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The author explains that it is a sector in agriculture that has continued to gain popularity in various economies around the world such as Holland, US, Germany as well as other African societies, which practice it both as a hobby and for commercial purposes. Harvesting wild honey was among the ancient practices of aboriginal communities.
Emerging pathogens are one of the most potent of all these causes which are believed to be causing these diseases. A pathogen is any substance or microorganism which has the potential to cause disease. An emerging pathogen can be defined as a new pathogen arising in the general population of this world because of the different processes undergone by the pathogen.
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The virus spreads inside the host through two ways- the first one is through the bloodstream and the second one is through the nervous system. The viruses travel in the bloodstream either as free cells or found attached to the red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, etc. This condition is termed as viremia.
The lack of standardized procedure on which to base the result shows weak links--extending the full implementation further. This can threaten the confidence of the recipients for the project--adding psychological stress for those at the receiving end. It seems that time is the limiting factor that deems the project as imperfect.
Microorganisms, which are the most abundant inhabitants on earth, work and interact with humans in many ways resulting in either positive or negative consequences. Some of the commonly encountered interactions include diseases which are caused by microbes or the process of decomposition of leaves in the yard.
Identification of microorganism is the foremost step to accomplish further investigation procedures. Bacterial isolation was done from the different samples collected patients. The three preliminary steps for the analysis procedure comprise principal isolation, staining, and biochemical reactions.
The author states that the protection of the external influences is provided by the outermost layer of the skin which is called the epidermis. It is about 0.1 mm thick but it can do its job quite effectively. The epidermis is further divided into five-layer but the uppermost layer i.e. the stratum corneum acts as a permeability barrier.
The body can as well be infected by other pathogenic microbes from the environment, upon exposure to these microbes e.g. Salmonella sp., etc. Such infections invoke responses from the body which are more or less specific to the microbe involved and so are their response to different antimicrobial agents.
Serial dilution of surface spray lead to turbidity which remained the same with consecutive dilutions, however, the plate growth increased with each dilution reaching the maximum with dilution 5. This was not the same as class results, in which turbidity of surface spray decreased with each dilution reaching zero for the fifth dilution, and plate growth maximum for the fourth dilution.
The bacteria test negative to the Gram staining procedure because of the peculiarity of its cell membrane and other cytoarchitectural components. It has a rod-like shape and is a very important bacterium. Microbiologists and other scientists have ascribed so much importance to Escherichia coli because it is responsible for various diseases.
The torque levels were set to 10% of the subject’s Maximum Voluntary Contraction. Peripheral nerve stimulation was also given to the radial nerve both during the baselines and the intervention itself. However, the study of the effect of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation on the cortical activity is beyond the scope of this study.
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The biofilms are complex polymer matrix containing water channels through which the surface cells communicate among themselves. The structure and the characteristics of the cells were found by using the scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. Further studies have found that these biofilms are formed by certain genes.
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A protein’s bioactivity is enabled by the native three-dimensional structure it achieves, which is represented by the secondary and tertiary protein structures. When aggregation occurs, the three-dimensional structure is changed and bioactivity may be reduced drastically, which is why early detection of aggregation is extremely important.
Changes in names of certain species are inevitable given the discovery of new biological species that need to be accounted for. It is fortunate that the international zoological society has recognized that the ICZN is the authorized international agency tasked to review, evaluate and resolve issues pertaining to nomenclature
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The major findings and conclusions from the meta-analysis are presented below. Firstly, reactive oxygen species are constantly produced during most of the metabolic activities of the cell. When photosynthesis takes place in plants, one of the by products is molecular oxygen, and the concomitant companions of aerobic life are reactive oxygen species.
In 1968, Schachter published one of the first studies on obesity and eating behavior. The theory that emerged from this literature was that overweight individuals do not respond to their internal, biological signals of hunger in the same way. In other words, people who are overweight tend to eat regardless of whether or not they are hungry.
The strains and plasmids used in this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 wild type Lausanne and Escherichia coli Strains 517.1- λ pir and DH5α, were cultured routinely at 37ºC in Luria Bertani broth (Pls include brand) or on LB agar plates supplemented with Gentamicin and Kanamycin. Table 1 summarizes the strains, plasmids, and primers used in the study.
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For AMAS, the doctor takes a blood sample and takes it to the laboratory to screen for anti-malignin antibody (AMA). Normally, the level of AMA increases in the presence of a cancer cell. Since the serum level increases in patients with cancer, the use of this laboratory procedure is effective in detecting early signs of cancer.
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The eggs develop fast and start feeding and swimming about 72 hours after fertilization takes place. There are quite a few sub-species of zebrafish most of which are for commercial purposes used. The zebrafish has quite a number of unique physical and biological characteristics which make it be well preferred to other animals for scientific studies
The Hominidae mainly comprise of humans and our extinct ancestors. As the fossil evidence found advocates the presence of hominids in Africa, the climatic changes occurring during that era greatly affected the evolvement of these species. One of the major characteristics that were influenced was locomotion.
The bio-weapons used can be microbes like bacteria or certain other toxins of biological origin or synthetic chemicals that can interfere with human biological functions. “Terrorism is a form of psychological warfare with terrorists often perpetrating their violence to cause fear among the public.” (Simon 2).
It's pointed out that the existence of cystic fibrosis has been known for a very long time from stories of old cleaning ceremonies where foreheads of children were licked to see if they were salty and if they were those children were feared to die soon due to the disease which we today call cystic fibrosis.
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It is a fact that dreams normally take place when a person sleeps. At the same time, most of the content of the dreams often related to the topics stored in the memory. Science has so far no evidence for the reasons of dreams and the purpose of dreams. Moreover, it is difficult to judge that what subject may come in our dreams.
Twenty days after fertilization, the foundations for the major systems are established. On the third week of gestation, the heart starts to beat, and at the 8th week, the fetus, still an inch long is fully complete with the organs and system that are present in an adult. Full-term babies are ready to be delivered after 38 weeks gestation period.
The basis lies in the fact that not all characteristics will be present in all bacteria. Different bacteria will have different physiology. Physiological methods of speciation of bacteria include morphological and metabolic characteristics, the former is called primary tests and the latter is termed as secondary tests.
Twentieth-century saw microbiology research spreading beyond the borders of France and Germany, thus gaining an international reputation to be a research field of public importance as it included the study of human diseases.
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According to the report, E. coli also has the property of movement though there are certain forms of the bacteria that form exceptions and do not move. The mobility is provided to it by flagellum, which is referred to as peritrichous flagella that are present on all sides of the bacteria. The bacterium does not have the property of forming spores.
These jaw movements rely on the same coordinative mechanisms that are later used for early speech. This is one hypothesis. The other hypothesis is that there are parallel coordinative mechanisms during early alimentary behaviors, speech, and babble. This hypothesis states that the coordinative mechanisms are not the same.
The author states that insects, small as they are, outnumber humans or any other living organism living in the landmasses. You can find them anywhere. Special to this group is the so-called “social insects.” These are a group of insects (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) that live in colonies or nests.
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The ‘Oxford Advanced Dictionary’ does not define an ‘animal’ as a being/creation responsible to fulfill our dietary needs nor does it characterize an animal in a way that it should be treated ruthlessly or bred for our selfish nutritional desires, but the way it does define an animal is: “any living creature, including human beings” (Oxford Advanced Dictionary, P. 41).
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It is essential to maintain the normal metabolic process carried out by oxygen in body cells, where energy is released by the breakdown of carbohydrates and carbon-di-oxide is liberated which is eliminated out by the respiratory system in conjunction with the circulatory system, in the process water is also released as a waste product.
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This paper discusses the ways to deal with neglected animals, particularly the responsibilities that one would have when dealing with neglected animals. Anyone who owns an animal must be responsible for or meet the animal’s welfare needs. He or she must ensure that the animal: has somewhere suitable to live; is kept away from or with other animals.
The researcher states that Platanthera leucophaea is naturally found in the moist and wet tallgrass prairies. The plant can also be found in the eastern fringes of the American prairie region. Here, in natural conditions, it would grow in the wet meadows. For the purpose of optimum growth, the habitat of this plant of the family Orchidaceae must not be in the vicinity of woody encroachments.
Heredity is dependent on chromosomal material. The Full complement of chromosomes present in an individual is known as the karyotype. The 2 copies of each type of chromosome are known as homologous chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Chromosomes carry genes.
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There have been various changes in man’s evolution which have affected his current health status. Two of these major changes include the domestication of animals and the advent of urbanization and industrialization. The domestication of animals has increased human and animal contact and has consequently caused the exposure and transmission of bacteria from animals to humans.
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The artificial selection makes dogs more ready for the situation than natural selection. It helps in acquiring the desirable traits and social behavior (Hare & Tomasello, 2005) in dogs upon systematic guidance. This reveals that the impact of the environment is quite significant on the social behavior of domestic dogs.
The author states that loss of sample from the well due to leakage resulting in blurred bands, smearing of the bands due to loading too much DNA or it could even be due to the fact that agarose was not completely melted before the gel was poured. Errors could also be due to temperature and pH variation as well as cross-contamination of samples.
The author states that lysozyme is an enzyme that digests the polymeric compounds that give the cell wall its rigidity. It is present in secretions like tears and saliva as well as in egg white. SDS is a detergent Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate which aids in the disintegration of the bacterial cell wall.
The list of microorganisms includes different types of viruses, fungi, and prokaryotes. When we study these unicellular or microscopic organisms, we say that we are studying microorganisms. Talking about microorganisms, we can also say that it is the study or research on those organisms that are very difficult or impossible to be observed or seen without any microscope.
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Reportedly, the search program identified a gene from the microbe Aspergillus flavus, that encodes the enzyme urate oxidase, as the closest matching DNA sequence, with (60%) sequence homology to the full-length gene. This gene and its encoded protein were assessed further using bioinformatics databases.
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Reportedly, the host proteins, which are found in the plasma and extracellular fluids, are the first response to foreign molecules and organisms (Lipman et al, 2005). It was Behring and Kitasato, in 1890, who demonstrated that it is possible to neutralize even a fatal dose of the diphtheria toxin.
The exterior of these cells is encased with rigid cilia that are believed to function as the primary receptor of sensory input (5). The neural connections of the sensory receptor tissue of the cilia extend by means of axons through a structure called the cribriform plate to synapse with the olfactory bulb of the brain (5).
It is quite essential to state that nowadays different therapies are used for the treatment of cancer like chemotherapy, thermotherapy, tomotherapy, etc. Thermotherapy is the treatment of tumors with the help of microwave energy which heats up the tumor cells and notably can minimize and kill the tumor cells.
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Generally speaking, there is little evidence to prove that the different biological explanations over the years have brought the world closer to an explanation on crime and deviance. What these theories have done is portraying different perspectives but none is conclusive or more applicable than the other.
Genetic testing for identifying disease genes has become one of the most widely used tools in molecular medicine. The search for the genetic origins of inherited disease syndromes has led to the identification of several thousand genes responsible for many single-gene disorders. The molecular technologies that have facilitated this search have also led to the assessment of specific mutations.
The flaw in this line of reasoning is that gender classification based on the biological composition of the brain is not enough to say that men are different from women and that they excel in specific areas and fields. The fact is that individual differences can be attributed to a web of other factors besides the characteristics that allegedly differentiate the male and female brain.
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The activation of genes by chromatin remodeling involves a reorganization of nucleosomes, complexes of DNA wrapped around a basic histone protein octamer to achieve a more open configuration of expanded chromatin loops where the DNA is accessible to binding transcriptional regulatory proteins (Wegel and Shaw, 2005).
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Xanthomonas saccharides are present in extreme terms like low temperatures, moisture, plentiful organic matter, high salinity and scarcity of biological diversity. Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Xanthomonas were found in high-productivity soils. It is most commonly isolated from diseased sugarcane and hence is classified as a plant pathogen.
DDT is characterized as a moderately hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Beier et al. S17). It primarily affects the central and peripheral nervous systems where it acts as a neurotoxin. In addition, DDT affects the functions of the liver, the primary site of chemical detoxification in the body.
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The author states that Charles Darwin is among the pioneers of this field. His greatest contribution is the theory of natural selection which, even today, helps explain many concepts in this field of science. However, there are many dissenters who do not accept the theory of natural selection.