Biology Essays

The issue of animal rights is contentious that has received strong criticism over the years from many scholars, experts, and academicians. The issue has generated a lot of debate with different stakeholders from animal rights groups and campaigners arguing and advocating for animal rights (Gruen, 2011).

Darwin was not the first one to come up with theories of origin, other theories exist but evolution by natural selection stands out to be the best of all explaining precisely in depth the course of origin of life and survival, closely supported by evidence gathered during Darwin’s journey around the globe.

The seminiferous tubules push the sperm into the testicular web where they move toward the epididymis. The sperm withdraw from the body through the duct system, which comprises the vas deferens and the epididymis. The epididymis makes up the first portion of the duct system and serves as a short-term storage place for undeveloped sperm.

Genetically modified foods are made from organisms modified using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are used in the production of experimental medicine, pharmaceutical drugs, and agricultural products such as new species of rice and maize. Controversies surround genetically modified organisms.

Transplantation is a necessary medical procedure used to replace failed organs or tissues. Previously, transplantation was problematic because of issues with rejection and infections of the organs. However, nowadays organ transplantation is the treatment of choice owing to the development of immunosuppressive drugs.

This would enhance the understanding and the various histories from these different continents should then be assembled together to point out the similarities and figure out the points of divergence of these histories. This would greatly aid the understanding of animal behavior and their social and spatial organization in the wild (Kaiser, pg. 401).

After a thorough analysis of my inheritance, I needed additional information about СFTR gene mutations in my genome. I passed a genetic test and identified that I carry the recessive mutated gene` of cystic fibrosis. Consequently, my parents carry the recessive fault CFTR gene. Now I realized that I inherited one abnormal gene and a working one. 

The article sheds light on the issue of animal abuse pointing out the conditions of animal testing labs and how animals kept in laboratories are provided inadequate conditions and living habitats that put them under constant mental stress which leads them to adapt neurotic behaviors making them almost ineffective in response and hinder the chances of a cure.

The assistance of medical institutions will be sought and government agencies. Finally, the independent variable in hypotheses numbers 4 is the quantity of anabolic and glucocorticoid steroids, which is 5gms. The controlled variables are anabolic and glucocorticoid steroids while the health condition of an individual is the dependent variable.  

Owing to the increasing controversy surrounding the use of human tissues in doing human research, I think it would be useful if subjects from whom samples are taken would be treated with greater dignity and their contribution respected. For example, when samples are found to be helpful in medical research, the subjects or their family members should be informed.

The uterus in mice is bicornuate with two lateral horns joint to a single corpus distally. For humans, the uterus is pear-shaped and has a single cavity that is triangular-shaped. However, the size of the uterus varies more greatly in humans than mice depending on the presence of leiomyomata, prior pregnancies, and hormonal status. 

Adipokines, also commonly referred to as adipocytokines, are cytokines (cell-stimulating proteins/ chemical messengers) that are secreted by the adipose tissue (Fantuzzi, 2007). The term adipocytokine is itself derived from three Greek words – ‘adipo’ meaning fat, ‘cytos’ meaning cell and ‘kines’ which denotes movement.

Sciurus carolinensis, the common name grey squirrel or eastern grey squirrel depending on region, it is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus. Its original inhabitant is North America but it currently inhabits other regions. People often see it on the Mississippi river’s east. They are medium-sized. Males and females are of similar color and size.

The worm which was exposed to the 50% seawater was found to have increased in weight. This is due to the hypo-osmotic condition that prevailed in the body. The water concentration was higher in the environment and to balance with the environment, the water molecules moved from the higher concentration to the lower concentration.

It is therefore paramount that DNA education should be accessible to students. Criminal investigations have also been made easier through this historic science. Forensic scientists are able to resolve cases by observing DNA evidence found on the crime scenes. This has led to breakthroughs in criminal cases by linking DNA found on crime scenes to those of suspects.

Although there have not been serious incidences of this pest species invading New Zealand, the government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) has been on high alert in order to avoid the importation of the pest into the country. This paper will focus on the characteristics of this pest and assess ways through which New Zealand has dealt with it.

In order to observe a human cell, a cheek swab is examined under the micros. The swab is introduced in a drop of iodine-water solution over a glass slide which is then covered with a glass cover slip. The low power objective lens yielded numerous odd structured organelles while using a high-resolution objective yielded fine structures within the cell.

Several have been put to ensure these foods are safe, thus their acceptance by many consumers. The merits of feeding on genetic foods come out clearly to outweigh the prices of natural foods, for example, the fast growth of genetically modified foods and many more. Therefore, the world cannot be denied the use of this modern-day technology, and though most consumers have accepted the foods, caution must be taken.

Another difference noted between the two cells in the presence of lysosomes in animal cells and their absence in plant cells. Lysosomes are the destructive organelles that are responsible for breaking down worn out, old and dead cell organelles. They are not present in plant cells but they are evident in animal cells.

The surface is greatly increased by millions of circular folds, villi and microvilli. The intestinal glands contain the panteth cells (secretes lysozyme that breaks down and destroys bacteria) and enteroendocrine cells – S cells, CCK cells and K cells (secrete hormones). The duodenal glands secrete alkaline mucus which neutralizes gastric acid in the chyme.

The effects of aging range from visibly wrinkled skin to fragile bones. The breakdown and wearing of elastic fibers cause the skin to stretch, sag and lose its ability to snap back when pulled. Skin becomes rough and more transparent as are the result of thinning of the epidermis. Aging causes the muscles to shrink and lose mass.

Cranium has occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones on the base. As such, the cranium base has three distinct regions: anterior, posterior, and middle fossae. Further, the skull has holes on its bottom, which are called foramina.

Photosynthesis is how green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert the sun’s energy into chemical bond energy of organic molecules that it consumes as food. On the other hand, respiration is a series of reactions that convert the bonds of the organic molecules into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that plants use to power their cellular activities.

In 1972, the American congress passed Marine Mammal Protection to protect marine animals in captivity (Marine Mammal Commission, 2008). However, many talks have been held trying to question the effectiveness of this Act. This paper will deal with this issue because keeping marine mammals in captivity as allowed by the maritime mammal protection act of 1972 is a necessary evil that is beneficial to the species and man.

Baleen whales have two blowholes and a unique comb-like feature called baleen special for filtering seaweeds, planktons, crustaceans, as well as small fish. Among all whale species, Baleens are the largest and populous. On the order hand, toothed whales with one

The Asian tiger mosquito has a genetic make-up that easily mutates as it interacts with various viral species. The best way to deal with it is therefore also through the genetic engineering of its DNA, like many other attempts to control it have failed. Nevertheless, the cost of such genetic procedures may thwart any plans towards the eventual control of the Asian tiger mosquito.

The possibility of co-option of genes and convergence of interrelated species are logical explanations of the modern phyla of metazoans and the morphology of the planktonic larvae. The hypothesis asserts with evidence that adult body plans of metazoans resulted first and later came the larvae as ecological conditions changed. Due to the strong evidence and logic it presents is offers more validity.

To understand how the specific mechanism of defence works, it is important to define some terms. An antigen is a scientific term denoting any alien or unknown matter attacking the body. Immediately the body detects the presence of an unknown matter, a number of cells involved in this identification prompt B lymphocytes to manufacture and release antibodies.

The local public health authority will need to highlight the potential sources of Shigella infection and the procedures based on which the disease can be transferred from one person to another person. In this context, proper education would assist in having knowledge about precautionary measures based on which the disease can be prevented amid local US citizens.

Various reasons lead to animal extinction. This paper will discuss the different reasons that are pushing the whales to death. It will also look at their habitats and feeding habits that might have triggered this move. It will also discuss the conservation efforts that are being put in place to ensure the survival of the whales.

The tongue retraction not only serves to create suction on the prey but also serves to enhance the adhesion mechanism of the tongue by increasing the surface area of contact and rearranging the tongue papillae which increases the interlocking activity. The tongue retraction process contributes to the unique prey capturing and foraging mode observed in the chameleon.

Among these is the need to have either a moist substrate or saturated air in the habitat in which they permanently inhabit. Woodlice primarily breathe through the use of gills, although they do have surfaces that act to absorb oxygen. In their natural habitat, woodlice are generally observed as being restricted to dark and damp locations. Their sensory organs help them detect moisture.

The experiment was also characterized by inherent limitation related to by physiological status of the enzymes. The enzymes as understood operate in a very stringent physiological status that cannot be provided by an experiment in vitro. The enzymes then were not able to do automatic regulation of the variable factors that affect the temperature change.

In the modern world, there is a moral predicament regarding embryonic stem cell research. Embryonic stem cell gives anticipation for the latest therapies. However, their utilization in studies has received fierce arguments. Therefore, different states have decided to adjust embryonic stem cell research in extremely diverse manners.

The genetically modified animals belong to the universal category of genetically modified organisms (GMO). Genetic engineering method or technique is vital to the process of altering the genetic material of the organism. Mammals, fish, plants, and insects as well as microorganisms, which include yeast and bacteria, are examples of organisms that have been modified genetically.

Humans have been consuming these products for the longest time. It is this verity that has led to the creation of numerous varieties of crops, that are bigger and last longer (Ackerman 1).thousands of genes have then been transferred from these breeds to the human system. In fact, the writer is of the view that our food is constantly being altered.

Isoniazid (INH) has been documented by the CDC as a common preventive therapy taken on a daily basis for between 6 and 9 months. Adherence to the prescribed dosage would be crucial in averting the development of active TB disease. Additionally, the bacilli Calmette-Guerin, BCG vaccine has been used in many countries where TB is prevalent.

It shall also describe how the discovery was made, including what was going on in Darwin's life to make the discovery.  It shall then present a description of deportation in terms of the modern evolutionary synthesis of the 20th century.  Finally, this paper shall also apply natural selection principles, explaining why we have the current problem of bacteria, which has become res instant to antibiotics. 

The electron transport chain is an organization of electron carriers (cytochromes) found in the mitochondrial cristae in eukaryotes and the cell membrane in prokaryotes. The cytochromes are also referred to as complexes identified using the Roman numerals I to V. Energy from electrons is harnessed and accumulated as electrons are conveyed.

Public hospitals universities, government labs and research institutions have a moral obligation to potential victims of the amoeba. Failure to fund research on the amoeba is immoral since it proves that those responsible for providing funding and research are interested in projects likely to bring bigger profits and that healthcare and welfare have been commercialized.

Bacteria is not the only type of microorganism, others are viruses, some parasites, and some fungi. Bacteria in normal situations live in animals’ intestines, on genitalia, and on the skin in millions. Most of the bacteria don’t cause diseases, but promote good health, thus called “healthy bacteria” or “good bacteria.”

The zoo that was visited on February 21, 2015, is the Santa Barbara Zoo. The zoo is located in the Santa Barbara region of California on 12 ha piece of land near the ocean. The zoo is recognized as one of the best medium-sized zoos in the United States. The zoo has a diverse collection of more than 500 animals, sourced from different parts of the world.

In the animal cells, cytokinesis results in the formation of a cleavage furrow result in the production of two daughter cells. Here the constriction of the cell membrane starts from the outside to the inside. The animal cells develop well-defined microtubule network, which plays an important part in the cytokinesis.

The studied plants showed high nodulation percentages and nitrogenase activities (average 2.05 µmol C2H4 plant-1 h-1) at two different habitats. The highest values of protein content were recorded in plants collected from salt-affected soil. The nodulation percentage varied among individuals collected from different habitats. 

Global climate change has rendered a vast portion of arable land difficult for farming. Such risks call for the adoption of GM crops in agriculture which according to Shaw could grow even in dry, salty land, tolerate diseases, insects, and herbicides, and withstand extreme temperatures so as to produce higher yields (256).

All types of junk and fast food are rich in calories and many other fats and carbohydrates which are not at all good for the human body and health if intake is very high. The severity of the disorders may get high when the quality of food is also not good. Bad quality and unhygienic food will ultimately destroy the inner and physical fitness of the human body.

From the classification, the scientific name for dolphins is Delphinus Delphis. Dolphins have their habitats in oceans, seas and major rivers. They have become specialized in the different ecological niches that they occupy. Dolphins are exclusively carnivorous. Some feed exclusively on fish or cephalopods. Cephalopod is a class of marine that includes cuttlefish and octopus.

The main purpose of eating food is to supply constant energy to our body and cells to work in a proper manner. Every type of food contains some or all the basic nutrients that are converted by our digestive system to be utilized for producing energy. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the most basic macro nutrients that are converted to energy by our body.

Bacteria are of two types based on Grams staining. Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis are Gram-positive and Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica are Gram-negative. Mac Conkey Agar is the specific medium for Escherichia coli and only it grew in the medium. Thus using the synthetic and specific medium, the bacteria were identified.

There are two types of transport protein, channel proteins and carrier proteins. Transport can also occur by means active and passive methods, in addition to processes like endocytosis and exocytosis.  The traditional view of membrane lipids as a passive two-dimensional solvent for membrane proteins is not true.