Biology Essays

The marine reptiles that lived in the Mesozoic period had unique characteristics that have prompted modern research on the existing fossils in a bid to understand the different adaptations of the organisms. As highlighted above, three main groups, namely the sauropterygia, ichthyopterygia, and mosasuridae have formed the core of recent research on these organisms.

The government has created laws that require policing of the removal of mangroves, and conservation efforts are part of preserving the nature of the region. Although there is a movement to conserve the natural ecosystem, the human intrusion has been a real problem and the challenges of the future will show whether or not conservation can be achieved.

The author of the paper argues in a well-organized manner that the DNA ordering is represented by the double helix. These nucleotides are classified into one of four types represented each by a letter. Those four nucleotide types are guanine, thymine, adenine, and cytosine, or G, T, A, and C respectively.

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are commonly taken by sportspersons due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain reduction) advantages. The most common side effects in using NSAIDs are nausea, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhea, while continuous usage may result in perforation of intestine or stomach and gastrointestinal pain

Before these, transect across the pond was taken whereby the plant species abundance was recorded at 1m intervals across the pond. Also, water depth was recorded at a 1m interval. Later, a pond profile had to be generated using the data produced from the above process. This was to determine who the different plant species are distributed at different water depths. 

Among the most appropriate, yet controversial treatments are steroids. Steroids among other inflammatory drugs are effective in treating and managing asthma since they help decrease the swellings in the respiratory tracts thereby opening the tracts for normal breathing.

Upon ingestion of xenobiotics of some types, when an individual has not fed, emesis may occur. With the partial filling of the stomach, the toxicant may be retained, and as such, toxicosis may take place. Most xenobiotics, by nature, are polar metabolized products that are more readily excretable (Singh, 2012, 214).

During the period of 1991the International Commission for the Conversation of Atlantic Tunas identified and testified that the upbringing population of Bluefin tuna that was residing in the West Atlantic region had decreased substantially by a total of 24% during the period of 1990 (Safina 230).

Lester Brown has also detailed the problems associated with global warming, pollution, and extinction of natural resources. He has provided some recommendations which can be implemented in order to overcome the modern-day challenges faced by people.

The advantages associated with garlic are many especially if taken in its raw form whether chewing or cooked, the projects take a keen overview on the Antibacterial drug activity of garlic, the aim and objective of this project, method, material, food nature of garlic, chemical nature of garlic, medicinal nature, biological nature of garlic, extracts, antibacterial testing and risk assessment.

It is the functional unit of the human urinary system. It consists of glomerulus present in a cup-like structure known as Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, a loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. Apart from this, there are a vasa recta that particularly supplies the loop of Henle. Nephron produces and helps in the formation of urine.

In the case of a rise in CO₂ content in the air, almost all the earth plants with the inclusion of forest ecosystems do respond through an increased rate of photosynthesis and more biomass production. The phenomena will allow perennial species that are long-lived with forest ecosystem characteristics to sequester large carbon amounts within the wood for an extended time span.

CADASIL is an autosomal dominant disorder implying that a single abnormal gene of NOTCH3 overrides the other uncorrupted part thereby developing the ailment. This means that the child of an infected parent has a 50 percent chance of getting the disease. A new mutation in the gene may occur and lead to the disorder though both parents of a patient will be healthy.

Bringing in genetically modified foods to the market place in the name of faulty scientific reasoning is a wrong thing to do. Genetically modified foods still pose much risk and danger to human health and well being. Hence, for the time genetically modified foods should be barred from the market place.  

The human eye is considered as the most intricate organ of the body. The eye contains eyeball which is supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels, it has muscles for movement. The structure of the human eye is spherical with a bulge in front.

The important factors considered include the availability of liquid water, temperatures, presence of nutrients (which are replenished through processes such as the nitrogen cycle), energy source, and protection from ultraviolet rays and galactic cosmic radiation. Even when man lands on the moon, it does not mean that life is possible on the moon unaided. 

It has been revealed that DNA repair is normally activated very early in the p53- Enhanced apoptosis and this early stage may actually be reversible. Kerr et al are accredited with the definition of the process of apoptosis and define it as a process in which cells because of a natural process known as morphological changes.

While the materials that provide for two requirements are called “nutrients”, “nutrition” is the sum of all processes through which living organisms derive matter and energy (Sizer and Whitney 2011). Nutrition includes all processes that are involved in the consumption and utilization of food substances using which growth, repair and maintenance of essential activities occur in the body.

A disease refers to an abnormal condition, a disorder, or a malfunctioning of certain parts or the entire body. Diseases make parts of the whole body sick so that a person or the affected body part cannot perform their respective functions effectively. Many conditions, events, and exposures cause the development of diseases. It is usually noble to identify the main cause of a disease to design an effective treatment method.

The male reproductive system consists of several structures that work in synergy to ensure an efficient reproductive life of the male. Externally, the male reproductive system consists of the scrotum that holds the testes. The testes are reproductive organs within which spermatogenesis occurs. 

The receptor receives information from the surrounding indicating the change taking place and sends the information to the control center where the information is processed and the effector responds to it by opposing the feedback or enhancing the stimulus. The process is ongoing keeping in mind the external and internal environment keeps on changing.

Our understanding of bacteriocins is still limited, yet growing, and the indications are that bacteriocins have the potential for several applications in increasing our immunity to microbial pathogens and in the food industry. Within this simple description of a set of proteins lies a new story in the continuing search for weapons in the fight against bacteria. 

Some cancer-promoting mutations may be transmitted to the germline, whereas others spontaneously arise in the lineage of a particular somatic cell. Several techniques exist for identifying cancer-promoting mutations. After identification, cells bearing such mutations can be cloned in order to be studied in an attempt to learn how to control them.

Since obesity is mainly caused by the intake of unhealthy foods and having a sedentary lifestyle, then it is hypothesized that reducing the intake of unhealthy foods and increasing the activity of one’s lifestyle can actually remedy this serious health condition. Obesity occurs in both high-income and low-income countries alike. 

Within medicine, the study and use of human materials are implicit since there is no possible way to avoid research on humans. A framework that balances the aspirations and needs of this should be built to help in decision making upon the bodies that should be used for therapeutic purposes or those to be used for conducting research.

The evolution connection between ape and man is not a missing link nor is it a direct link as earlier popularized. Darwin’s evolution was specific in his words that the relationship of modern humans to the present anthropoid primates (e.g., chimpanzees) is through common ancestors rather than through direct descent.

Artificial coral reefs are rapidly colonized with a comparable population of fishes and benthic communities. In certain cases a higher species richness, as well as abundance, has also been reported for artificial coral reefs; thereby greatly enhancing the biomass and promoting fisheries stock in regions where it was formerly absent. But the evidence remains inconclusive.

Although being a protective strategy, aposematic coloration does not ensure the survivorship of an individual. As its effectiveness relies on the conditioning of the predator and that requires the predator to once encounter such an insect that may provide an awful experience due to aposematism. 

Close scrutiny of horses is sufficient to reveal that horses have evidently evolved to be fit for survival. Most people view the horse family as being one of the best examples of the evolutionary process. New fossils continue to be found that have forced some established ideas of horse evolution to change.

In regard to gene therapy (insulin), it can be taken into consideration just like any other approach that involves foreign gene introduction into the cells of the body. In this case, insulin could be produced. The introduced gene might be the insulin gene itself, and probably under the control promoters that are tissue-specific. 

Cephalopods fall within the Mollusca group and are quite ancient and specialized. They are very highly evolved such that in several of their behavioral features, they have so many similarities with fishes as compared to invertebrates. Cephalopod intelligence has a very crucial comparative aspect of comprehending intelligence.

The process of membrane vesicle biogenesis is of great interest and continual research is being done into revealing similar and pathogen-specific roles of membrane vesicles in bacterial virulence of the different bacterium. The research will provide knowledge into the pathogenicity process and thus provide a gap to develop the treatment.

The main focus of this project was the DNA sequence of an individual. The next step of this project involved analyzing the genome sequence from different populations. The catalog of the human genetic variation is named the Hapmap. Researchers suggest that Hapmap will play a significant role in the identification of more gene-related diseases in the future.

Pollination mainly refers to the procedure through which pollen grains are transferred from the underlying male part of the prevailing flower to corresponding female sections of the same or different flower causing fertilization which takes place in the angiosperms. The evolution of flowers has been associated with differences in pollination syndromes. 

The evolution of biomarkers as diagnostic tools has gained momentum and popularity in the scientific world. The complex composed of Ro60 and YRNAs is a potential biomarker for different kinds of cancer. The recognition of these potent biomarkers has been practically possible because of research studies that have shown either up-regulation or degradation of the proteins.

This study evaluated the different rainfall patterns for the area, together with how this impacts on the general regional geology. Several important physical properties are considered, including the vegetation cover of the area, topography, climatic conditions, and the effect of the rain on coral reefs. The findings are suited for application in enhancing soil conservation.

There is the worry that enactment or regulation that would boycott conceptive human cloning would set an upsetting point of reference concerning the confinement of imaginative, test exploration and therapeutic methods. Two exercises will be especially paramount for an overhauled assessment of human conceptive cloning.

More common in children and young adults, it results from the autoimmune annihilation of the beta cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Consequently, glucose and blood in the urine increase due to the absence of, or reduced amount, of insulin. Symptoms include increased hunger, frequent urination, weight loss, and increased thirst.

Yellow fever disease is a disease that is caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. The carrying agent of the disease is a mosquito. The infectious portion of the virus however is the nucleic acids that contain one positive strand. Yellow fever disease is historically known as a very severe disease; it was a pandemic disease in the 1900s.

The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, AD. It is an irreversible and progressive disease of the brain which slowly destroys thinking skills and memory, deterring even the ability to undertake normal day-to-day activities. Alzheimer’s disease is considered the most common form of dementia. 

However, X chromosome inactivation ranges from strict paternally inherited X inactivation to unbiased random X inactivation in order to equalize the expression of both paternally and maternally inherited X chromosome. Genetic analysis of X inactivation highlights the stipulation of linkage, dominance, sex-differential selection recombination persuading evolutionary course.

Marfan syndrome is a disease that affects the connective tissue (Cipriano et al. 57); it affects approximately 5000 people. This disease contributes significantly in the prevention of the proper production of fibrillin that is responsible for the strengthening of the connective tissue. According to Nevin (284), out of four members with Marfan syndrome three of them must be having a family member with the same disease.

Acer rubrum also has major historical relevance to the community of Cherokees. Together with the Acer saccharum, these sister species were widely used as decoctions to rub on sore eyes. In addition, country people considered a decoction of the Acer bark, mixed together with sugar, and used as a wash to cure ordinary ophthalmia. 

The incidence of human aneuploidy is high and ranges from approximately 50% to 80%. This has raised interest among experts whose aim is to elucidate some of the key pathways that normal human embryos undergo and more importantly develop an in-depth understanding of factors that contribute to the arrest of the normal development of human embryos into the blastocyst stage.

The study explores the robustness of some marine species such as polychaete worms as well as their resilience of marine biodiversity in case atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to cause much ocean acidification. The following sensitive and tolerant species of polychaete worms that live underwater in places of elevated carbon dioxide (pCO2) were studied. 

Among all herbs on earth, Moringa oleifera stands as the most nutritious and for the most purposes. The plant is known across the globe due to its many purposes. Unlike other plants where only some parts are useful, all parts of the Moringa oleifera plant are useful. The plant is used as food, medicine and commercial purposes.

Due to the variation in the materials in the beak, there is a coloring difference from the tip to the base of the squid beak. The tip is said to be highly tanned while the base is not tanned at all. Why is this so? It is so because of black tints that arise from the oxidation of molecules that have catechol. 

The types of fractures that are common in people that are affected by Osteoporosis are hip fractures and wrist fractures. The condition however can also occur in other bones in the body of an individual such as the pelvis, ribs, and arm (Afghani, 2009). There are no conditions that show the disease and it is only diagnosed when one has a fracture even from minor falls.

For the expectant mothers, drinking alcohol during pregnancy is a question on the dangers the practice may exposing the unborn and also the life of the mother as well. Though this is a debatable issue, medical reports, and studies indicate that drinking during pregnancy is actually dangerous to the baby. Underlying this serious debate is that many women think that it may be safe to indulge in safe drinking.

Intravenous (IV) anesthetic agents are commonly used to induce anesthesia since induction is often smoother as well as more rapid as compared to that associated with the majority of the inhalational agents as per McKenzie. Intravenous anesthetics can as well be used for maintenance, either alone or in together with nitrous oxide.