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Suppose a probability space has five elements- call them a, b, c, d, and e-, and their respective probabilities are .1, .1, .2, .2, .4. Suppose the random variable X takes on the values 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 on these five points respectively, and the random variable Y takes on the values 1, 3, 4, 7, 6. Compute the expected values of X and Y.
The paper "Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models" is a wonderful example of an assignment on statistics. Under section one, this paper gives a discussion on ARCH and GARCH Models and their use in finance studies. We have used two stock market indexes (stock series y and stock series x) to obtain our empirical results.
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HDI is a measurement tool developed by the UN for ranking countries on social and economic development using the main benchmarks namely, education, life expectancy and per capita income. Human development is the basic distinction need to improve and differentiate the means and the end of development.
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The role of Physical activity in combating problems of obesity has been well studied, but there is no conclusive evidence of a correlation between the two, especially in female subjects. Various factors like physical activity, smoking habits, and calorie intake significantly influence the development of obesity.
To examine this assertion, they collected data on 110 nations and formulated the model of interest. First, in model 3, β1 measures how income per capita increases as a result of the increase in the quality of institutions. From β1, income per capita will increase by 43% if protection against expropriation variable increases by 1 unit.
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During statistical modeling, it is common for the sample to be split into two samples - the development sample (DEV) and the validation sample (VAL). The development sample is used to develop the model; learning and estimating parameters of the model, while the validation sample is used to evaluate the model and final model selection.
It represents a positive linear relationship, that is, an increase in the variable Color Photo Cost (£) results in a subsequent increase in the variable Text Cost (pence per 10 page). Relationship between Price (£) and Color Photo Time (min); the Pearson correlation coefficient is given as -0.518; it represents a negative linear relationship.
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In this project, we checked the claim that means earnings per share for the Dow Jones stocks are greater than for the NASDAQ stocks and found that the claim is true. We also found that the five-number summary would most accurately summarize the earnings per share for the Dow Jones Industrials and NASDAQ stocks as compared to the mean and standard deviation.
As such, when the average room number in owner-occupied housing increase by 1 unit, the demand for median housing prices increases by 0.294. Since β2 = - 0.055, when the weighted distance to 5 main employment centers within the Boston region increases by 1 unit, the demand for median housing prices decreases by 0.055.
According to Barro and Sala I martin, state income per capita were converging to a constant value and will at some time in the future be equal across all the states. There was a shortcoming in their study since they considered nominal income per capita, never adjusted for inflation, and never factored the cost of living differences across states.
Statisticians in the organization in a very separate department called the quality control department would do the assessment. With the application of the sigma six mechanisms, mainly the branch called professionalizing, all the quality controls can be monitored during the production processes. In the end, this will minimize the operational cost incurred by the company.
The study aimed at calculating the pair-wise correlation coefficients between sales per square meter and each of the other variables and test their statistical significance; writing down an equation representing a linear regression model where sales depend on a constant, the total number of hours worked and floor space of the store (in square meters).
The scatter diagram shows that there exists a positive correlation between ROCE and RTA and also between RSF and RTA. The RTA values remain almost the same throughout the 10 years whereas the RSF values show a downward trend except for the years 2006 and 2013 whereas the RTA shows both upward and downward trends over the last 10 years of operation.
We began by declaring the data as a time series data. This was followed by generating the log of the variables y (‘ly’) and sap (‘lsap’). We also generated the log returns of the variables y (‘dly’) and sap (‘dlsap’). The other sections present the results of the analysis starting with the descriptive statistics.
The results showed that the dependent variable has a relationship with all the independent variables given in the model. However, three explanatory variables (Number of full-timers, the total number of hours worked, and the Salesfloor space of the store (in square meters)) had a statistically significant relationship with the dependent variable.
From Table 1, the mean of marks in subject 1 is 46.53 with SD 30.43, and the mean of marks in subject 2 is 55.38 with SD 26.24. The skewness for both of the marks is close to 0, so they are almost perfectly skewed. The kurtosis for both of them is –ve which shows both of them are platykurtic. Also, the kurtosis of -1.61 is much higher than the normal range.
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People used EDs to reduce their medical expenses since the government catered emergency cases. This is in contradictions to Obama care Affordable care Act which ensured that each can get affordable and quality health care. This was made by making those who were uninsured access affordable health insurance Tate, (2012).
The relation that can take the variables is the simple regression. In simple regression, we will attempt to predict the dependent variable or response variable y (sales) on the basis of assumed linear relationship with predictor or independent variable (full-timers, par timers, the number of hours works, and the space size in square meters.
The value of the Pearson coefficient does not in any way generally or rather totally indicate the relationship that exists between the two variables (Mahdavi & Babak, 2012). The coefficient values range from -1 to +1, any value close to +1 means that there is a strong positive linear correlation while a value of -1 means a perfect negative linear correlation.
The regression coefficient of the dependent variable (sales per sq. mtr.) on the independent variable hoursw (hours worked) 37.53 is clearly depicting an upward influence of sales on hoursw and a downward influence of sales on size (sales floor space of the store.). The constant of 5133.59 is also highly influential.
In the reduced inspection of the data is examined on a small portion of the data set and then examine to determine if they meet the quality control procedure. Chance causes account for the uncontrollable, natural variation present in any repetitive process. A process that is operating with only chance causes of variation is said to be in statistical control.
In this set of learning activities, one will use the data file Bank.sav. Based on the graphs shown above, it is clear that only two graphs (a scatter plot graph of current salary against beginning salary and that of current salary against education level) showed a strong positive linear relationship.
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Approximately, 12 percent of parents thought that their kids accessed porn online. The survey later revealed that 32 percent of teens, got interested and visited porn sites more often. Moreover, 23.3 percent of teens were victims of cyberbullying as opposed to 10 percent of parent's imagination.
Sales are expected to be £14million in year 2 (first year of sales), and grow 10% in each of the subsequent three years after which they will stabilise. Cost of Sales is expected to start at 50% of sales and reduce by 5 percentage points in each of the subsequent two years, after which they will remain unchanged.
The total weighted profit of $13,845 is the highest due to action S1, it should be chosen, since EMV for International Expansion (S1) is the highest. One reformulates table 3 by subtracting the minimum element from each row. While dealing with conditional profits, a higher value for each state of nature shall be considered for calculating opportunity losses.
We want to see whether men and women differ in their mean socioeconomic index (sei) and their age when their first child was born (agekdbrn). First, use the Explore procedure to view the distributions of these two variables by gender. Are they similar or different? Do you see any problems with doing a t-test?
The problem requires ‘prior’ probability assessment that forms the basis for further assessment like the construction of a decision tree. In the case of Dreamcatcher, the first approach is to evaluate the expected payoff from each of the projects. Expected payoffs determine the amount each of the three scenarios may give based on the probabilities
He finds that 80% approve of using iPads in the classroom. Given the design of Randall's study, is it necessary for him to compute a statistic to determine if his findings are significant? The instance of a statistical analysis is not necessary. The survey tends to include the whole population that responds with perfection.
The topic that was majorly focused on in Cardiac surgery was written based on the protocol structure. The question that was addressed included whether the centrifugal pump is better when compared to a roller pump in patients under cardiac surgery. In summary, there was the identification of 53 papers through the application of the below search mentioned.
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The grounded theory involves constant comparative analysis, where the researcher moves in and out the data collection and analysis processes. Research using grounded theory, therefore, involves multiple iterations because the researcher moves back and forth between data collection and data analysis.
The independent variable (blood pressure) was tested for association with the independent variable (body mass index) using the chi-square method. It was found that 80% of participants from the obese group had high blood pressure, while 45%, 14%, and 0% from the over-weight, normal-weight, and under-weight groups respectively had the condition.
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The participants for the study will be sampled using the nominal roll in order to ensure there is a balance between those who undertook developmental courses and those who did not. The participants selected will be informed that their participation in the research is voluntary and they can withdraw from the research at any point at their will.
S/he comments on the summary statistics of the main features and distribution characteristics of JOBINC, and using JOBINC, s/he carries out significance tests on two and more than two population means. The graph below represents a box plot representing the variable JOBINC used to describe the overall distribution of responses for a group.
Hu, Putz, Sutjandra, Chan, Mount & Baker wrote a valuable and important article for the business community. The article addresses major issues such as the cost of energy both to the business community and to society. It does so by describing a computer application that allows users to monitor the generation output of the Columbia River Power System safely.
The scale of measurement used to represent the population age is the interval scale. Although the intervals are not equal, the values in this variable possess the properties of identity and magnitude. It is possible to know from this scale whether the different values for age are bigger or smaller than the other
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There is a lot of division regarding public opinion on nuclear weapons as well as choices based on the replacement of Trident (Chatham House, 2010). Since the year 2005, it can be noted that at least 20 opinion polls have been undertaken at the moment Trident replacement debate had picked up (Chatham House, 2010).
The lower the value of the U1 statistic, the more accurate the forecasts are. The U1 statistic is bounded between 0 and 1, with values closer to 0 indicating greater forecasting accuracy. The table gives the value of U1 to be 0.24, a value closer to zero thus showing a more accurate forecast. Thus the forecasts made are appropriate.
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The government and the sector concerned with the economy are currently focusing on economic diversification. The country can be able to focus on other forms of investment for example agricultural, health, and education sectors. The number of investors growing from the country is set to remain among the economic giants in the globe.
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GDP at purchase prices is tax and subsidy adjusted, where taxes are being added and subsidies are subtracted from the gross value of the goods. Final Consumption expenditure is the summation of final private consumption which comes from the households in the economy and government final consumption expenditure.
The histogram of the standardized residuals indicates that there are no outliers and the histogram is roughly symmetric. Thus, the assumption that the errors (residuals) are normally distributed is met. The plots of residuals against X (mileage, age, or diesel) show no pattern in the residuals, as we move from left to right.
The risk factors included high Body Mass Indexes (BMIs), old age, smoking status (exploring options ranging from whether the individual ever/ never smoked to whether they currently smoke), to whether the individual consuming too much meat. The safety factors included high consumption of vegetables, legumes, and fruits.
Without considering the random variability in growth rates, extend the worksheet in Figure 16.18 to 30 years. Confirm that by using the constant annual salary growth rate and the constant annual portfolio growth rate, Tom can expect to have a 30-year portfolio of $627,937. Analyze Tom’s annual investment rate to reach a 30-year, $1,000,000 goal.
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The study goes ahead to identify the type of food that would be required should the canteen be established. It is the role of the management to identify what should be put in the canteen depending on the survey that results in students’ requirements (Thomashow 2014). The study helps generate information that is required in making a decision.
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Most university students prefer to have something to eat near them during school days because their bodies are actively growing and they might feel hungry over time. Most students prefer to enroll in universities where there is access to foodstuffs (Kokker 2002, p. 17). It determines the number of students to join the campus with a cafeteria (Trutna 2011, p. 29).
The research questions and the objectives have been put together because the answer to the questions is the objective of the study (Andrew, John, Hal, David, Aki, and Donald, 2013). Surveying is a statistical method that is used in data collection as well as measuring data. It is a primary method of collecting data (Verma, 2012).
A claim was made that the mean high school score for the students is 85. Using the dataset1, the mean of the population is 82.44 and the standard deviation is 9.4.Null hypothesis: =85. Alternate hypothesis: Using a two-tail test and a confidence level of 95%, the critical values for the test are -1.64 and +1.64.
Considered per row from left to right, the associations between Cinemas Open Week and Worldwide Gross, Cinemas Open Week and Domestic Gross, and Cinemas Open Week and Foreign Gross were all relatively non-linear. Consequently, Cinemas Open Week is not expected to significantly predict the revenues collected.
ive on the other hand uses statistical methods that begins from a more generalized point to a narrow observations and uses criteria such as chi-square, t-distribution. After the analysis, data is stored in archives for preservations. The following below thus discusses few
The root means square error and the mean absolute percentage error will be the most method to be sued to compare and rank the forecast method. From the ranking of the forecast method, the study indicates that the regression with econometric variance is the most appropriate method of forecasting the sales of automobile parts
This chapter analyzes the findings of the research methodology set out in chapter 3. The data was gathered from the external source. Wage is the statistical study of earnings. In our case, the wage information includes the name of the athlete, age, salary/winnings, and endorsements for the period between June 2011 to June 2012.