Biology Essays

Most of the bacteria and viruses causing meningitis are usually common and are allied to other routine diseases. Bacteria and viruses that normally infect the skin, urinary system, gastrointestinal in addition to the respiratory tract can spread through the bloodstream to the meninges through cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that circulates within and in the region of the spinal cord (Milan 2001).

Macromolecules in and around the cells determine the structure of a tissue. An essential part of all histological and cytological techniques is the preservation of cells and tissues as they naturally occur. This is accomplished by immersing tissue blocks, sections, or smears in a fixative fluid or merely drying (Karp 2009).

It is paramount for the study to show the range that the “parasite” has affected the trees. Further investigation is necessary to reveal the predisposing factors of the trees to the parasitism by the mistletoes. However, it is noted that the incidence of infestation in the eucalyptus trees by the Anyema Spp in Northern Victoria has been increasing with the increase in age. 

Phosphorus and nitrogen have been identified as essential nutrients that support crop production. The problem with many types of research is that they have not clearly addressed the exact levels of these nutrients that can sustain crop production, and how the change in their levels affects crop production (Fichtner and Schulze 236).

A great proportion of the early work of Rudolf Diesel focused on biofuel uses and applications. For example in 1900 Diesel validated the use of peanut oil in running his engine at the world exhibition in Paris, France. Subsequently, Henry Ford, envisioned his Model T to operate on ethanol, a product of corn.

The ability of a species to respond to additional nutrients with the increase in growth is an important aspect of success in fertile environments. This paper tells that plant species that occur naturally in infertile environments to have a bigger growth response to nutrients as compared to species in less fertile habitats.

It is evidently clear from the discussion that S.aureus is linked with increased public health cost burden, morbidity, and mortality rates. In any given population about 20-30% of S.aureus may asymptomatically host S.aureus within their snares making it an inhabitable source for endogenous infections and contact transmission.

It is accomplished to shape ester from a corrosive and a liquor. The essential procedures are the practice of anti-inflammatory medicine, recrystallization of headache medicine lastly, making sense of the softening element of the anti-inflammatory medication.  

Heredity is dependent on chromosomal material. The Full complement of chromosomes present in an individual is known as the karyotype. The 2 copies of each type of chromosome are known as homologous chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Chromosomes carry genes. 

The pollen grains germinate down the style to the ovary resulting in double fertilization (Roberts 370). The use of nectar by bees for nourishment underscores the importance of the theme of Metabolism which enables bees to oxidize the ingested food to yield energy necessary for growth and repair of tissues (Roberts). 

Slow to fast and fast to slow transformations do occur in the human skeletal muscle and this is brought about by the regulation of the MHC isoform transformations. Fast to slow transformations can be artificially induced in an isolated muscle by providing electrical stimulation mimicking a frequency pattern which is more suitable for slow muscle.

Genes, which contain Deoxyribonucleic Acid, have instructions that coordinate protein production by cells, which then form the basis for the functionality of the cell. With the advancement in technology and genetic engineering, it is possible to combine genetic material from different breeds, a previously impossible experiment.

The degree of getting involved in the process differs from being to being. Animals are generally instinct-lead. Self-concept in animals is confined to their needs and defence alone. Thus their activities in connection with their sense recognition are purely need-based; defence being another need for survival. 

The samples incorporate materials transferred during the assault, such as hair, fibres, and body fluids, particularly seminal fluid and saliva. The presence of semen in the sample indicates the prevalence of sexual assault crimes. The presumptive test used in this experiment to investigate the presence of semen in the sample was Kaye’s Test. 

The author states that the protection of the external influences is provided by the outermost layer of the skin which is called the epidermis. It is about 0.1 mm thick but it can do its job quite effectively. The epidermis is further divided into five-layer but the uppermost layer i.e. the stratum corneum acts as a permeability barrier.

The experiments were conducted on directed-seeded crucifers in raised plant boxes under controlled – atmosphere greenhouse conditions. In cabbage and Brussels sprout, “Worm-Out” could eliminate the larvae completely when applied once or twice a week. The residue accumulated by the plant was 4 parts/1000 and 2 parts/1000, respectively.  

Observation of the cell surface will be performed using a scanning electron microscope analysis to look at changes in cell shape and extracellular polymers. To prepare, cell samples will be rinsed gently with a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and a 1% osmic acid solution. 

The Health and Safety Executive (2000) reported that Legionella is the bacteria that cause diseases collectively called Legionellosis, some of which are known to be fatal and others not. The most common of these diseases – and which is potentially fatal– is a form of Pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease.

Even though smaller populations are advantageous to the environment they should be maintained at such levels so that the fertility rate does not come down. A declining population also causes problems in society as it is always accompanied by an aging population.  The effect of baby-busters is being felt by the Americans. They are an important consumer group but they are also the most heavily taxed generation of Americans. 

The author states that the sort of interactions results in cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. As a result, it results in the creation of different cell types in the multicellular organisms, where different types of cells possess different gene expression profiles through the genome is the same.

Thrush or candidiasis is easily treated in individuals having an intact immune system. But patients having the neutropenic disorder, and depressed immune system due to AIDS or transplanted organ or cancer chemotherapy treatment are highly susceptible to systemic mycoses. This opportunistic pathogen has an adaptation strategy under imposed environmental conditions.

Emerging viral diseases like Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome are a cause of concern globally because of increased reporting of these diseases from newer parts of the world. Hantavirus was first recognized in the 1950s when the Korean stationed United Nations troops contracted this deadly virus.

Use of disease-free seeds for plantation in non-infected soil: The infection-free tuber seeds can be produced using tissue culture technology (Dodds, 1988) or ii) meristem culture (Mori et al., 1969) or iii) micro prorogation methods coupled with conventional multiplication methods (Donnelly et al., 2003).

The author states that the mechanism by which animals maintain internal body temperatures necessary for survival is one particular aspect of homeostasis. Homeostasis essentially encompasses an organism‘s ability to balance and maintain its internal body conditions against the changing conditions of its environment.

Two years ago, motorboats killed 55 (out of something over 2,600 total) when the animals weren't able to get out of the way in time. And as the number of people and boat increases in Florida - it's now up to a million each year - so does the number of manatee deaths. The government has put speed restrictions in effect in areas where manatees swim.

Through the process of recycling, ecosystems reuse nutrients. This process of nutrient recycling was tested in several biomes. The duration for one cycle of decomposition is known as the mean residence time or MRT. Decomposition is a process that starts with absorption by an organism to release after death.

According to the original theory, ageing was an adaptive, genetically programmed event with the purpose of limiting population size and consequently prevent overcrowding. This theory has been largely disregarded by researchers. Due to the high rate of early mortality from extrinsic factors ageing is not usually observed in wild populations.  

It is a very interesting topic to speak of malaria as a probable cause of a genetic disease. It has been found that people infected by malaria parasites over a long period of time tend to develop this disease of sickle cell anemia completely genetically. Initially, this disease was referred to as ‘sickle cell anemia’ but in recent times the word disease has replaced the word anemia.

The chlorophenoxy herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been widely applied in the United States since World War II and are used for broadleaf weed control in wheat farming and maintenance of home lawns and parks, rights-of-way, and roadsides (Short and Colborn 1999).

One of the ways to observe differences in species in the Animal Kingdom is by looking at the sexes. Determination of the sex of an animal is usually localized on a specific chromosome or conditions that affect the developmental pattern of the organism in regards to the development of sexual organs or glands.

Lipids are in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) that normally consists of three fatty acids that are mainly linked to the glycerol group (Bauer, Jakob & Mosenthin, 2005, p.290). Many enzymes in the human body are water-soluble and, therefore, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lipids has extra work to perform in order to make the lipids readily available for the body.

Cells show a lot of variation in their sizes and structures. Consequently, they have two main parts. These are nucleons and cytoplasm. The two main parts are enclosed in a cell membrane, which is sometimes called a plasma membrane. On the other hand, tissues are the organizational level of the cell, which is intermediate between a complete organism.

The development of enzyme technology started in 1874, when Christian Hansen, a Danish chemist, generated the first-ever specimen of rennet by removing dried calves’ stomachs with saline solution. Pandey (2006) argues that this was the first enzyme preparation of moderately high purity employed for industrial reasons.

The resected tissues are the best materials as they have a large number of bacteria and that it is the main attention of the contagion. This method also has its own drawback in that, researchers have argued that its failure may be accounted to the antibiotic administrated to the patients before they undergo surgery.

The gene that codes for a given protein is identified through either experimentation or study of the gene expression in an effort of regulating the disease. In this essay, a rare disease has been found to be due to a mutation in a gene X that codes for an orphan protein called protein X. the initial assertion of the assignment is that the function of the protein is unknown.

GDNF signaling is overly stimulated to play an essential role in spermatogonial stem cell renewal. The first paragraph of the paper highlights the essentiality of the spermatogonial stem cells in the body in general. As posited by different scientific experiments, these cells are fundamental for the restoration of body tissues because of their unique ability to self-renew.

However, the key challenge with such cells is in the amount of current produced. Microbial fuel cells yield currents that are too little to sustain major energy-requiring processes. The type of bacteria in the cells also influences the voltage generated, which can play a significant role in improving the overall output and efficacy of microbial fuel cells.

Heterothermy in most mammals and birds has been explained as a condition that results from adaptive mechanisms that are used by such animals to cope with changes in temperatures in their environment. On the other hand, the contrasting argument has been made that heterothermy is a condition that results from evolution between homoeothermic and ectothermy.

In most malaria-torn regions, pregnant women are the main adult age group that are at the highest risk of contracting malaria. The picture of malaria infection during pregnancy ranges from asymptomatic to severe. In order to reduce mortality among the pregnant, early detection and prompt treatment of malaria with antimalarial drugs are required.

There has been a change in this trend because of the several diseases emerging from these viruses (WHO, 2007). Nor viruses are the most common causes of these diseases in the food-borne sector. Some of the infections are also related to contaminations in the food plants. Contaminated food handlers or shellfish cause these food-borne diseases.

Flavour may be defined as the sensation one realizes when he places a substance (e.g. food) in his/her mouth. The overall flavor results from a blend of responses to the receptors on the tongue, the mouth, throat, and nose. The receptors trigger signals to the nervous systems which enable one to differentiate various substances in sensory terms.

The indigenous community through the efforts of the government in Papua New Guinea is being educated on the essence of biodiversity values and environmental conservation. This has been through emphasizing the need to identify alternative sources of food and eradication of destructive traditional practices. 

Bluetongue, a disease caused by the bluetongue virus, affects mostly ruminant livestock such as goats, sheep, cattle, deer, and camelids. Bluetongue virus can cause serious systematic disorder with mild to high mortality. It is a prototype virus of orbivirus in the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue virus is mainly transmitted by certain types of biting midges.

To test their theory Giusberti et al (1998) examined in-depth optical illusions which are, according to the authors, lower level, uncontrolled processes within the normal eye functioning process. In their estimation, the use of optical illusions become a valid means of investigating the inherent differences in visual mental imagery and visual perception.

The use of immuno-cytochemical techniques can help to avoid performing procedures, which are painful, uncomfortable and expensive to the patient.  It can also help to speed up the start of appropriate treatment. Another application of immuno-cytochemical staining is for the detection of two antigens in the same smear.

The author states that under phosphorus starvation these cluster roots show vigorous branching. Plants were cultivated in sand culture and proteins from root exudates and extracts had been isolated and assayed by methods already standardized. The data were obtained by more than one method and results of the experiments are presented by graphs.

Even in the tallest plant each and every leaf present at the top is supplied by eater. This movement of water is against the gravitational pull. It is therefore imperative to have a theory that can possibly demonstrate the movement of water along the length of the plant, as this is vital for the survival of the plant.

The cloned individual may probably have it. Cloning deserves prohibition since it triggers unanticipated risks for people. The relationship between the clone and the other partners is never certain due to the feel of inadequacy. Since experts and people have no certain method of knowing in advance, they certainly do not encompass the right intentionally to impose that risk on a different person.

Derived antibodies should have bonded to each and every human antibody. It classically fashioned in rodents. Enzymes like basic phosphates or peroxidase are joined to derivative antibodies. They convert chromagens to painted results. When culturing is over, the resultant antibody suspension is eliminated where slackly joined antibodies are cleaned the same as previously.

The secretion of paracrine and autocrine factors important in preventing neighboring cells from anomalous growth, subsequently resulting in normal metabolism and healthy development is regulated by normal epithelial cells. Tumor initiation is said to be triggered by this homeostatic cell competitive structure (Kosaka et al., 2012, p. 1397).