Psychology Essays

Both of them are different from each other; effective promise reflects that the task is of more worth than the reward, whereas effective threat is the one in which task is performed since the threat invloved in not performing the task is significant for the performer and therefore he or she forcefully completes that particular task.

There is a long standing tussle between those who support the Aristotelian viewpoint that violent video games do not promote aggressiveness among the players and those who believe in the Platonic theory that violent video games influence the impressionable minds negatively (Cogburn & Silcox, 2009).

The gender identity develops in a child under influence of various factors about which different approaches reveal their own findings. In this paper we shall take up and discuss two theories relating to child gender identity and its development. This paper will present the points of similarity as well as contrasts between the two theories.

The prints would later be used to identify wrong doers. Evolution of crime scene investigation’s evolution is evident over the years and the most evident one is from Julius Caesar’s case. In this case, a Roman doctor was able to tell the wound that lead to his death out of the twenty-three stab wounds.

Though the number of cases is more prevalent in third world countries, the issue is still an area of concern in the developed countries. This issue has an impact on the approach and life of many individuals. It is not only restricted to the family members but also extends to the teachers of the child and other people he or she comes into contact with.

The old beliefs of self-esteem are obsolete, and parents are required to discard this concept as well for the benefit of their child. Despite the fact that experts used to held low self-esteem responsible for everything from bad ranks to illegal activities, studies has proved that high self-esteem is more frequently the cause.

Mu and Sig values were observed for both left and right eye movements in the three anti-saccade tests for each participant. The Mu and Sig value results of all the participants were convergent, which also indicates that the degree of variability in the three anti-saccade task performances was significantly low, with the exception of the right eye movement Sig value for the fourth participant and the left eye movement Sig values for the second participant.

The researcher claims that drugs produce changes in a teenager’s body that causes one’s body to desire the drug again to get the feeling, a process known as addiction; which is the hurdle that counsellors have to overcome. The main cause of concern is that parents believe its okay for their children to take alcohol.

The symptoms of PTSD that can be diagnosed include the re-experiencing of the real trauma through nightmares, flashbacks, increasing the arousal, and staying away from the stimuli that is linked to the trauma (Burgress, & Holmstrom, 2009). A diagnostic criterion that is formal, demands that the symptoms, and effects last for a period longer than a month (Boeschen, Sales, & Koss, 2008).

Prospective memory is used by most people on a daily basis to plan tasks and attend to them. But the use of prospective memory takes a toll on cognitive resources. The effort involved in remembering the task and the time at which it needs to be performed require effort which detracts from the resources available for ongoing tasks.

According to the report teaching students with learning disabilities is a process which involves lots of disputes. Ample research had been carried out on the field for the past few decades. There are various scientific reasons for a child’s brain functioning slowly than others. The methods are suggested with reference to specialized researches.

Thesis statement: Psychological studies of eyewitness memory relevantly and usefully ferret out the real eyewitness testimonies from the fabricated. The psychologists can aid determine the relevance and reliability of the eyewitness accounts. The psychologists are useful in determining the acceptance of the eyewitnesses’ memory retrieval of crime scene data.

The current findings contain four vital goals: to record the pervasiveness of criminal behavior, grown up criminality together with aggression in a fresh group of ill-treated and abandoned children plus coordinated controls that signify a divergent ecological section, time, as well as ethnic composition.

In the modern community setting, the need for external agencies can be examined in order to improve the parent-children relationship. Children who have been facing problems due to instability in family aspects are often de-motivated which further hampers their self-confident by a significant extent.

The public was not educated as to tell between mental illness and ordinary sadness and only perceived the extreme behavior as mental illness. Mental illness was associated with a great deal of social stigma and particularly linked with the fear of violent and unpredictable behavior (Phelan, Link, Stueve and Pescosolido).

Centers for Disease Control. Moreover, 121 million people are affected by depression worldwide. Severe anxiety and depression is responsible for yearly 85,000 deaths (Laughlin, 2011). Alcohol addiction alone is responsible for 1.8 million deaths states WHO.

Clark and his co-authors have classified the common predictors of adolescent drug and alcohol use into environmental risks, phenotypic risks and heritable factors (Clark et al., 2010). These three broad factors have different relations among themselves. This paper primarily focuses on identifying and describing family-related, peer-related and individual characteristics that have been shown to correlate with drug and alcohol abuse of the adolescent.

A majority of studies according to Nadler and Stockdale (282) have focused on bias among strangers at an individual level and the cultural level, indicating a pro-male bias, especially when there is incongruence between gender and work roles. As such, this article seeks to inform on organisational level gender bias.

Research on children in violent areas and other countries that are ridden with violence shows that more children who children in violent areas have a tendency to take matters in their hands to clear the situations in which they find themselves.

In short, such an understanding should not lead the reader to assume that psychological therapy of one variety or another is inherently flawed or less beneficial to the patient than another type; rather, it only helps to underscore the fact that different approaches are utilized different situations and based on different theoretical interpretations of relevant and existing understanding.

Contrary to many expectations, a good number of children develop interest in opposite sex roles and characters that persist over time. It does not however define a child’s sexual orientation in the early stage because intricate cycles of psychological factors and experience that would support the theory may not exist, but chances of paraphilia developments, especially the Fetishism and Transvestic Fetishism cannot be nullified either.

Notably, Alzheimer disease is a dementia characterized by problems in thinking, behavior, and memory. The disease is more prominent with the elderly who are more than 65 years old. The disease progresses with time and has no immediate cure. Nevertheless, drug and non-drug treatments may help to regulate cognitive and behavioral symptoms.

Sensory adaption takes place as a result of diminishing sensitivity of different receptors of senses because of being overly in contact with particular stimuli. As the process of sensory adaption takes place, the unpleasant impact of being in contact with particular stimuli diminishes and the human senses become comfortable with the impact of the stimuli.

Personality assessment has remained one of the crucial aspects for the researchers of human psychology. There have been a number of tests that have been conducted in order to assess the human behavioral working but it should be noted that scores were questioned because of certain arguments posed in the researches.

The author of the paper states that both authoritative and authoritarian approaches hold strict standards for children. Both tend to drive the children the way parents want. The main similarity between the two approaches is that both types of parents want the children to be disciplined and closely controlled.

Give an example of high, medium, and low awareness. Mere observation is a term used in the theory of social facilitation to explain the impact of a non-interactive audience on the performance of an individual. Mere presence explains the self consciousness of an individual.

He states that all children master a language in their early years but this does not mean that language is not a complicated piece of knowledge. It is a combination of words, phrases and sentences. The chapter starts with what, when and how language acquisition occurs.

What adaptive purpose does Pavlovian learning serve? The three chief categories of learning as described by behavioral psychology comprise- 1. Classical conditioning is a kind of learning process where correlation is established between neutral stimulus as well as stimulus that elicits the reaction.

However, there are professional relationships that have strong tendencies to include personal rapport due to the nature of its service. One example is in therapy. This essay will attempt to draw the somewhat blurry line between the professional therapeutic relationship and the personal connection of the therapist and the client, as sometimes, conflicting interpretations ensue during therapy.

Lawrence Kohlberg. What is the definition and nature of morality? “Morality” can be applied either descriptively to refer to some codes of conduct advanced by a society or, some other faction, such as a religion, or acknowledged by an individual for their own behavior: or normatively referring to a system of manner that, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons.

Most of them toil hard at night to completely understand their subjects and lessons at schools to better equip them in responding to test and academic measures. Azededo, Bos, Soares, Marquez, Pereira, Maia, Gomes and Macedo (2010) defined this sleeping disorder as the “difficulty in falling asleep and waking up several times during the night (p.

In my life, I have gone through a lot of situations that have shaped my thinking, my behaviors and my overall judgment of issues. While in high school for instance, I faced different challenges with raising my school fees since my family was not financially stable.

The personality of a person therefore becomes that person’s cognitive pattern. I am interested in learning more about this model since it deeply explains how human behavior is related to their handling of day to day information. In most cases, people tend to come through similar problems in life but it is evident that they both tackle these problems and challenges in different ways.

Four of the seven sins are discussed as follows: 1. Absent-mindedness: According to this sin, failure to recall a particular incident or an object occurs when there are lapses of attention during retrieval or encoding processes. Most of us usually face the frustration of not being able to recall a very common phenomenon (such as where we placed our car keys) and also of being unable to remember special dates and days of our lives (such as anniversary or birthday).

Consequently, how people comprehend the emotions and feelings of another individual is significant. Such information is helpful because it helps us internalize and work on how to react to result these emotions and feelings (DeCharms, et al., 2005). Such form of emotional and feeling processing has to be fast, since it would allow one to gather enough information in an instant and immediately detect any change in emotion as a reaction to this fast changing world.

Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that emanates from extreme terrible experiences that amount to threatening the safety of the individual concerned, to a point of making the individual become extremely vulnerable.

It consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that work together; the sensory inputs gathered through the sensory receptors from the environment are transmitted to the CNS, processed, and sensory output is generated to offer response to stimuli.

In general, many agencies and governments have voiced their concerns regarding child abuse and have suggested drastic measures. However, most people do not realize the severity of child abuse and even some do not realize that they are actually abusing children.

According to the paper the negotiator was able to persuade the shooter to release all his four young children but was unable to persuade the shooter to release his wife or surrender. The scenario resulted in the suicide of the active shooter in front of his spouse, who remained unharmed. The negotiator is a seven-year veteran of the force who has three small children and is going through a divorce.

The principal aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and the effectiveness of an MBCT-C intervention, which systematically teaches school-aged children stress-management skills and critical social-emotional competencies such as enhanced self-awareness, self-regulation of emotions, increased adaptability to changing situations, initiative, self-motivation, and cultivation of empathy in a school-setting (Meiklejohn, et al., 2010; Thompson & Gauntlett-Gilbert, 2008).

I designed a spinner, in which the child got a chance to spin the spinner, and the spinner would decide which kind of “hit” he or she would take – a single, a double, or a triple.

This theory considers learning as a social and communicative process, whereby knowledge is shared and understandings are constructed, in culturally formed social settings. It accords some significance to the influence of culture and context in understanding of the events in the society and the knowledge is constructed based on the understanding of these events occurring in the environment where one lives.

In The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil, psychologist Philip Zimbardo shows compellingly that human beings bear, as a group, borderline personality disorder. The main argument of the book is somewhat evident: situational forces, in contrast to personal or dispositional aspects, are the root of many evil deeds.

Why adolescents engage in the prostitution and how their risky sexual behavior connects to their family and peers? A Position Paper Position 1: Incest Encourages Adolescent Prostitution One of the most compelling arguments explaining why adolescents engage in prostitution is sexual abuse by family, peers, or strangers.

Also, counseling theories have been used as the foundation for understanding a variety of disorders and how clients with these disorders can be understood on a basic level. This research paper will define three counseling theories that include client-centered theory, cognitive theory and holistic theory.

Methods: Experimental study with 16 subjects, these were divided into different groups, with some given Easy 16-item word lists to recall (having related words) and the others given Difficult word lists (unrelated words). Each subject was tested for immediate recall, and recall after a delay of 10 seconds of counting back from 184.

It is principally concerned with comprehending, envisaging as well as influencing the behavior of the individual in the context of an organizational setting. The main features of organizational behavior are that it offers valuable insights into the growth and the development of the workforce towards effective performance.

Adler adopts a social-psychological and teleological, or goal-oriented approach. Adler holds that an individual’s approach to life is based on his first six years of life. Social relatedness is a stronger motive than sexual urges. Human behavior is deliberate and goal-oriented, and therapy should be focused on consciousness.

Parallel problem relationship patterns with peers and family unit often require involvement. This paper will research through an interview on the middle childhood stage. The interview and observation is carried on a young girl suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The information also gives further research pertaining to his internship at the University of Iowa that has lead to his love of psychology. Further detailed information goes into his Bobo experiment and his “Social Cognitive Theory.” Finally, we looked at his modeling theory obtained by the Bobo experiment and how it leads to reinforcements of self-image.