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When cognitive abilities of different species were compared using an evolutionary approach it was found that: cognitive abilities may vary among members of the same species, cognitive abilities are impacted by living conditions, and variances may be present in cognitive abilities. Hence, unequal comparisons will not reflect true species differences.
The pollen grains germinate down the style to the ovary resulting in double fertilization (Roberts 370). The use of nectar by bees for nourishment underscores the importance of the theme of Metabolism which enables bees to oxidize the ingested food to yield energy necessary for growth and repair of tissues (Roberts).
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Investigators first identified Legionella pneumophila from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the year 1976. An outbreak of pneumonia which affected about 220 attendees at an American Legion Conference and resulting in 34 deaths, led to an investigation by the CDC researchers.
The author states that the sort of interactions results in cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. As a result, it results in the creation of different cell types in the multicellular organisms, where different types of cells possess different gene expression profiles through the genome is the same.
Crystal violet mitogenic assay was performed in 96-well flat-bottom plates with 2500 cells/well. SAHA treatment was given after 24 hrs of incubation at varied concentrations keeping the control treated with DMSO. Cells were treated with PBS for washing at frequent intervals and then stained with 0.1% w/v crystal violet.
This research tells that out of the gaseous and sedimentary cycles, the two basic types, the former is global. The reason being its major nutrient pools are the atmosphere and the oceans, hence making it so. “The three most important gases for life are nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are present in steady quantities of 78, 21 and 0.03 percents respectively, in an atmosphere”.
The experiments serve to satisfy the criteria on the basis of which movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane takes place. All experiments show qualitatively as well as quantitatively that the processes of diffusion and osmosis take place across concentration gradients until a state of equilibrium is reached.
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The level of damage (eg % leaves damaged) was not similar for all plants. Nearly 11% of the leaves of all plants on average are damaged. The average level of damage for native trees is found to be a little above 14%, while that for newly introduced ones is about 9%, implying that the native trees are more damaged.
Researchers have analyzed that there are two hemispheres in the cerebrum. One is the Right-half brain and the other is the Left-half brain. Between these two lies the corpus callosum that is a ribbon-like band of nerve fibers (Morris and Maisto, 2005, p. 64). These two hemispheres often perform close communication through the corpus callosum.
Recent brain imaging technology makes it possible to rule out hallucinatory cases. While some scientists discard any scientific models of “unitary encounter”, there are those who insist on the experiments with Buddhists monks and Catholic nuns leave room for the subjective experience of transcendent reality.
The author states that under phosphorus starvation these cluster roots show vigorous branching. Plants were cultivated in sand culture and proteins from root exudates and extracts had been isolated and assayed by methods already standardized. The data were obtained by more than one method and results of the experiments are presented by graphs.
Emerging viral diseases like Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome are a cause of concern globally because of increased reporting of these diseases from newer parts of the world. Hantavirus was first recognized in the 1950s when the Korean stationed United Nations troops contracted this deadly virus.
The samples incorporate materials transferred during the assault, such as hair, fibres, and body fluids, particularly seminal fluid and saliva. The presence of semen in the sample indicates the prevalence of sexual assault crimes. The presumptive test used in this experiment to investigate the presence of semen in the sample was Kaye’s Test.
The experiments were conducted on directed-seeded crucifers in raised plant boxes under controlled – atmosphere greenhouse conditions. In cabbage and Brussels sprout, “Worm-Out” could eliminate the larvae completely when applied once or twice a week. The residue accumulated by the plant was 4 parts/1000 and 2 parts/1000, respectively.
ATP is produced by the body as it breaks the sugar into energy and its purpose is to store the energy that is produced. Hence, ATP is used to provide energy to the protein known as actin and this makes the protein move. It is important to note that actin and myosin are the two proteins that enable muscle contraction.
One of the advantages of chemical or biological agents is that they just require dispersion of air or supply of water, as well as, surfaces that are used by humans physically. Although experts have argued over the possibility of carrying out a biological or chemical attack; however, for some, opening only a container may result in discussed damages and killings.
One day I came across a quotation of W.J. Bryan - "Destiny is not a matter of chance. It is a matter of choice: it is not to be waited for, it is a thing to be achieved". This sprung me up to life and I knew I had to steer my life the way I wanted. I then started looking around for courses and I am glad that I opted for a degree in biotechnology.
Neurotransmitters have great relevance to psychology and human behaviour. They influence learning, memory, mood and sleep besides several other mental activities. Thus, they profoundly influence human mental health. One of the neurotransmitters which play a significant role in our mental health is acetylcholine.
Gene guns have an advantage over the other techniques because it only requires a very small amount of DNA to elicit an immune response. In addition, bombardment is a fast and quick method, which allows for the uptake of the DNA vaccine by other cells that can express the antigen, which allows for the steady supply of antigen and continuous activation of immunity.
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Under this guiding argument, this article supporting designer babies on this side of the argument for this hypothetical case finds that couples are protected to choose their reproductive rights with privacy and autonomy. This is the basic Constitutional argument of the yes side of this argument about designer babies.
In the given study they have selected 478 white subjects (231 male and 247 female) all from nuclear families and 272 black subjects (89male and 183 female). A subject having age from 17 years to 65 years and those who have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, undergoing treatment for lowering the lipid, etc were excluded from the study.
In general, the bar mutation is sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome. The fact that this mutation is sex-linked can be seen in the way the phenotype count ratios of normal flies to mutant flies were different for females than for males. This is in contrast to the ebony mutation, which is not sex-linked.
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We have come a long way in understanding Darwin’s theory of the evolution of man and the theories of great evolutionists before Darwin and this knowledge of our past has helped us not only to understand our present but also throws light on our future. Jared Diamond called this shift of evolution as the “Great Leap Forward.”
According to Peter Ward, it is merely a cultural assumption that life in its simple form or many alien civilizations exists in the space around this earth (Great Debates). From the commencement of knowledge in human history, inquisitive human minds have had a strong fascination for the endless structure of the cosmos.
The structure of the cell membrane is such that it acts as a semi-permeable barrier between the internal environment of the cell and the external environment of the cell, which assumes functional significance for the cell membrane. The semi-permeable cell membrane allows the free movement of non-water-soluble materials in and out of the cell.
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a genetically controlled, orchestrated event, where the cell participates in its own demise. Cell death by apoptosis is determined by many factors, including cell type, developmental and physiological state of the cell. Apoptosis employs an energy-dependent cascade of events at the molecular level.
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The population in the study involved was retired male workers from the Russian Nuclear Industry who were classified into three subject groups. Customized software and standardized methodology developed at the State Research Centre Institute of Biophysics, Moscow was used in the study to compare and analyze the staining pattern.
The ear is involved in sound perception and helps the body maintain balance and give the body a suitable posture and orientation in space. Audition is defined as the scientific term used to describe the ear's sound perception process. The ear is part of the auditory system and hence helps communication since sound is a way of passing information. A sound is an energy form that travels through matter.
Huntington's disease, caused by a single gene HD, is seen later in life but can be tested at any time. The mutation is an expansion of the nucleotide triplet repeat CAG where an increased number of triplets leads to a decrease in the age when the disease sets it. Huntington’s disease is neurodegenerative leading to dementia.
Some species of Mantis shrimps enjoy the status as a much-appreciated pet in saltwater aquariums. (Stan & Debbie, Hauter,2007) Squilla mantis is well known for its taste. There are efforts underway to domesticate and culture them in the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas so as to commercially use them as a portion of human food ( ALF,2008).
Dracaena plants were used in an experiment to study the effect of different sources of light with particular wavelengths on the photosynthetic process by evaluating the amount of CO2 consumed. Appropriate filters were used to obtain wavelengths of 630 to 750 nm representing red, 570 to 590 nm representing yellow, and 490 to 560 nm representing green light.
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The world is full of many people with different identities. Sometimes, people move from one place to another, and they engage in one activity or the other. There is always the need to identify and authenticate the identity of “who someone is”. These physical characteristics and personal traits include fingerprint, hand, face and voice recognition.
The purpose of cultivating and selling this invasive plant is the medicinal usage that has made it popular in the horticulture trade. In early spring, the collection of flowering branches is carried out, as studies have indicated that most alkaloid is contained in herbaceous tips of these branches, which is then used for medicinal purposes.
To explore the regulatory functions of the arabinose operon in E.coli, a series of site-specific mutations was introduced into the PBAD promoter in a recombinant pGLO plasmid construct that included the AraC gene as well as the inducible promoter that regulates the expression of structural gene products required for the metabolism of arabinose.
Following the emergence of the popularity of that branch of biology addressing the laws of heredity and the encompassing development of the applied science of eugenics, the element of heredity in human behavior and social disorders was granted profound emphasis not merely by scientists but as well as ordinary people.
Ultimately, a look at both the Biology of the situation as well as the ethical aspect; will allow for a proper balance, especially since the harvesting of stem cells is done in order to cure or to save lives. The argument that it is amoral due to where it comes from is nullified by the outcome which justifies the means.
The rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme depends upon the concentration of substrates as well as the physical conditions; temperature, pH, ionic strength, the concentration of co-factors etc. Increasing substrate concentrations lead to an increased rate of reaction until a maximum is reached. The enzyme is said to be saturated with the substrate.
One of the key elements for human survival is movement. Movement is defined as “the act or process of moving or change of place or position or posture”. The ability to move within our environment helps us to fulfill our needs and work in our daily lives and the key to human movement is the function of our skeletal muscles.
Even though smaller populations are advantageous to the environment they should be maintained at such levels so that the fertility rate does not come down. A declining population also causes problems in society as it is always accompanied by an aging population. The effect of baby-busters is being felt by the Americans. They are an important consumer group but they are also the most heavily taxed generation of Americans.
Proteins are a fundamental building block of all organisms. They are synthesized by RNA or ribonucleic acids. They serve many vital functions in the body. Our muscles are made of proteins, and we derive our ability to actuate by our forces only. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concentration of proteins is one of the essential biochemical parameters while studying biochemistry or biomedical sciences.
Stem cell research affords mankind invaluable benefits, which outweighs ethical and moral objections. The multifarious advantages of stem cell research discussed below support the contention that stem cell research is of immense benefit to mankind. Stem cells provide several benefits to humans, and they can be used in the treatment of terminal illnesses such as cancer.
Slow to fast and fast to slow transformations do occur in the human skeletal muscle and this is brought about by the regulation of the MHC isoform transformations. Fast to slow transformations can be artificially induced in an isolated muscle by providing electrical stimulation mimicking a frequency pattern which is more suitable for slow muscle.
Due to this, anabolic steroids have been dubbed with a negative stigma, and are often placed in the same category as narcotics such as heroine and cocaine. Certainly, the difference is that heroine and cocaine are only available on the black market and are not FDA approved, but because of the use of anabolic steroids as a performance enhancer, they too are often attainable through illegal means.
Instead of all chromosomes pairing up along the cell's midline as in mitosis, homologous chromosome pairs line up next to each other. This is called synapsis. Homologous chromosomes contain the matching alleles donated from mother and father. This is also when meiotic recombination, also known as "crossing over", occurs.
According to land use capability, this site comes under V and below categories where regular field crop cultivation may not be feasible and is mainly used as a pasture, mainly for horses. Hence its potential in modifying from pastures to field crops is not possible which becomes the main challenge. However, with some land treatment plans, in the long run, land in some patches may be used for the cultivation of some economically useful plants.
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Micronutrients can be considered as included in the most important elements of the human body. In the lack of such micronutrients, the welfare and condition of the health of the people are questioned. Iron in the human body can be considered as one of the most important micronutrients. Basically, the deficiency in iron can be considered a very common problem in different nations around the world.
Sub-unit vaccines are those which consist of subcomponents of the pathogenic organisms. These are either proteins or polysaccharides and they induce immunity to the whole organism. The polysaccharides are relatively weak T-independent antigens. They produce IgM responses. Hence there will be no immunologic memory when immunity is induced with them
Meiosis is reduction cell division where the number of chromosomes reduced to half or from 2n to n. meiosis mainly occurs in reproductive cells like spermatogenesis. While mitosis is a process of cell division were a total number of chromosomes. Mitosis mainly occurs in all somatic cells and helps in increasing cell numbers or replacing the old ones.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule in the human body that encodes the genetic information. A stretch of DNA that is necessary to make a part of a whole of a protein is known as a gene. It has been estimated that humans have about 100,000 to 150,000 genes. Whenever a particular gene is defective or absent or there is either absence of a particular protein.
The author states that the mechanism by which animals maintain internal body temperatures necessary for survival is one particular aspect of homeostasis. Homeostasis essentially encompasses an organism‘s ability to balance and maintain its internal body conditions against the changing conditions of its environment.