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The nucleus which controls cell operations compares to the city administration that governs other operations. Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes. They can be termed as the processing and manufacturing industries that produce various items for use. Vacuoles used for the storage and digestion of food can be called ware houses and hotels.
The shape formation and maintenance of the cell during continuous remodeling that occurs in response to extracellular cues triggering shape changes is checked by the cell membrane. The cell also undergoes expansion during the cell cycle which a process that involved cell wall modification such as nutrient deprivation and exposure to mating factors.
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Cells are not visible in the nucleus. At Prophase each cell has a complete set of genes; most eukaryotes have diploid cells; two complete sets of genome. Chromatin condenses and cells can be visible under a microscope, centrioles- homologous of microtubules in plants-move towards the opposite poles of the cell and the spindle begins to form.
Nucleoside analogs refer to a variety of antiviral products that are utilized in preventing viral replication within the cells that are infected. An example of a nucleoside analog is Acyclovir, even though its inclusion within this classification is uncertain since it has just a partial nucleoside structure since an open-chain structure replaces the sugar ring.
This is the ability to create every cell family in the body, as well as germ cells like stem cells of the embryo. Nanog is a major inducer of pluripotency concerned with stem cell maintenance. Because Nanog is the major gene whose role is the protection of pluripotency in stem cells, it is then considered that Nanog might be promoting a populace of stem cells in cancer.
Cerebral cortex provides behavioral control, whereas, brainstem provides an autonomic control for respiration. Overall, this CNS control determines the depth and frequency of the respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006,
Bloodstains are important as evidence in the forensic biology process. The stain or quantity of blood at the scene points to important clues on the nature of the crime. Blood spatter is vital in determining the weapon that may have been used to inflict injury. Blood also contains the genetic information of the person in their DNA.
Irrespective of whether women are using contraceptives, the renal hemodynamic response to salt is also modulated by female sex hormones. These hormones also affect the regulation of sodium excretion. The increased salt sensitivity in menopausal women strongly encourages the use of diuretics in hypertensive women (Stergiou et al, 2000).
High fidelity restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut the DNA and the vector at specific points with accuracy. Gel electrophoresis is used to observe different segments of restricted DNA fragments based on their size. A screening technique, that can be used to detect the gene in the smid pALA2, is called a blue-white screen.
This report was conducted in order to understand how several different mechanisms have been implicated in BCR/ABL-dependent growth and accumulation of leukemia cells in CML. The report was also conducted in order to understand the role that BCR/ABL in the expression of MCL-1 in leukemia cells and as analyzed underlining signaling pathways.
A first image is an axial plane of the Thorax. The axial or transverse plane cuts the body parallel to the ground into top and bottom halves. The plane is useful in studying the relations between cardiovascular structures by analyzing images at consecutive levels. It is a CT scan an image that uses X-Rays in a complicated way.
Microbes adapt to the changes in their environment which ensure their survival. Antimicrobial stops the microbes’ ability to spread and therefore there may be a genetic change that enables them to survive. The existence of some microbes in the intestine helps in fighting infectious diseases. (Shastri, 2006)
The compulsory characteristics to define a neuron are the presence of a synapse and the essence of electrical excitability that are sophisticated junctions of membranes that transport impulses from one cell to the other. The glial cells and the neuron body provide them with metabolic and structural support and all these processes form a nervous system.
Scabies infects people of all races, socioeconomic standards, and ages, although children are the most affected, there is an increase in the rate of infection worldwide to up to 10% of the global population (Gratz, 2006). The mites found more often in overpopulated areas and places of poor hygienic conditions. In such vulnerable areas, there is an increase of up to 80% infection.
The term biotechnology refers to a field in applied biology whereby living organisms and bioprocesses are applied in fields that need bio-products such as technology medicine and engineering. There are various other technologies in which biotechnology is important. It is also applied in biofuels, aquaculture, nanotechnology, stem cells, and genome sequencing.
Parasympathetic cholinergic neurons stimulate the motility activity while the sympathetic nervous system inhibits it. It is through synapses that connect to the enteric nervous system receptors cells where this is relayed as illustrated by Marieb & Hoehn. It is through muscarinic receptors within the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles that digestive contractions are stimulated.
This makes them practical to use in medical research as opposed to the vertebrates that have their clusters duplicated more than once. Invertebrates have helped medicine in this case. The two most commonly studied invertebrates are the Drosophila Melanogaster also known as the Fruit fly and Caenorhabditis elegans; which is a nematode.
It is noted that in the event a DNA molecule is heated then the hydrogen bonds that hold the double helix structures are denatured and thus the molecule is unzipped into single strands. In the event a DNA solution is cooled then the respective complementary base pairs can be joined and thus it results in the original double-helix structures.
The process is a complicated one and it involves a number of steps as well as the utilization of muscles and hormones. It has been documented that the whole process of relaxation and contraction is also facilitated by the energy ATP which is actually the main component of the contraction and relation process. Also, the two other key components of muscle contraction are myosin and Actin.
To investigate plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, two small strips of red onions were placed on the microscope slide, and excess water drained. Two drops of distilled water were then added to one of the onion strips. A coverslip was placed on top of it. On the second strip of cells, two drops of 0.6M sucrose were added.
Some compounds in the lamella hold the cells in a plant together. When the onion tips were treated with hydrochloric acid, the compounds were dissolved and to break the cells apart so that each cell was viewed separately. The Toluene blue stain was also used to stain the nucleus of the cell where cell division occurs.
It also assists one to get straight to the details instead of making assertions that have no basic ground in the context of the paper. It is just like the generation of fallacies and being justified, it makes a paper lose the threshold of the discussion allowing the paper to discuss other irrelevant details that do not merit the discussion.
The positive interpretation is based on the foundation of developed turbidity. The interpretation confirms the growth of the source of the sole carbon. AUX mediums have utilized the tests of inoculating assimilation. The results on these cases are normally opaque thus rendering it ambiguous in the determination as the results are difficult.
Doctors or health care professionals also provide treatment specific to a microbe, such as for bacteria, specific antibiotics are prescribed. Viral diseases are hard to treat since viruses reside in body cells and are protected from general medicines in the bloodstreams for which antiviral medicines are to be administered.
series of practical sessions, amoxicillin sodium and amoxicillin trihydrate, indicate which is used in which type of pharmaceutical preparation (1 mark). 2. In Session 1, you determined the absorbance of a series of concentrations of amoxicillin sodium. Insert your spectra
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By the mid-20th century, most breeders knew only about dominant and recessive genes. Now breeders know puppies don't act like Mendel's pea plants, and they speak of polygenic, epistatic, and threshold effects. By the last decade, breeders became aware that no breed was immune from hereditary health problems.
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It is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Besides the increased cases of Clostridium difficile infection, the severity of the disease has also increased. This is partly associated with the emergence of a new strain of C. difficile called BI/NAP1/027 that
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The applications of plant biotechnology are diverse. The potential applications are also as diverse and can only be realised by research. World problems such as nutritional deficiency and food security can be effectively addressed through the application of plant biotechnology. In order to achieve this, biotechnologists should strive to address safety concerns.
The paper "Buying Lifting Belts '' is a great example of a biology assignment. According to Dr. Mackay, all kinds of workplaces are stresses with work pressure, but physical comfort minimizes these pressures to a great extent. It is therefore very important to facilitate all the workers and the employees with proper physical comforts.
Predominant Macrocyclic lactones widely used in the various production systems are Cydertin, Ivomec, Moxidectin, Eprinomectin, Dotamectin, among others. Administration of these medicines to cattle in most instances improved animal performance. It was also shown that dosing cattle with these compounds does not have any deleterious effect on the reproductive abilities.
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In this paper, I will seek to provide the relevant literature that deals with four articles that have been written in this context, with special emphasis on the techniques used in each of them. The literature review in this matter will be exhaustive in the context of widespread literary work in this regard.
The expression of p21 protein in the tumour cell lines can be tested by western blot assays using anti-p21 antibodies. The cell cultures exposed to SAHA can be harvested after a sufficient period of incubation and the cell digest split into two sets. One can be tested for the expression of mRNA for p21 by RT-PCR whereas the other can be used for western blot analysis.
The author of the paper argues in a well-organized manner that a food chain is an arrangement of the organisms of an ecological community according to the order of predation in which each member uses the next member as a food source (Kretch 543). A food chain can also be defined as the interaction of animals and plants in their quest for survival.
Crystal violet mitogenic assay was performed in 96-well flat-bottom plates with 2500 cells/well. SAHA treatment was given after 24 hrs of incubation at varied concentrations keeping the control treated with DMSO. Cells were treated with PBS for washing at frequent intervals and then stained with 0.1% w/v crystal violet.
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Generally speaking, there is little evidence to prove that the different biological explanations over the years have brought the world closer to an explanation on crime and deviance. What these theories have done is portraying different perspectives but none is conclusive or more applicable than the other.
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The ‘Oxford Advanced Dictionary’ does not define an ‘animal’ as a being/creation responsible to fulfill our dietary needs nor does it characterize an animal in a way that it should be treated ruthlessly or bred for our selfish nutritional desires, but the way it does define an animal is: “any living creature, including human beings” (Oxford Advanced Dictionary, P. 41).
Inflammation is an innate immune response of the body against infection or irritation. Blood vessels dilate to increase their permeability, supplying more blood to the site of infection causing heat and redness in the area. Antibodies reach the site through the blood. Interleukins like IL-1, IL-6, and IL8-Chemotactically attract phagocytes to the site of infection.
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Predictive microbiological models are computer-based software tools that allow us to estimate the rate of microbial growth or whether a particular microorganism will growth under a set of specific conditions. Evaluation of the effect of processing, transportation, and storage on the microbiological safety and quality of food is enabled by analysis based on mathematical modeling.
Following the emergence of the popularity of that branch of biology addressing the laws of heredity and the encompassing development of the applied science of eugenics, the element of heredity in human behavior and social disorders was granted profound emphasis not merely by scientists but as well as ordinary people.
It's pointed out that Bioarchaeology indeed refers to the biological remains which have been recovered as well as analyzed from similar sites and areas. However, this term is used interchangeably with ‘environmental archaeology.’ It has a close association with osteoarchaeology and palaeo-osteology.
The debate about animal consciousness is not a new one. It is one of the areas of science that have never been resolved. Behavioral psychologists and cognitive scientists have had and continue to have their views on the matter, but still, there is no common ground. It has been a subject of philosophical thought too.
The body can as well be infected by other pathogenic microbes from the environment, upon exposure to these microbes e.g. Salmonella sp., etc. Such infections invoke responses from the body which are more or less specific to the microbe involved and so are their response to different antimicrobial agents.
Huntington's disease, caused by a single gene HD, is seen later in life but can be tested at any time. The mutation is an expansion of the nucleotide triplet repeat CAG where an increased number of triplets leads to a decrease in the age when the disease sets it. Huntington’s disease is neurodegenerative leading to dementia.
There are several interesting things about the sea otter that are unique to this creature above all other marine mammals. To begin with, they have some of the densest furs of any mammal. This is because, unlike seals and other marine mammals, sea otters have no natural insulation of their own other than their fur.
The author states that plant competition can be categorized into two types: intraspecific and interspecific. Intraspecific competition occurs when individuals of the same species compete for the same resources in a particular area. Two trees growing closer with each other or two flowers planted on the same pot will vie for the same nutrients.
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A protein’s bioactivity is enabled by the native three-dimensional structure it achieves, which is represented by the secondary and tertiary protein structures. When aggregation occurs, the three-dimensional structure is changed and bioactivity may be reduced drastically, which is why early detection of aggregation is extremely important.
One of the key elements for human survival is movement. Movement is defined as “the act or process of moving or change of place or position or posture”. The ability to move within our environment helps us to fulfill our needs and work in our daily lives and the key to human movement is the function of our skeletal muscles.
Serial dilution of surface spray lead to turbidity which remained the same with consecutive dilutions, however, the plate growth increased with each dilution reaching the maximum with dilution 5. This was not the same as class results, in which turbidity of surface spray decreased with each dilution reaching zero for the fifth dilution, and plate growth maximum for the fourth dilution.
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. In general, biotechnology draws on gene technology to make more efficient resources for human day-to-day and professional living (Florida Education Initiative, 2001). All living things are comprised of cells, and there is a wide variety of cells, but what makes them similar is that they are all developed from protein building blocks called genes.
Observations were made which gave me the knowledge about the size estimation of different cells. I also leant to differentiate between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells based on structure and presence of certain features. Plant and animals cells could also be distinguished based on the different cells organelles athat are seen.