Biology Essays

The infected leaves signify that the disease is in that location and would soon spread to infect the oaks. The tracking of the disease enabled the early detection of the disease on the bay leaves and allow for the treatment of the disease before it could spread to the oaks. The tracking of the disease would provide exposure in detecting disease-causing pathogens not only in trees but also in other plants.

Synthetic biologists have in the recent past majorly focused on bio-molecular engineering approaches to enhance capabilities in medical and environmental diagnostics. With the embracing of technology in synthetic biology, 3D printing has gained substantial interest among potential applications for tissue development.

Snoring occurs whenever the upper airways become obstructed, then reopened in quick succession following vibrations from the soft palates as well as the adjoining tissues in circumstances when excess inspiratory effort overcomes obstruction in the upper airways. Very few published studies relied on an extensive three-dimensional geometrical model.

Colors can only be detected by stimulation of two or three categories of cones. The fovea, which ensures that high-quality vision is achieved, comprises only cones and this enables the eye to observe objects in great detail. In times of light such as during the day, the fovea is able to take in as much light which hits the receptor cells or cones.

Their functions vary, but the main functions include helping the brain interpret the five senses, muscle control, and controlling glands in the human body. The olfactory nerve helps the brain to interpret the sense of smell. Optic nerve function improves the vision of an individual. If this nerve is damaged, it can result in blindness.

Electronic microscopes are not used to view live biological samples. The biological samples ought to go through multifaceted preparation procedure to assist the samples endure the atmosphere inside the microscope.

Tasmannia Lanceolata is commonly known as Mountain Pepper which comes from the family Winteraceae and is a primitive type of shrub that is tall and evergreen. Tasmannia Lanceolata is considered to have safrole, a carcinogenic compound. It’s most common use is as a food garnish alongside the medicinal properties associated with its essential oil.

The government agencies will have better and reliable data to ascertain the safety of different drugs (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2016). On the other hand, companies will be able to develop safer and reliable drugs and chemical agents. Consumers will have more confidence in using various drugs since they recognize the effectiveness of modern technology.

Enzymes are multimeric, complex proteins that require S-adenosylmethionine, Mg2+, and ATP, as the cofactors which function as modification methylases and restriction endonucleases. The enzymes are specific sites recognizers within the DNA and cleave erratically at a significant distance from the place of recognition. 

This bacterium can increase in number extremely rapidly provided that conditions are optimal. This, therefore, means that the culture growth rate in the laboratory can be determined by the environmental factors surrounding the process by the environment in the growth media. The growth of bacteria is by binary fission where each cell divides into two.

As a point of departure, it is crucial to underscore that this paper will constitute three significant parts among others. The description of the alien, the planet, its environment as well as the various organ systems are ideally fundamental (Clark, 2015). It is interesting to note the alien under consideration goes by the name Luca.

“Viruses make hefty genetic commitments in order to tinker with their hosts’ systems” (Fields et al, 2006. p169). This statement is all that describes the complexity of host cell interactions in response to viral infections. Viruses have been found to be unstable and evolve in order to survive in host cells.

In conclusion, a number of aspects can reduce the rhizosphere pH given that respiration brings about CO2 and ultimately to the production of carbonic/bicarbonate acid. Other than roots respiration, the rhizosphere is extremely well-off in carbon gives rise to other life forms from fungi to prokaryotes to miniature living.

The rhizosphere zone is of great significance to scientists interested in understanding ways in which soil composition can be manipulated to increase plant growth and yield. As such significant focus in the study of the rhizosphere should be on the topic of microbes around the rhizosheath owing to the important relationship.

The genre of this article is informative. This is because it informs the reader about how glucose is regulated in the body by illustrating the role played by the pancreas and liver. It also informs the reader about various methods used to store food in plants. Finally, it informs the reader about a procedure that can be followed when performing an experiment to determine the amount of energy stored in a food substance.

Harnessing the ability to reproducibly and precisely actuate fluids in the manipulation of bio practices such as cells, DNA, and other molecules within a micro scale clearly establish the importance of microfluidics as a powerful tool that is currently changing and revolutionizing chemical and biological analysis.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulatory hormone; PTH decreases when serum calcium concentrations increase.  During normal loss (urine, stool) of calcium, and when the body absorbs less calcium (in aging), the PTH increases its secretion.  Administering sufficient calcium prevents calcium loss and PTH synthesis.  

Patients should be advised to closely monitor gum bleeding, easy bruising, epistaxis, menorrhagia and hematemesis. They should be advised and educated to go for emergency treatment if severe abdominal pains or symptoms of circulatory failure develop. It is important that patients are reviewed at least once a day.

If there is no reason to believe that blood type influences whether a person in Toowoomba becomes a donor, estimate, with 90% confidence, the population of adults with type B blood in Toowoomba. Thus with 90% confidence, there are 17 to 19 people with type B blood for every 120 people. That is to say 17/120x100 to 19/129x100.

The Hominidae mainly comprise of humans and our extinct ancestors. As the fossil evidence found advocates the presence of hominids in Africa, the climatic changes occurring during that era greatly affected the evolvement of these species. One of the major characteristics that were influenced was locomotion.

The ear is involved in sound perception and helps the body maintain balance and give the body a suitable posture and orientation in space. Audition is defined as the scientific term used to describe the ear's sound perception process.  The ear is part of the auditory system and hence helps communication since sound is a way of passing information. A sound is an energy form that travels through matter.

It's pointed out that the existence of cystic fibrosis has been known for a very long time from stories of old cleaning ceremonies where foreheads of children were licked to see if they were salty and if they were those children were feared to die soon due to the disease which we today call cystic fibrosis.

Stem cell research affords mankind invaluable benefits, which outweighs ethical and moral objections. The multifarious advantages of stem cell research discussed below support the contention that stem cell research is of immense benefit to mankind.  Stem cells provide several benefits to humans, and they can be used in the treatment of terminal illnesses such as cancer.

Proteins are a fundamental building block of all organisms. They are synthesized by RNA or ribonucleic acids. They serve many vital functions in the body. Our muscles are made of proteins, and we derive our ability to actuate by our forces only. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concentration of proteins is one of the essential biochemical parameters while studying biochemistry or biomedical sciences.

There have been various changes in man’s evolution which have affected his current health status.  Two of these major changes include the domestication of animals and the advent of urbanization and industrialization.  The domestication of animals has increased human and animal contact and has consequently caused the exposure and transmission of bacteria from animals to humans.

These jaw movements rely on the same coordinative mechanisms that are later used for early speech. This is one hypothesis. The other hypothesis is that there are parallel coordinative mechanisms during early alimentary behaviors, speech, and babble. This hypothesis states that the coordinative mechanisms are not the same.

In the present study, G +ve Streptococci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Salmonella spp,  Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas hydrophila,  Klebsiella oxytoca were isolated. Considering the impending role of these micro-organisms in the disease-causing abilities and virulence they possess it is essential to consider the microbiological examination of consumables as a necessity.

The use of antibiotics and immunization procedures against infectious diseases has increased the average life span of humans by nearly 20 years. Chemical disinfectants help in killing pathogenic microbes. The use of antimicrobials has been a short-term solution because it has led to antimicrobial resistance.

Researchers have analyzed that there are two hemispheres in the cerebrum. One is the Right-half brain and the other is the Left-half brain. Between these two lies the corpus callosum that is a ribbon-like band of nerve fibers (Morris and Maisto, 2005, p. 64). These two hemispheres often perform close communication through the corpus callosum. 

The level of damage (eg % leaves damaged) was not similar for all plants. Nearly 11% of the leaves of all plants on average are damaged. The average level of damage for native trees is found to be a little above 14%, while that for newly introduced ones is about 9%, implying that the native trees are more damaged. 

Just like wild animals, birds have also been a nuisance to Indians residing close to protected areas. This is because whereas the leopard target livestock such as goats and cattle, wild birds are always after destroying farmers’ crops. By destroying crops, the birds normally result in poor harvests hence loss of capital. 

Smith (167) asserts that changes brought about by succession can also be affected by humans. Humans are the movers for the biome, the activities undertaken can directly affect both organisms and the environment. A single change in the abiotic and biotic factors can generate a major impact on the biome affecting all organisms.

The number of chromosomes in a single set, as found in a gamete, is called the haploid number and is denoted by n, so diploids have 2n chromosomes. The two sexes have a different number of sex chromosomes, so males and females can have different diploid numbers. Karyotypes may be very stable through evolution.

Micronutrients can be considered as included in the most important elements of the human body. In the lack of such micronutrients, the welfare and condition of the health of the people are questioned. Iron in the human body can be considered as one of the most important micronutrients. Basically, the deficiency in iron can be considered a very common problem in different nations around the world.

To explore the regulatory functions of the arabinose operon in E.coli, a series of site-specific mutations was introduced into the PBAD promoter in a recombinant pGLO plasmid construct that included the AraC gene as well as the inducible promoter that regulates the expression of structural gene products required for the metabolism of arabinose. 

According to Peter Ward, it is merely a cultural assumption that life in its simple form or many alien civilizations exists in the space around this earth (Great Debates). From the commencement of knowledge in human history, inquisitive human minds have had a strong fascination for the endless structure of the cosmos.

The author states that insects, small as they are, outnumber humans or any other living organism living in the landmasses. You can find them anywhere. Special to this group is the so-called “social insects.” These are a group of insects (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) that live in colonies or nests.

Due to this, anabolic steroids have been dubbed with a negative stigma, and are often placed in the same category as narcotics such as heroine and cocaine.  Certainly, the difference is that heroine and cocaine are only available on the black market and are not FDA approved, but because of the use of anabolic steroids as a performance enhancer, they too are often attainable through illegal means.

The high speed developed into frantic flapping, which combined with the wind currents caused the animals to get airborne (Burgers & Chiappe, 1999). Therefore, the initial ancestors of the birds had strong legs and weaker wings, since it is the legs rather than the wings that enabled the animals to run.

Lions are the most feared wild species of the animal kingdom. Actual attacks by lions against both animals and humans have been recorded over the years, causing severe injuries and even deaths. With its size and muscular body, paws, canine teeth, and hunting skills, the modern-day lion can kill and eat their prey using a few hunting moves.

For example, a protection animal will receive different types of training when compared to a circus animal used for entertainment purposes. Therefore, there are various methods utilized when training animals. This paper centers on the various type of anima training methods. Moreover, it dwells on purposes, limitations, and the various advantages of training horses and dolphins.

In sequence retrieval, genes are often named given accession numbers for easier identification and the retrieval of their DNA sequence from the databases. For example, the accession numbers accession DQ241675.1 and AY376665.1 were used to such the NCBI’s nucleotide database. The accession coding sequences for DQ241675.1 and AY376665.1 had a number of significant differences.

mtDNA and Y-chromosome can only be passed from mother-to-daughter/son and father-to-son, respectively. They cannot be used in determining the ancestry of grandparents. A drawback of this procedure is that since these genetic materials are a random mixture of equal contributions from each parent, it only provides a broad idea of one’s heritage.

Industries have increased their production of goods and services in a bid to meet the increased demand for their products. The food industry, in particular, has experienced massive pressure to cater to the extremely high food demand. The agricultural sector has not been able to produce enough food due to adverse climatic conditions.

Hypothetical Example of application of this theory: Supposing, a mutation has occurred in a line of chimpanzees causing a change in the protein that helps in emulsification of fats and is expressed at an old age. In nature, its significance remains unknown. But in captivity, it is observed that they are unable to assimilate fats from food. 

It is frequently used in molecular as well as cell biology. The transfer of nucleic acids or proteins to nitrocellulose membranes is known as blotting. Moreover, blotting includes physical sample deposition as well as the removal of SDS-PAGE gels. In this technique, proteins separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

The disorder occurs in two forms: autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive (Becker). Becker type is the most common. Thomsen’s disease is rare and mild. The symptoms associated with this disorder normally appear in early childhood. The symptoms vary between individuals. Symptoms in early childhood may include difficulty swallowing, gagging.

Even though there is no clear explanation of the mechanism of opening and closing trap door, Vincent, Roditchev, and Marmottant (2011) present that recent studies on the time-resolved analysis of the opening and closing of the trap have provided an insight into the mechanical role of the trap door as some kind of buckling valve.

The habitat and the ecosystem in which Nepenthes Rafflesiana grows forces it to adapt to nutrient deficiency and thus modification arises in the form of pitcher traps which allow the plant to fulfill its need for nitrogen through another source name in the form of arthropods, insects, and sometimes small vertebrates like rats.

The dynamics of a population are highly influenced by abiotic and biotic factors within the ecosystem. Sunlight, soil, climate, air and water are the abiotic factors while birth rate, predation, mortality and diseases form the biotic factors. Predation is a process through which members of a species feed directly on the other species.