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Viral diseases of humans and animals can be diagnosed using similar techniques. The author of the paper will detail generic techniques that can be used for the detection of viral antigens, nucleic acid, and antibodies elicited following viral infection. In the answer, the author ensures that any diagrams used are labeled.
Algae can be aquatic or sub-aerial and aquatic algae can be found in a broad pH range, differing oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, temperature, and turbidity, they can also be planktonic or benthic (epilithic, epizoic epiphytic, or epipelic). algae use phototrophy heterotrophy to gain their nutritional needs.
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In summary, a telomere is a region of repetitive e DNA at the end of a chromosome and it protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration Telomere regions deter the degradation of genes near the ends of chromosomes by allowing for the shortening of chromosomes ends, which occurs during replication of chromosomes.
The metabolic significance of malonyl-CoA is that it aids in the oxidation of cardiac fatty acids. Apart from aiding in the oxidation of fatty acids, malonyl-CoA regulates the intake of food into the body. Increased malonyl-CoA inhibits the intake of fatty acids into the body. The two metabolic roles are significant because of a number of reasons.
The paper examines a case of an H.M.M a 23-year-old man who presented to his GP complaining of lethargy and bleeding gums. The doctor noted that H.M.M was pale, had numerous bruises on his limbs and a fine rash on his torso. Upper left and right atypical white cells with scant cytoplasmic granules. The Upper right nucleus is dense in color with almost invisible nucleoli.
Garlic is used for treating skin diseases, stomach upsets, diarrhea, diabetes, asthma, and hemorrhage. The medicinal value of garlic is a result of a compound known as allicin. The compound can be released through chewing and crushing garlic. Several misconceptions surround the use of garlic for medicinal purposes.
In addition to the bacterial decomposition that occurs almost immediately after death, there are other processes that continue to integrate the human body into the environment. Within a year, algae or moss may grow on the bones (Vass 191). Within a decade, roots will grow into the bone and there will be rodent gnawing.
In order to find out if genetic engineering is harmful to plants, it is important to find out the impacts of genetic engineering on plants. The question that can therefore arise from this is; what are the effects of genetic engineering on plants? Genetic engineering is vast and is conducted in plants, animals, and other organisms.
Scientists are yet to find drugs for the chronic cyst stage of toxoplasmosis calling for the development of a vaccine capable of preventing the infection. Toxoplasma pellicle novel proteins play a significant role in the lifecycle of the parasite implying that their characterization has been given an immense deal of attention in the study of genetics.
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There are those who still hold the traditional view that although viruses possess some of the properties of living systems such as having a genome, they are actually nonliving infectious entities and should not be considered microorganisms. On the other hand, there are those who argue that they fall in the boundary between life and non-life, organism and non-organism, and biology and chemistry.
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Polar bears have been present on Earth for about four and a half million years ( Polar Bear International, 2014), but been much in the news in recent years due to the problems they are having because of the melting and shrinking Arctic ice cap. The word the Arctic is actually derived from the Greek word for bear with its opposite number Antarctic meaning an area without bears.
The Hakea is a perennial plant species from the Proteaceae family (Young, 2006). The plant is found in temperate climates and reproduces by seed (Syphard, Radeloff, Hawbaker & Stewart, 2009). Temperate climate areas include the Mediterranean basin, Southwestern Australia, South African Cape Region, California-Baja region, and central Chile.
Rhizopus spp. can survive for thirty years in the deposits of dried fruits. These fungi mainly attack a fruit that is stressed. The mechanical injuries that occur during Solanum Lycopersicum cause the decay of the fruit since they provide a site into which the Rhizopus spp. breed. After the initiation of the lesion, the Rhizopus spp. can spread in the whole fruit causing total decay.
The trees are multipurpose and are used for revegetating degraded ecosystems with low phosphorous and nitrogen. This multipurpose ability is supported by the species’ ability to establish symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria (Duponnois & Plenchette, 2003; Richardson, Allsopp, D’Antonio, Milton & Rejmanek, 2000).
I am going to discuss the question about the necessity of the restriction and banning of DDT worldwide. The utilization of this substance as the insecticide started in the 1940th. For the next 30 years, DDT helped to fight malaria and typhus, as well as was used in agriculture against pests. However, the growing concerns about the environmental impact of DDT led to its banning in many countries.
Tissue culture is the extraction of tissues and cells from an animal or plant so as to be grown in an artificial environment provided with the necessary conditions. It is research that has grown in popularity over the years and has become very fundamental in the study of cell biology. The aseptic technique is selected from among others for its deep concern in fostering high levels of safety.
The increase in the numbers of mislabeled fish and their products has led to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. This is a serious problem in the world market and one of the main hindrances of attaining sustainable fisheries (Marko & Lee, 2004). As a result, there has been a decline and collapse of many of the world’s finest fisheries.
The experiment was successful because the aim of the experiment, which was to examine the transformation of escherichia coli by plasmid DNA, was achieved. It was also possible to know various principles used in cloning processes. There were a few errors but that can be avoided by strictly following the required steps and avoiding negligence.
The aim of the current experiment was to introduce the concept of the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT), hence demonstrate how the pancreases of a sheep respond to a glucose load. Additionally, the practical aimed at determining the influence of different nutritional planes on IVGTT results.
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Globally, Acacia species comprise 40 percent of tree plantations in sub-tropics and tropics. The species grows well on land that is not sufficient for food production. Different literature was reviewed on Acacia species in Australia including Western Australia. The outcome of the review is categorized into uses of Acacia, salinity tolerance, and clearance in Western Australia.
The term genome refers to an organism’s set of DNA with all information about the genes involved. Each of the genomes in a human body has information that the organism requires for maintenance (Quackenbush 2011, p. 189). There are more than three billion pairs of DNA bases in all human cells that have a nucleus.
Gamborg (2002) investigated the culture of embryogenesis tissue. In order to fulfill Haberlandt’s objectives, root tips were to lead to organogenesis. Lainbch obtains hybrids after the maturity of the culture medium. He isolated zygote embryos from the non-viable seed of Linum perenne x L austriacum and raised zygote embryos.
The development of efficient regeneration strategies is very necessary in order to avoid numerous deleterious effects caused by somaclonal variation. Regeneration protocols vary with transformational techniques. There are crops that are only amenable to only one specific protocol while others are amenable to many transformational and regeneration strategies.
The author of the paper states that mismatch DNA repair is essential for the correction of any errors caused during DNA replication. Even though the replication of DNA is basically very accurate there are still chances that some errors might occur during the process of replication or synthesis and nucleotide incorporation.
The cell is the most important unit within an organism it plays a major in ensuring that the needs of the main organism are a priority. The cell is too small and the human eye cannot observe it without assistance however science and technology have revolutionalized the study of the cell by e developing devices such as optic and the electron microscope which aid the human eye to observe the cell.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a tool that is used to amplify DNA, where at every thermal cycle a complementary DNA strand is synthesized. (Mullis et al 1986) With the repeated cycles of complementary DNA strand synthesis, there is an accumulation of newly synthesized DNA strands that could be modeled either to rapidly synthesis many strands of DNA or synthesis a few strands.
The PCR technique used in the project was developed by Karry Mullis back in 1983. The technique gave Karry Mullis and Michael Smith worldwide recognition after earning the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Consequently, a polymerase chain reaction has become adopted and is essential in day-to-day biological research lab applications.
According to the findings of the paper, it can be said that the slope parameter is the average increment in the dependent variable when the dependent variable increases by one unit. The graph slopes from the upper left of the scatter plot to the lower right suggesting a negative relationship between the two variables.
Pest affects plant yields and increases the state budget in developing ways and policies in controlling pests. Therefore, to control pests and diseases, various policies by markers should unite and develop ways in which they will ensure sustainable farm produce through better ways of controlling pests and diseases.
The N-Glycans were separated using carbon chips depending on their unique types and their monosaccharide composition. 38 N-glycan composition was observed in human milk ad 51 in bovine milk. The human milk was observed to contain only NeuAc while the Bovine milk was seen to contain an additional NeuGc.
The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) is defined as the underlying lowest tested concentration at which a corresponding statistically significant effect is normally observed within the exposed population as compared to a suitable control group. Conversely, IC50 is defined as the median inhibitory concentration 1.
In microarray data testing two approaches are used in the analysis for different types of genes. One of the approaches is the numerical statically approach where data is normalized using software such as R. Normalization is the manipulation of the datasets to have uniformity using many approaches among the box plots and best fit in scatter diagram.
Paper chromatography has been applied in the separation of the chlorophyll pigments and spectra analysis applied in determining the absorption of individual pigments. Two leaf materials have been used to analyze structural compositions and differences. The paper indicates that various chlorophyll pigments absorb energy at different wavelengths.
The incident light is properly aligned and the image of the illumination source is perfectly defocused, allowing the best imaging possible in a field of light that is evenly dispersed. This enables the collection of more imaging data. The contrast between areas of interest is increased, generating a sharper final image with high overall resolution.
The sample should be fresh to maintain high quality and quantity of DNA and to prevent contamination. Fresh blood samples can be stored in 95% ethanol at room temperature or frozen. Feather samples could be obtained by plucking the bird and these provide a less painful collection method than drawing blood.
The PCR technique is cheap, high sensitive, and smart for the sex identification of monomorphic birds. On the other hand, other techniques such as avian laparoscopy and laparotomy, biochemical surgical examination, and others are inconvenient such as costly, time-consuming, low sensibility, or cause harm to the organism (Doosti et al., 2009).
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The use of antibiotics elicits numerous reactions. However, the rates at which the antibiotics are being produced currently do not match the new strains that are emerging as a result of the same invention. These have resulted in new bugs that pose threat to humanity as there is the possibility of people going back to ages before 1929.
They can go through mutations as well as reproduce; on the other hand, they are not able to execute metabolism and hence are not regarded alive. In terms of classification, viruses are grouped according to the nucleic acids’ type they entail, as well as their protein capsule’s shape (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2010).
The vpr 1 mutant cells demonstrate varied characteristics and traits. The fact that these mutant cells show different characteristics in different environments, is observable in experimental procedures that different phenotypes exist. In the various experimental conditions, vpr 1 cells behave uniquely.
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The objective of the second part of this paper "The Existing Difference among the Staphylococcus Species" is to define Micrococcus and Staphylococcus, define Enterobacteriaceae varieties that have lactose-fermenting characteristics, carry out a disc diffusion susceptibility test, and record Staphylococcus species.
Another reason is that knowing these microorganisms will be very useful for one who wishes to take antibiotics or even some foods. It is, therefore, critical that a learner treats such issues with the highest degree of seriousness because someday he might be required to apply in real-life situations whatever the lesson he learned from the laboratory.
During relaxation, the muscles extend the movable bone back to its position. The agonist's muscles shorten when contraction occurs to produce movement while the antagonist's muscles return the limb to its initial position. The synergist muscles similarly act on movable joints. Therefore, cell division and the musculoskeletal system are essential for body development.
A set of human microRNAs suppresses the spread of breast cancer cells to lungs and bones. The microRNAs were found to suppress their autonomous cancerous phenotypes. However, the role played by non-coding RNAs in non-cell-dependent cancer spread is unknown. This report reveals that endogenous miR-126 suppresses metastatic initiation and colonization (Kim, Nils, Mitsukuni, and Sohail, 2012).
Skin is one of the main primary barriers since it covers the body from external microorganisms. The skin is a physical defense mechanism acting as a physical barrier to entry of pathogen. Being the biggest organ of the body, the skin offers a nonspecific barrier by preventing the internal body organs from contact with pathogens unless it is broken.
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The Blue-faced honeyeater lives in a different location which includes sclerophyll forests, rainforests, mangroves, open woodland, gardens, golf courses, parks and can also be found in urban areas. The social behavior of these species still requires further research as it has not been an area of central focus among ethologists.
Additionally, the technology reduces the environmental biodiversity and leads to increased pollution. Moreover, the use of herbicides to genetically engineer the production of foods results in the establishment of “superweeds” that lower agricultural production. Nevertheless, the technology is costly leading to a concentration of food production on a handful of farmers.
The initiative developed by Fossey of establishing the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund has aided immensely in the protection of the gorillas as well as facilitating research. Before the establishment of this fund, she had developed the Digit Fund. This was a fund established to control poaching and enhance the conservation of gorillas.
McIntosh writes of ecology that it is “a science that does not fit readily into the familiar mold of science erected on the model of classical physics, and it deals with phenomena which frequently touch very close to the quick of human sensibilities, including aesthetics, morality, ethics, and, even worse in some minds, economics” (1).
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The medical conditions predicted include myocardial infarction. The variability of heart rate has also been used in the evaluation of the impacts of manipulated therapeutics. The concept has also been used in determining the link between body position and the cardiovascular system autonomic regulation.
Phages can have lactococci, sperm, or isometric shaped heads protein in nature. Phages attach themselves to bacterial cells using their tails at specific sites where they inject their DNA and start replicating. Phages attack bacteria using various ways, which can include a lytic relationship where the bacteria phage commandeers the bacteria cell mechanism and releases new phages.