Chemistry Essays

Babies, young offspring, elders and persons who have lung and heart problems are especially pretentious; however young, vigorous grown-ups are not resistant to damage from reduced air quality. Breathing of urban air contaminants have been related to a wide range of conflicting health consequences, comprising breathing and cardiovascular diseases, asthma exacerbation, abridged lung utility and early demise (U.S.

This essay demonstrates that Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal, belongs to the second group of s-block of the periodic table and is on the left side of the table. Magnesium is represented by “Mg” and has an atomic number of 12. The atomic weight of magnesium is 24.3050(6) and atomic volume of 14.0 cm3/mol.

A standard solution is defined as a reagent. In most cases, a concentration that is known reacts with the titrant volume to establish the concentration. Titration involves a group of experiments in which the known solution property is utilized in inferring the unknown property of a different solution.

Nearly 2/3 of the oil American consumes on a daily basis is for transportation only. Consuming oil and other fossils fuels for energy produces pollutants. Emission concerns have been in the limelight a lot presently. Therefore, it is in the best awareness for everybody to find an option too combusting fossil fuels for energy production.

When the cycle is incomplete, and the product is not formed, the function of the organism cannot properly take place. Without enzymes, the reactions needed for biological processes of the body would take at a slower rate or fail to take place.

Soft elements and ligands are highly polarizable and have small charge states. Hard elements and ligands are weakly polarized and have higher charge states (Jolly). Borderline elements and ligands have polarizabilities and charge states that are intermediate to hard and soft elements and ligands.

The process of adding adulterants is termed adulteration. An adulterant is usually distinct from the permitted chemical samples, such as food additives. However, contamination is used if an unwanted substance is included by accident or negligence rather than intent (Weise). Basically, there are two classes of adulterants. 

Another possible source of differences in terms of precision is the possible time that elapsed in the pipetting of the solution for each trial. For one reason or another, the elapsed time may have caused slight evaporation in the liquid solution. Another thing is the possibility that the temperature of the transferred solution or the temperature of the laboratory slightly changed for every trial and so it may have slightly affected the rate of evaporation of the delivered liquid.

In chemistry, a solution is a mixture of two or more homogenous substances, and commonly, the components of the solutions have to be determined. The basic definitions in a solution include the solvent, which is the mixing agent in the solution, the solute, which is the substance dissolved in the solute, and the concentration.

Academic literature and literature from reputable agencies and institutions extensively discuss volatile organic compounds because of their toxic qualities, and because they are prevalent in the environment, as byproducts of human activity. First, by organic compounds is meant compounds that contain carbon, an element that is present in all forms of life.

However, other chemicals can perform scale inhibition through significant intrication of calcium in the solution. These chemicals include diethylene triamine pentaacetic (DTPA), aminocarboxylates and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). It is impossible to use these chemicals when the level of calcium is high since they need stoichiometric quantities of calcium ions and thus proves to be wasteful.

Although the principle is the same, I feel that my proposed flowchart poses some disadvantages as that compared to the instructions. First, boiling water may have corrosive effects on the iron, making them weak enough to break into pieces that may contaminate the sand that will remain after all the separation techniques.

Alchemy has a rich history involving several fields of study including philosophy, metallurgy, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry. The objectives and outcomes of alchemic experimentation and studies vary widely. Included are the attempts to discover a liquid that extends life and transforms base metals into more valuable metals through the use of philosopher’s stones.

Heterocyclics are thus the exact opposite of homocyclic compounds whose rings only contain atoms of one element. Despite the fact that heterocyclic compounds are likely to be inorganic, most of them have one carbon in their structures. The importance of heterocyclics in the synthesis of chemical compounds led to the emergence and spread of heterocyclic chemistry as a branch of the discipline.

One must, first, assume that the organizational structure and reward systems in place for top performance are not the catalysts for high productivity or low productivity since intrinsic motivations are highly individualized and in-born.

Vitamin B12 is commercially available as cyanocobalamine, and is used as a supplement in case of vitamin B12 deficiency. This paper discusses some of the general features of the vitamin along with its uses and side effects. Chemical Structure The vitamin has a porphyrin-like macro-ring with cobalt at the center, also called corrin ring (Combs 55).

Thus, in descending order, the boiling points are: 1-Hexanol> 1-Pentanol > 3-Methyl-1-Butanol > 3-Methyl-2-Butanone Boiling points are temperatures at which the vapour pressure of the liquid, equals that of the gas pressure above it (Hill & John, 2011: p32).

According to Powell and Kanarek a cell culture study on plants and animals have indicated that there are dangers related with nanomaterials to the environment. This research has therefore suggested that nanomaterials are toxic. As a background to this, it has been identified that governments and other stakeholders in the private sector have invested in this technology with high hopes of reaping a high level of benefits to the society because nanomaterials have reliable properties such as durability, and strength that enable them to become useful and of more benefits in varied ways.

There is no clear identification of the person who discovered the element silver in the literature (Dhillon). The place where silver was first mined is Anatolia that makes part of the modern Turkey. Silver was mined for the first time in the start of 4000 B.C.

To achieve this, the study used the mode of experiment B-factors from the PDB database, the experimental lists of protein resilience, single molecule pulling, and protein motion by ANM. The experiments for the unfolding protein; protein in pulled apart by AFM, optical trap, and magnetic force, and proteins other unfold when heated.

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Steel cannot be mined directly from the earth’s surface. Iron is the main source of steel. Iron is found in different concentrations at\round the world. It constitutes about 5 percent of the earth's crust. However, iron alone is not useful; it is not hard enough to be molded into shapes. 

The enzyme amylase was used. It was responsible for starch hydrolysis. A sample of starch was hydrolyzed in the presence of amylase, to shorter polysaccharides, glucose, maltose, and dextrins. The extent of hydrolysis was based on the time of reaction. The product is glucose if starch was completely hydrolyzed.

Over the last several decades, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly. This increase is a result of the increased combustion of oil, coal, natural gas, and other carbon compounds. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases, and scientists around the world express concern over the rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.

A complementary DNA library refers to a blend of reverse-transcribed mRNA pieces inserted into a group of host cells. cDNA is made from wholly transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus of cells and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism. The establishment of cDNA libraries is important in disease research, genome construction and research for drugs and alternative medicine.

Conn’s Syndrome, which affects mainly younger patients, is largely asymptomatically or has very few symptoms present. The patient is only 30 years of age, so this gives added weight to Conn’s syndrome diagnosis. Patients often suffer from muscle weakness. Generalized muscle weakness must always be balanced with calcium levels in the body.

The author states that to keep the sample from getting oxidized, nitrogen was introduced into the furnace while it was made sure, that no oxygen entered it. Tin’s melting point was virtually determined through its transition from solid to a molten state. Tin was then shifted into a coffee can. The sand was already there in the can.

Research has shown that the plasmonic influences of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) contribute a very significant role in improvement of the signal, the importance of the chemical effect as a result of analyte chemisorptions on the surfaces of silver and gold is not widely acknowledge due to scanty research on the subject.

The process of O-methylation normally occurs in one of the degenerative pathways of catecholamine transmitters. In this regard, the pathways include dopamine degradation and betaxanthin biosynthesis. Encoded by COMT gene, Catechol-O-methyltransferase also plays a critical role in the metabolism of many catechol drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, Parkinson’s disease and asthma.

On its own, the body should be able to either prevent diseases or fight against diseases to ensure constant healing. However, this functionality of the human body is limited to a certain extent as the immune system has not always achieved disease prevention and disease defenses. It is against this background that it is necessary that third-party disease-fighting defenses be introduced.

An emerging technology in the field of pharmaceutical in which prescription is passed through the lungs by the process of inhalation and enters the bloodstream through alveolar epithelium is known as pulmonary drug delivery. With its high efficiency it has proved very useful in today’s medical procedures as it provides an alternative method which seems to be cheaper and acceptable by patients as the risk involved with it is very minimal.

Chloroprene was earlier used for automobiles but it was replaced with TPEE because it has low durability. In addition, TPEE is widely used in Europe and North America because of its lightweight and its resistant properties to fatigue and chemicals. TPEE is produced through extrusion blowing at its melt state thus the resin must have good melt viscosity and tension.

Introduction Thin-layer chromatography is a widely used analytical technique where the components of a sample are separated over a sorbent layer by the movement of an eluent by capillary action. The differences in migration and the attraction of the components to the eluent cause the separation on the TLC plate (Wall 2005).

The paper studies the process of diamond forming which is found to be a natural process under the Earth’s crust and brought forward to the surface through violent volcanic activity. Man-made Diamonds are also available and are being increasingly manufactured for large-scale industrial use, and the different equipment used through the life-cycle of its manufacture will be studied.

The report discusses the effect of surfactants and also investigates the idea of blending two surfactants, Span 80 and Tween 80. Furthermore, the report also covers the spectrophotometric analysis to determine the preservative actions of benzoic acid, methyl parabens and propyl parabens and also the supportive action of propylene glycol as a preservative.

A density of a substance pertains to an intensive property of matter which relates mass to volume, where such density equals mass (m) per unit of volume (v). Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of substance and in the experiment, Archimedes’ method of displacement ought to be employed in determining the density of a penny.

A careful observation of the developments in the field of consumption of energy sources highlights a number of disadvantages of the excessive dependence on natural resources.

The stopper was inserted after swirling the mixture for 60 seconds. The pressure was released by inverting the funnel. The mixture was then shaken until a double layer was seen. The top layer was washed with 50ml of brine before adding sodium bicarbonate (50ml). The funnel was shaken gently until no effervescence was observed.

There are two classes of organic compounds. This are organic or inorganic. This implies that all chemical compounds that are not organic can only be inorganic. There are various classes of inorganic compounds in different groups, with the major group being the ionic salts which has compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl) commonly known as the table salt.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions and thus accelerate the chemical reactions, for example oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases etc. On the other hand an inhibitor is a substance which binds to the enzyme and lowers the activity of enzyme.

This is the thermodynamic mass. Kinetics defines a reaction rate and time taken to arrive at equilibrium, while thermodynamics provides details about the products obtained from the balance of a reaction. In organic transformations, a kinetic response is more stable in its reactant state. An injection of energy is needed to shift the reaction.

The main driving force lies in the structure of valinomycin, it’s made up of 12alternating amino acids and esters which form a macrocyclic molecule, the twelve carbonyl groups are essential for binding K+ Ions also responsible for solvation in polar solvents, the isopropyl and methyl group are responsible for solvation in non-polar solvents.

The H-NMR spectrum of the products indicated the same number of protons located in the same positions in the ester structure. The COSY and HMQC results augmented the results obtained under C-NMR and H-NMR. A spectroscopic test of the product (IR, GC-MS, and NMR) correctly proved that the product was actually Ethyl propionate

However, the main reason behind ozone depletion is the presence of chemical compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (also known as CFCs) in the atmosphere. The reduction of the ozone layer has been causing various adverse effects on human health, ecology, and the environment.

Fireworks are a group of pyrotechnic devices invented by the Chinese Sung dynasty. They have been used for public displays, personal entertainment, and religious purposes. They have also been used in agriculture to scare off birds. The composition is mainly of highly combustible and explosive compounds that combine to produce the effects of brilliant colors, sound, and smoke.

H. Jeffery). Such a method of analysis is ordinarily limited to determinations at relatively low concentrations. In a colourimetric chemical test the intensity of the color from the reaction must be proportional to the concentration of the substance being tested.  Some reactions have limitations or variances inherent to them that may give misleading results.  Most limitations or variances are discussed with each particular test instruction.  In the most basic colourimetric method the reacted test sample is visually compared to a known color standard.  However, the eyesight of the analyst, inconsistencies in the light sources, and the fading of color standards limit accurate and reproduci

The author provides an experiment, which has 1 independent variable, 1 dependent variable and 1 control variable. The independent variable is the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, while the dependent variable is the rate of reaction in terms of oxygen production. The control variable is the temperature of the room and standard pressure.

A few years ago, organic food was typically found in local farmer markets and fresh stores but now it can be found almost all major supermarkets. Research shows that more and more consumers are tended to purchase organic food.

The amylase inhibitors attach to the enzymes and hinder the enzymes from recognizing the starch molecules thus affecting the chemical reactions as well. As far as the effect of temperature and pH is concerned, it has been obtained that with an increase in temperature of the environment, the rates of reaction also increase.

This bond forms when a hydrogen atom binds to a strong electronegative atom of one molecule at the same time it covalently attaches to another electronegative atom in a different molecule (Chang, 2008). The electronegative atoms that form this kind of bond with hydrogen include oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen.

To aid an experimenter in this situation, a halochromic organic compound known as ‘indicator’ (s.a. phenolphthalein, methyl red, methyl orange, and bromothymol blue) is incorporated where the appearance of color change from clear solution signifies the ‘end point’ or the point assumed to be nearest the point of equivalence.