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Melatonin in P. maniculatus has antigonadal effects, and that the shape (duration and amplitude) of the nocturnal melatonin pulse is profoundly affected by the length of the photoperiod (Underwood et al., 1985). Thus, they think that this fact means that the length of the light and dark has severe effects not only on prairie deer mice but also on all mammals.
The translation is the process that involves initiation, elongation, and termination. The onset of translation is with the binding of smaller subunits through complementary bases. The bases are read as triplet by the tRNA which is called the transporter. These triplets are called codons while the tRNA carries anti-codon. The AUG is the initiation codon.
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It looks at studies that have been made to advance the understanding of clock genes, that respond to light and establishes their molecular basis in circadian rhythm. Studies have revealed that the light–responsive genes in question have a 24-hour interlude for oscillatory transcription with auto-regulatory loops.
Circadian clocks have long been studied in plants and animals. However, the competitive advantage that plants gain due to circadian clocks is not clear. Biological events in an organism are synchronized with external day-night cycles through circadian clocks. They seem to confer a competitive advantage to organisms as they have evolved four times.
The minds of non-mammalian vertebrates possess photoreceptive cells that are essential for instituting the circadian rhythms of behavior and physiology. Such cells are also predicted amongst mammals being evolved from nocturnal ancestors. In order to explore the presence of these photoreceptive cells that contributes to the entrainment of the circadian rhythm to the light and dark cycle.
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The development of limbs and the neck are attributed as the stepping stones towards evolution. Through an in-depth analysis of the process, I came to the conclusion that the theory was not a conclusive explanation of the evolution process. Various factual details lacked, there is more to humans than the limbs and the physical appearance.
The life cycle involves a promastigote form which is flagellated & found carried by sand flies (vectors) and amastigote phase present in macrophages of mammals. The differentiation that occurs between the two stages is important in pathogenesis. Further to this, the microbe thrives in hostile environments, therefore, must regulate growth and maintain an infective colony.
Although almost all types of food consumed by humans originate from the plant and animal kingdoms, not all of them are edible. In the animal kingdom, a number of wild animals including birds are not edible. Some of the inedible plants are usually used in the manufacture of products such as herbal medicines in addition to others such as herbicides and aerosols.
The purpose of the laboratory was to employ the Lowry procedure to determine the protein content of nuclear pellets from the kidneys of rats. The Lowry procedure used an alkaline cupric tartrate reagent which complexes with the protein-peptide bonds and produces a purple color on the addition of phenol reagent. The absorbance was read at an appropriate wavelength between 500 and 800nm.
The early strategy should involve identifying phylogenetically preserved and widely distributed DNA or protein sequences and running clustal to draw phylogenetic trees. However, the choice of the gene should involve the use of small-subunit rRNA. It is important to determine how this works and identify sources of error like the formation of chimeric sequences.
One of the categories of the circadian rhythms is their role in the sustenance of synchrony between several physiological events occurring within an organism. The substrates for energy sources, biochemical reactions, and information conveying molecules must be located at their required places at the right time so that the tissues and organs are integrated within an efficiently performing organism.
Robert argues that the production of this gland occurs only in the dark. This gland is unique as compared to that of other vertebrates, for it is not sensitive to light. However, photic information reaches it through the retina in the eye (Robert et al 505). Thus, he contends that removal of the eye stops this response, hence proof of the use of ocular photoreceptors.
The history of biology underwent an alteration a decade ago based on the bold decision to launch a program embedded in research. It characterized a complete genetic set of instructions that regards human beings. The ideology to study the genome captured the imagination of the public due to the manner in which America addressed cancer and AIDS as opposed to its expeditions.
The kidney filters the blood and helps in the elimination of the waste materials from the body. The urinary system consists made up of the kidney, uterus, urinary bladder, and the urethra. Ureters are tubules that transport the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. They have smooth muscles that aid in the transportation of the urine.
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The area also suits the study because the researcher is likely to incur challenges as they cannot literally count the population to be subjected to the in-depth analysis. This explanation and analysis is super and makes it easy to appreciate the work. The author failed to extensively present the research problem.
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The chains contain nucleosomes that are further packed in high order supercoils (Abbott & Ausió, 2005). During the resting phase of the cell cycle, the chromosomes are predominantly unwound. As cell division methods, the chromosomes shrink and assume flexible rod-like shapes.
The first principle deals with the hereditary characters i.e. passing of genes from parents to off-springs. The second principle or principle of Segregation states that during breeding the inheriting
The receptor receives information from the surrounding indicating the change taking place and sends the information to the control center where the information is processed and the effector responds to it by opposing the feedback or enhancing the stimulus. The process is ongoing keeping in mind the external and internal environment keeps on changing.
Prostate cancer refers to a form of cancer that develops in the prostate. A large number of prostate cancers develop at a slow pace, although some can develop at a relatively rapid pace. Cancer cells at times spread to various body parts, especially lymph nodes and bones after developing in the prostate. Initially, prostate cancer indicates no symptoms.
The best thing about the plant is that it is easily established; simply placing the pads in desired locations. Besides, the plant is thought to have increased proliferation and growth when grazed on, and therefore conservation does not necessarily call for a reduction in use for fodder but rather a promotion to increase cultivation.
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It is also accompanied by the release of waste products. According to Rich, the reactions which take place in cellular respiration are catabolic and they lead to the breaking of a large molecule into small molecules with energy being released (1089). Respiration is one of the key ways through which cells get energy used in fuelling of cellular activities.
Within these extreme conditions, we find ourselves developing admiration towards the natural world's ingenuity. To explore these diversities, I have chosen Montana Arctic Grayling fish since I find it as one of the most species that exemplifies adaptation at its most extreme. Below images are pictures of this particular fish species.
Additionally, the technology reduces the environmental biodiversity and leads to increased pollution. Moreover, the use of herbicides to genetically engineer the production of foods results in the establishment of “superweeds” that lower agricultural production. Nevertheless, the technology is costly leading to a concentration of food production on a handful of farmers.
Biodiversity provides sources of food, medicine and a source of raw materials for industries. Biodiversity, also, forms the bulk of the source of revenue for most countries globally through acts of tourism. In light of this, it is evident that biodiversity is utilized widely by human beings as a mode of survival on planet earth.
The debate about animal consciousness is not a new one. It is one of the areas of science that have never been resolved. Behavioral psychologists and cognitive scientists have had and continue to have their views on the matter, but still, there is no common ground. It has been a subject of philosophical thought too.
The male reproductive system consists of several structures that work in synergy to ensure an efficient reproductive life of the male. Externally, the male reproductive system consists of the scrotum that holds the testes. The testes are reproductive organs within which spermatogenesis occurs.
Digestion is the process of refining large particles of food by physical and chemical refinement and subsequent absorption of resultant nutrients from the process. The digestive system is made up of organs that function inclusively in the process of conversion of food to the usable energy and nutrients in the body.
In our current society, pets, especially dogs have become standard companions for humans. In general, dogs are not only great pets but, they are involved in social community service. For example; dogs work hand in hand with the police in scenarios like drugs and weapon detection and rescue operations.
A disease refers to an abnormal condition, a disorder, or a malfunctioning of certain parts or the entire body. Diseases make parts of the whole body sick so that a person or the affected body part cannot perform their respective functions effectively. Many conditions, events, and exposures cause the development of diseases. It is usually noble to identify the main cause of a disease to design an effective treatment method.
Accidents that have occurred include to the horse and to the people interacting with the horse or within the horse environment. In the yard, the presence of barbed wires as a method of fencing can cause an accident. In this case, the horse can get scratched on the skin and develop a wound (Micoud et. al., 2015, p. 70).
While the materials that provide for two requirements are called “nutrients”, “nutrition” is the sum of all processes through which living organisms derive matter and energy (Sizer and Whitney 2011). Nutrition includes all processes that are involved in the consumption and utilization of food substances using which growth, repair and maintenance of essential activities occur in the body.
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Intravenous (IV) anesthetic agents are commonly used to induce anesthesia since induction is often smoother as well as more rapid as compared to that associated with the majority of the inhalational agents as per McKenzie. Intravenous anesthetics can as well be used for maintenance, either alone or in together with nitrous oxide.
A recent data indicated that the population has improved, with at least 57 Amur leopards in existence in Russia and about 12 in the neighboring Chinese region. Amur Leopards are among the most endangered animals in the world. With strict laws against poaching and proper care, these endangered species might be out of danger in the future.
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Natural selection generally refers to the gradual non-random process through which biological traits become dominant in a population as a result of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is the main mechanism of evolution. All organisms have variations because random mutations occur in the genome of organisms and are then passed to the offspring.
It has been revealed that DNA repair is normally activated very early in the p53- Enhanced apoptosis and this early stage may actually be reversible. Kerr et al are accredited with the definition of the process of apoptosis and define it as a process in which cells because of a natural process known as morphological changes.
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The medical conditions predicted include myocardial infarction. The variability of heart rate has also been used in the evaluation of the impacts of manipulated therapeutics. The concept has also been used in determining the link between body position and the cardiovascular system autonomic regulation.
Sciurus carolinensis, the common name grey squirrel or eastern grey squirrel depending on region, it is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus. Its original inhabitant is North America but it currently inhabits other regions. People often see it on the Mississippi river’s east. They are medium-sized. Males and females are of similar color and size.
The three major kinds of membrane lipids are phospho-lipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Moreover, Phospholipids are the most abundant in all biological membranes. These have a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. The tails of phospholipids are usually fatty acids, and they can differ in length.
The important factors considered include the availability of liquid water, temperatures, presence of nutrients (which are replenished through processes such as the nitrogen cycle), energy source, and protection from ultraviolet rays and galactic cosmic radiation. Even when man lands on the moon, it does not mean that life is possible on the moon unaided.
The article provides a background, which precedes its main body that provides explanations of how mutations occur. Mutation and polymorphism are two terminologies that are often used by biologists and appear to share a similar meaning but are slightly differentiated.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant vegetation that has adapted to existing in salt and brackish water conditions. Mangroves may characteristically refer to an individual species. Terms such as mangrove area, mangrove ecology, mangrove wood, mangrove swamp, and mangal are normally used interchangeably to explain the complete mangrove community.
The human eye is considered as the most intricate organ of the body. The eye contains eyeball which is supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels, it has muscles for movement. The structure of the human eye is spherical with a bulge in front.
In the current trend of aquaculture, two types of rotifers are being used. They include the Brachionusrotundiformis that was formerly known as S or SS-type and the (Brachionusplicatilis, referred to as L-type. Rotifers have proven to be very fast as far as reproduction is concerned. In this case, 1,000 rotifers can become 1,000,000 in 5 to 7 days.
The foremost dissimilarity between a CT scan and an MRI is based on radiation. The ACT applies the aspects of X-ray technology in its function to generate relevant images. X-Ray technology needs ionizing radiation in a modest amount. On the other hand, the use of ionizing radiation does not apply in the case of an MRL scan.
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Pygmy rabbits are unique animals living mainly in North America. These rabbits are the smallest rabbit species with numerous predators that reduce their population at a high rate. Currently, pygmy rabbits are among the endangered species in the world. These rabbit species should be conserved, and their continuity should be enhanced.
For the expectant mothers, drinking alcohol during pregnancy is a question on the dangers the practice may exposing the unborn and also the life of the mother as well. Though this is a debatable issue, medical reports, and studies indicate that drinking during pregnancy is actually dangerous to the baby. Underlying this serious debate is that many women think that it may be safe to indulge in safe drinking.
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Turmeric has long been used as a medicine in traditional Ayurveda and is today considered a potential candidate for treating cancer naturally. In this experiment, curcumin, the active chemical derived from turmeric and known to have an inhibitory effect on cancer cells, will be used to treat breast cancer cell lines in different concentrations.
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During the gaseous exchange, the circulatory system through the heart pumps blood to the lungs where there is the exchange of gases. The circulatory system distributes blood rich in oxygen and nutrients to the body cells. It also transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation from the body. Oxygen is carried in the blood by the red blood cells using a respiratory fluid called hemoglobin.
Such identification may be based on the morphological characteristics of the bacterial colonies as well as the biochemical traits of the pathogens (Vasanthakumari, 2009).
The change of color is attributed to the change of population within the coastal region or dinoflagellates. Red tide is blamed for mass killings of fish and the health impacts on the population in southwest Florida. The blooms along southwest Florida are believed to have become worst because it frequently occurs.