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One of the most well-known and controversial uses of information from genetics and molecular biology is recombinant DNA technology. It is the process in which identified DNA sequences or amplicons are inserted into vectors, mostly circular DNA from bacteria, and are transported or inserted into host cells such as bacterial cells.
Bacteria are of two types based on Grams staining. Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis are Gram-positive and Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica are Gram-negative. Mac Conkey Agar is the specific medium for Escherichia coli and only it grew in the medium. Thus using the synthetic and specific medium, the bacteria were identified.
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This paper details the results of an experiment comparing the effect of two antibiotics, ampicillin, and streptomycin, on bacterial cultures of Serratia marcescens. Two sets of ten agar plates each with the bacterial culture are tested versus filter paper discs containing either ampicillin or streptomycin, and the resulting sizes of the discsю
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The term allelopathy is used to refer to chemical inhibition of one species by another species. The inhibitory chemical is often released to the environment causing a negative effect on the growth and development of the neighboring plants. The allelopathic chemicals can be found in parts of the plants.
Proteins are biology’s workhorses, its ‘nanomachines’. Proteins help your body break down food into energy, regulate your moods, and fight disease. Before proteins can carry out these important functions, they assemble themselves, or ‘fold’.
The most species-rich, largest, and ecologically significant heterotrophs are composed of distributed networks that do not have specialized centers, as exemplified by the vast mycelial networks of fungi (Dussutour et al. 2010). This fact is critical information on how distributed systems are able to maintain an optimal supply of multiple nutrients which are important to life and reproduction.
This means failure to use a chelating agent such as instance matrix might cause the ions to remain active and, therefore, they are likely to fail to react as expected with other ions. This way, there shall be no precipitates.
One of these systems is the circulatory system. Because of what it does for man, the circulatory system can also be considered the most important one. Without the circulatory system, man will not be able to live. People usually associate the circulatory system with blood and they are not mistaken.
The cell membrane is the key to determining the properties of the erythrocyte. The cell membrane also consists of a certain cytoplasmic enzyme that helps in maintaining the flexibility of the cell membrane, transport of ions, and also prevents the oxidation of proteins in the red blood cells.
Courtney Howell and Diane Huhn’s article entitled, “How coastal erosion contributes to poverty: Time for a new federal approach” discusses the way in which environmental desiccation has significantly and profoundly impacted the way in which the unique Gulf of Mexico shoreline has been impacted over the past 100 years.
“The types of rice include Short grain rice, medium-grain rice, and Long grain rice. Another type is the Converted Rice which is partially cooked rice with steam removes some of the surface starch and forces some surface nutrients into the grain, after which it is polished and milled” (Hess, 2011, p. 20).
Several have been put to ensure these foods are safe, thus their acceptance by many consumers. The merits of feeding on genetic foods come out clearly to outweigh the prices of natural foods, for example, the fast growth of genetically modified foods and many more. Therefore, the world cannot be denied the use of this modern-day technology, and though most consumers have accepted the foods, caution must be taken.
Microparticles range in diameter from 100-1000 nm, but most have a diameter of 200 nm. Procoagulant MPs mostly appear as a result of apoptosis and vascular cell activation. Increased levels of circulating platelet, monocyte, or endothelial-derived MPs are associated with CVD risk factors and indicate the poor clinical outcome.
When these toxin-containing foods are consumed, it results in a medical condition clinically referred to as botulism, which often causes death. The Botulinum toxin produced by the Clostridium bacteria is the most poisonous substance found in the world, where 1 gram is potent enough to kill nearly 30 billion mice.
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They widely exist in plant and microbial species, but with the poor characterization of structure. Plant lipases are often considered to be involved in regulating certain plant growths and developments (Bos and Laxminarayan, 2011; 42). They are mainly found in seeds where triglycerides are stored in the form of intracellular structures or the oil bodies.
On the gel, the circular form of the nucleic acid would move a greater distance from the gel as compared to the linear form. This is because the movement of nucleic acids through the gel depends on the molecular size as well as the shape of the nucleic acid molecule.
It has a characteristic oscillation motion in which they are relatively straight in forwarding stroke but curved during the return stroke. This movement propels the cell perpendicular to the orientation of the cilia. In contrast, the longer flagellum, usually one or two, moves in an undulating manner, moving successive waves from the base to the tip in the process.
In 1972, the American congress passed Marine Mammal Protection to protect marine animals in captivity (Marine Mammal Commission, 2008). However, many talks have been held trying to question the effectiveness of this Act. This paper will deal with this issue because keeping marine mammals in captivity as allowed by the maritime mammal protection act of 1972 is a necessary evil that is beneficial to the species and man.
Factors dictating the susceptibility of malaria include environmental, parasite virulence, and host genetics (Mackinnon et al., 2005). These facts may interplay to determine the cause of the disease. The severe form of the condition is the one caused by P. falciparum which is prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The main characteristic of the cell membrane that allows for osmosis to occur is that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows water molecules to pass through and not the molecules of any other substance. This leads to the term semi-permeable membrane when the cell membrane is being referred to in biological terms.
HEV has one serotype but four genotypes. Humans are infected exclusively by genotypes 1 and 2 HEV while genotype 3 and 4 HEV infect humans as well as other mammals including pigs since they are zoonotic.
In that regard, it is vital to understand the antibiotic resistance mechanism of E. coli, especially at the molecular level. This implies that the quantification of the mechanism upon which this eventuality is realized will have to drench deep into the responsible genetic sequences in the DNA of the bacterium.
This signifies that GM products are environment-friendly. GM crops spare the environment unlike the normal crops, which need a bundle of herbicides or pesticides to be sprayed on them that afterwards harm the environment. The cost of planting crops, due to biotechnology, has eased since the need for herbicides and pesticides has also decreased.
The carrier begins to develop an unusually high appetite beginning in childhood, which results in hyperphagia or continuous over-eating, as well as overweight and obesity. For individuals carrying the defective genes that cause PWS, especially those afflicted by obesity, a high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus II exists.
Secondly, the study will conduct interviews amongst the building occupants to audit the overall likability of houseplants. Finally, the study will probe the overall reduction of costs in terms of maintenance of houseplants as compared to conventional air purifiers.
These categories, although at times considered biologically influenced, are likewise social and cultural constructs. While both race and ethnicity are influenced by certain biological elements to some degree, still, race and ethnicity are considered social constructs in that the biological influence that appeals to these categories.
The first 22 chromosomes are called autosomes as they carry genes for general characteristics and the rest of the 2 chromosomes are called Sex Chromosomes. These are called so because they carry genes for the determination of the sex of the newborn and they are also of two types i.e. X & Y chromosomes where X is for females and Y for Male.
The author of the article has conducted research to understand the force behind the cognitive skill and emotional behavior of man and animals. The author here is contemplating more on animal psychology to investigate human cognitive function, which is not an ideal procedure. This is due to the fact that all religious principles reinstate that animal and man have been created simultaneously.
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The Asian tiger mosquito has a genetic make-up that easily mutates as it interacts with various viral species. The best way to deal with it is therefore also through the genetic engineering of its DNA, like many other attempts to control it have failed. Nevertheless, the cost of such genetic procedures may thwart any plans towards the eventual control of the Asian tiger mosquito.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as other techniques such as energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), is an effective tool used for the identification and characterization of particulate contamination and foreign body contamination of food. The identification of foreign bodies needs to be rapid and efficient in order to trace the source of contamination.
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This paper highlights Alcaligenes faecalis, and investigated its taxonomy, morphology, characteristics, functions and treatments for infection. Alcaligenes faecalis is commonly found in soil, water and wastewater treatment plants; hence the bacteria enriched by the denitrification process of activated sludge.
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This would enhance the understanding and the various histories from these different continents should then be assembled together to point out the similarities and figure out the points of divergence of these histories. This would greatly aid the understanding of animal behavior and their social and spatial organization in the wild (Kaiser, pg. 401).
One of the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia is pain. Sickle cell anemia is found mainly in people belonging to malaria-endemic regions for e.g. Africa. A definitive cure for this debilitating illness is yet to be found and so the treatment given to the patients is still largely symptomatic and supportive.
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They are involved in various functions that bring about time limitations. Such personalities have a tendency to speed up psychological and actual tasks with extraordinary psychological and actual performance. These features make for super-achievers and high-powered people.
The cell membranes allow substances to pass in and out of the cell, a process that also relies on energy. For these processes to occur there, must be sufficient sources of energy that supply cells with the required energy. The main sources of energy are organic fuel molecules, which are oxidized by cells through a process referred to as respiration.
s into smaller ones releasing energy in return as they break the bonds in their structure.it also help the cell to get energy to provide energy for the cellular activity in the cell. A plants and animals cell uses sugar, amino acid, fatty acids, and oxygen which is the oxidizing
The first experiment investigates the effects of variables such as agar depth, presences of salt, and inoculums size on the size of inhibition zones. On the other hand, experiment 2 attempts to investigate the repeatability of the essays using two different methods of antibiotic application to the discs.
Agar depth, the volume of antibiotics on disk, and the presence of cations each can modify the effective antibiotic concentration to which the plated bacteria are ultimately exposed to. On the other hand, differences in inoculum size vary considerably from the number of bacteria loaded onto the plate.
Studies performed by such groups as the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston have suggested that the overall “fairness”(with regards to skin pigmentation or lack thereof) among natural redheads is only one of the reasons that this group is more susceptible to skin cancer. Rather, the research tends to show that the pigmentation molecule itself.
As the discussion highlights, variation is evident through the genetic pool of individual mosquitoes. These genetic variations may be evident in the mutated and resistant enzymes of the mosquitoes whereby effects of the pesticide are rendered ineffective. Variation may equally render the genetic system of certain mosquitoes.
The Acromion is easily accessible in male adults due to its wide shoulder protuberance. They are not hard to access in women, but they are easier if the woman is slender. It is located at the center top of the deltoid muscle (Chung, 18). In muscled individuals, it can be hard to distinguish the feel because of the development of the deltoid muscles.
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However, what is not obvious and probably more potent than what one sees is the other process of attraction that takes place involving another sense of the body – the olfactory sense or the sense of smell. The hormone responsible for this is called pheromone. The word pheromone was first used by Karlson and Luscher (1959).
This criterion is therefore misplaced in the current position. Despite the first question stating the position of a hole in the object, the second criterion relating to the object having holes, the criterion does not specify the location of the holes.
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The author states that one of the characteristics of rice is that it has often been used to define the cultural aspects of some people. The Middle East and the Arab world have used rice as a staple meal besides attaching some cultural and ceremonial qualities to the substance. Rice is one of the foods that unite various communities.
The gas forms inside the body. The bacterial growth happens in a fresh surgical wound or a site of physical injury. Bacteria produce gas and hazardous toxins (called Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin) that ruin tissues, blood vessels and cells (Hart, Lamb, and Strauss.). There are3 intrinsic conditions that contribute to tissue gas.
It is mostly used as a chemical reagent in a variety of industries. Acetic acid is used in a number of areas such as ink for textile printing, dyes, pesticides, chemicals used in developing photographs, pharmaceuticals and many more. Moreover, acetic acid is widely used as a chemical reagent for the manufacturing of chemical compounds.
Cerebral cortex provides behavioral control, whereas, brainstem provides an autonomic control for respiration. Overall, this CNS control determines the depth and frequency of the respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006,
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Owing to the increasing controversy surrounding the use of human tissues in doing human research, I think it would be useful if subjects from whom samples are taken would be treated with greater dignity and their contribution respected. For example, when samples are found to be helpful in medical research, the subjects or their family members should be informed.
It is essential to state that biodiversity describes the diversity and distribution of life on Earth. Biodiversity can be defined as variability among living organisms. This encompasses species, ecosystems, genes and their various forms. From three different perspectives, it can be defined as the following.