosophy is the methodology used. Medieval philosophy basically used Aristotelian as well as Platonic philosophies.
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While we continue to consider the theory of Charles Darwin as a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview has been and will continue to be as old as antiquity. Let us take Anaximander for instance. He postulated the evolution of man from animals and that of life from non-life. His postulations still live with us.
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In summary, error or bias is established directly by discrepancy measurement between the factual conditions being judged and the judgment in a different logic. The fruitfulness of this logic is seen in psychophysics, maybe less so in collective psychology, in addition to forming a foundation for most of the discussions of research held here.
Human beings are different from animals due to the fact that as thinking organisms, they have evolved and developed so much. They are also capable of obtaining culture and ideas within themselves. Rationality is exclusive to humans as it makes them superior to other animals. However, they can also be irreversibly irrational in choosing their actions in life.
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Although he was also known by a playwright, poet, and musician, Machiavelli is today best known (remembered) for his idea (philosophy) that the end justifies the means when it comes to politics, a philosophy described in his most popular work,” The Prince”. Machiavelli joined politics himself at 25 years of age when he was appointed as a clerk.
There has been a lot of blogosphere discussion of this mighty debate and continuous debates on just how much, we as the present generation owe the future generations. One of the big questions that come up is, “did the previous generations also have a lot to think about what they owed to us?”Ralph Waldo Emerson for instance quoted that insects store up for their future generations.
There is no doubt that much of the philosophy as we know it today drives a lot from the early Greek philosophers who dedicated a lot of their time and intellectual resources to this noble cause. Their level of intellectual discourse and engagement was so sharp that it guides much of the theories and matters of our modern-day philosophy, psychology, and metaphysics among other fields.
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The study of philosophical orientation, I have seen it as a very wide study where it has in many ways influenced the behavior of people both in person and culturally. In adult education, the educator decides which direction the class takes in terms of learning, and the methods used by students of this program lie entirely on what the educator directs.
Human beings are themselves not absolute (Pinchin, 2005). They also do not have any system that would prevent the making of changes to anything which is considered absolute and for this reason, it is not possible to prove that the truth that may have been given to them by God or the gods can retain its absolute in the future.
According to Plato human soul is divided into three parts which are the reason, the spirit, and the appetite. These three parts of the human soul are distinguished by their aims which are knowledge, power, and fame, and bodily satisfaction respectively. The accounts by Plato are all about the different goals or orientations in the actions of human beings.
The desires of a person have to be controlled. A person to achieve what is rightly his without frustrating others. From this perspective, it can be seen that Homer left some aspect hanging in his description of the soul. The loose ends were discussed in detail by Socrates and Plato. The suggestion by Socrates shows the rationality of the soul through self-examination.