Psychology Essays

In addition, because of immaturity, indulgence in risky behavior, in teenagers, can be explained with incomplete brain development thus, drug use and its effects on teenage brain development should be investigated. Throughout childhood, the brain develops a very high number of connections between brain cells, which in adolescence begin to prune back.

The researcher states that stress level is higher in college students compared to high school students. The high school students experience stress because of the overwhelming physical and psychological changes they experience in their adolescent stage. College students, on the other hand, stress because of life realities, especially the shift from dependence to self-dependence.

Humans not only are unique but also they have universal personalities among themselves for instance self- efficacy, activity, and environmental influence. There are personality disorders that affect an individual’s relationship with others and portray them as against the order in society, for example, compulsion, and force.

This paper will discuss the cognitive behavioral treatment modalities for PTSD in police officers. CBT employs principles of conditioning and learning to remedy disorders, and comprises modules from both cognitive and behavioral therapy. CBT modules that may be utilized in the cure of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) either independently as “varieties” of CBT or utilized in combination comprise cognitive restructuring, exposure, a variety of coping abilities or apprehension management, as well as psycho-education.

As a function of seeking to determine these faulty decision-making mechanisms, the following analysis will seek to provide evidence of four biases and errors in decision-making. Secondly an analysis and discussion into the presence of groupthink, group shift, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, maintenance roles, and task roles will be defined and elaborated upon.

itive elements to this study (delete as appropriate)? NO If you are unclear about what this means in relation to your research please discuss with your Supervisor first Does the study involve ANY of the following? Clinical populations; Children (under 16 years); Vulnerable adults such as individuals with mental or physical health problems, prisoners, vulnerable elderly, young offenders; Political, ethnic or religious groups/minorities; Sexually explicit material / issues relating to sexuality; Mood induction; Deception NO If the study involves any of the first three groups above, the researcher may need CRB (police check).

This paper consists of two parts. The first is a literature review, describing Experiential Therapy, particularly in its application to family counseling. Descriptions of various specific and integrative applications of Experiential Therapy are reviewed with an aim to understand its diverse range of suitability as a counseling approach. The second part of this paper is a reflection on personal faith integration with this preferred approach.

Zimbardo, Johnson & McCann say that in most cases there is a blanket classification of people who act out of the ordinary as mentally unstable. Zimbardo, Johnson & McCann provide an example of how society uses stereotypes to categorize people into groups of the mentally sound and the mentally sick by using a study carried out by David Rosenhan.  

While, in the process of coming to a verdict, they come into conflict with one of the jurors who believes that the boy is innocent and that all the evidence presented against him is circumstantial. It seems that the jurors, all of whom seem to come from the middle class, are biased against the boy because he comes from a disadvantaged background.

The foremost objectives of this chapter thus include: providing an explanation of the foundations of diagnosis, introducing the reader to the levels of diagnosis which are expounded upon later in the succeeding chapters of the book and establishing the basics of diagnosis to equip the audience with an awareness and background information to assist the comprehension of the remaining components of the book.

However, the evidence that one rarely thinks about, supports ordinary claims. Extraordinary claims, therefore, require extraordinary evidence since they contradict claims that have the support of extraordinary evidence. The principle of falsifiability contends that, for any claim to be meaningful, in principle, it should be falsifiable, i.e.

Horney considered a wide variety of interpersonal relationship situations that would lead to basic anxiety. In her book Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory Of Neurosis, she identifies many of these factors that include erratic behavior, lack of reliability, isolation, discrimination, lack of guidance, and indifference among others (Horney, 1945).

Freud’s Teaching about Law. The regulation of the practice and learning of psychoanalysis is not a new phenomenon. In many states across the world, there are laws that prohibit people who are not trained to be doctors from offering diagnostic and treatment services to neurotics.

A good example is the eye which in most cases only scans the general information in the environment. This is why it is possible for an individual to create an illusion of something that is not there in real sense. One of the oldest experiments which was designed to demonstrate this was the experiment by psychologist John Ridley Stroop who succeeded in showing how the brain processes information in a semiautomatic way.

However after I had talked to him and observed him in consequent visits, I realized the first day was one of the good days and he could sometimes walk around in filthy clothes without seeming to be bothered in the least. I met him working at the Bergen County Health, Housing and Human Service Center for the Christ Community Development Corp, which is a shelter program that incorporates the provision of food shelter and counseling for individuals wanting to make changes in their lives.

The paper operates mainly based on research question which can be stated as follows: How theory can be used in counseling Kindergarten-6th graders? The paper also presents research support for theory particularly the research suggests that the Rogerian theory is good in respect that it increases a patient’s sense of self-worth and reverses his/her state of incongruence.

Messmer (2011) notes that motivated employees perform better than employees who are not motivated. Apparently, so many employers have not recognized the importance of motivating their employees. At the same time, the few that understand the value of motivation in enhancing the performances of employees do not know the techniques to adopt and the circumstances where such techniques are applicable or necessary.

The topic of attachment was picked because it forms the basis of human development. It is also been discovered that attachment in its self occurs in stages and in different intensities. Moreover, the development of attachments is greatly and clearly manifested in infants.

Mesencephalon: The Mesencephalon is located in front of the pons and in between the forebrain and the hindbrain. It is a very important part of the brain as it plays a crucial role in proper coordination of spinal cord and the brain in the central nervous system.

During the course of my research I came across an interesting paper that discussed the increasingly common behavior of smoking and the social implications that contributed to encouraging this behavior. In this research Poutvaara, 2007, talks about how active smoking is now a major cause of health problems and a advanced death.

Before going into the discussion regarding the principles of operant conditioning, let us get a better understanding of what operant conditioning actually is. Smith states, “Operant conditioning is a form of behaviour modification which is used to either decrease or increase the likelihood that a particular behaviour will occur”.

Use of Illegal drugs has become a common issue related to youth. There are many reasons why youth likes to take drugs. Some of the main reasons include bad company, intoxication, and temporary decrease in depression. The intoxication associated with the use of illegal drugs and the relaxation that a person feels by taking illegal drugs are some of the main causes behind increase in the graph of illegal drug use.

These substances when taken in excess adversely affect the functioning and ability exhibited by that individual and may also cause health related concerns (Havens, Simmons, Shannon, Hansen, 2008). When substance use occurs during a pregnancy or in the time just before pregnancy or after childbirth, it is a distinct possibility that the child’s development will be affected in some way.

The term “schizophrenia” was coined in 1911 by a Swiss Psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler. The term schizophrenia is of Greek origin and means split mind. Schizophrenia is caused by a combination of factors including genetics, brain chemistry, and the environment. It is a chronic disease which cannot be cured.

It is also more common among the men than in women and those afflicted with this disorder can have little or no interest at all in developing normal relationships with other people. Unlike those diagnosed with the closest and almost similar disorders of schizotypal personal disorder and also the avoidant personality disorder, persons diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder do not have the characteristic cognitive perceptual distortions (schizotypal) nor the intense unexpressed desire to have relationships but avoid them due to exaggerated fears of rejection (avoidant type).

As the paper, Theory of Self Actualization, declares the highest needs are the last to be fulfilled, and the least likely to be fulfilled by any individual. According to Maslow, the needs that motivate a human may be categorized into physiological needs; Safety needs, need for affiliation, need for Achievement, and need for Self actualization.

Stein, et al noted that panic disorder is a learned fear of a particular physical sensation while agoraphobia is a behavioral response in expectation of encountering physical sensations or complete panic attack (27). This paper examines panic disorder, focusing on panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Modern technology has engrossed lives to an extent that it has become integral part of our daily lives. We wake up in the morning with Smartphone in hand and browsing our inboxes and sleep at night with the same activity. Modern technology has engulfed us to a level that not a single minute passes by without a beep from our phones informing us of a new text message, an e-mail, a status update or comment on social network site etc.

Studies have underlined that abnormality or madness has some historical backdrops and it may be as old as mankind. Ancient myths and religious doctrines have provided substantial information about abnormality. Hinduism and Christianity have marked the presence of abnormality and their definitions about abnormality are many and varied.

One of the central sets of theories that can be considered when considering the reasons for developing a political ideology can be seen through motive theories of personality. Those motives considered the Big Three are the need for power, the need for affiliation intimacy, and the need for achievement.

Why is decision-making more normative when it is based on frequencies than when it is based on probabilities? The argument mathematicians give, is very different from what statisticians give regarding the meaning of probability. Bayesian inference, also referred to as Bayes’ theorem, is applied to help in comprehending the level an idea can be influenced by evidence.

Reinforcements may be positive or negative depending on how they are applied in operant conditioning. Reinforcement in this sense is the consequence that causes the more frequent occurrence of a behavior. When no consequence accompanies a behavior or when behavior is inconsequential, it tends to occur with less frequency.

Under normal circumstances, an individual is attentive as well as responsive towards any panic condition. Under the condition of panic disorder, such consciousness occurs without any reason and when the situation is not provoked, which is observed as a serious co-morbid illness

The media usually depict Arab women as oppressed, traditional, religious, deprived of basic personal freedom, and mostly consigned to domestic duties, whereas American women as liberated, worldly, independent, and career-oriented. However, it is important to bear in mind that there have been a lot of remarkable and renowned Arab women scholars, public figures, and religious icons as women in the United States.

Waring (1927) notes that moods of those with mood disorders in most cases take a long time to last. He argues that the key emotions in mood disorders are depression and mania. Depression in this case is the low and sad state where an individual’s life seems dark coupled with so many challenges.

Abstract Developed in 1935, the original Stroop experiment involves the naming of the color of the paper where words are printed on. John Ridley Stroop’s study which aimed to demonstrate an individual’s reaction time to a task is now one of the most cited paper in experimental psychology.

For one, people are faced with the challenge of deciding whether to remain faithful and committed to a relationship or not. People’s decisions in relation to their sexuality are also influenced significantly by culture, religion and traditions, which dictate moral values as noted by Rathus, Nevid and Ficher-Rathus (2011).

Their main task is to analyze and identify mental health issues faced by individuals. Their main purpose is to look after the cognitive well being of singles, families, teenagers, adults, seniors and various other people who fall in different categories. Their prime focus is on providing psychotherapy so subjects can adjust in their environments.

Equity is considered as the least ethical guideline that I am inclined to follow. Reviewingthe graphical representation of my Ethical Awareness Inventory scores, I can safely conclude that my value or ethical system is mainstream. In the graph below, the red line represents the median score of the the 945 adults who took the assessment and my score relatively goes with the trend.

As the interviewer, one frequently sees her in the neighborhood tending to the holistic needs of her children, as the sole-breadwinner in the family. She requested to maintain anonymity and just to refer to her as Mrs. M. One initially thanked her for the opportunity accorded in accommodating the interview, which, one relayed was part of the academic requirements of one’s course in Psychology.

In order to understand the psychology of the human health, it is imperative to make note that psychological factors have a huge impact on health directly (Brannon & Feist, 2010). For instance, psychological factors, which include stress results to the release of such hormones like cortisol, which leads to the eventual damage of the body.

Bipolar 1 disorder is characterized by hyper manic-depression swing syndrome (Pevin & Shulman, 1983). Patient is noted to be extremely euphoric and would emotionally decline to extreme despair. When euphoric, he may be indestructible in all of his relations and have good sense of self-esteem, very talkative, have flight of grandiose ideas, hyperactive that patient has reduced hours of sleep, and is easily distracted (Pevin & Shulman, 1983).

There are different treatments for this disorder, including pharmacological and psychotherapeutic. Therefore, there is a need to understand which kind of therapy would be most efficacious for the treatment of this disorder. This study will explain the two kinds of treatments, centering on cognitive behavioral therapy for the psychotherapeutic method, and the use of SSRIs for pharmacological interventions, and will propose a study that will ascertain which of these methods would be the most effective.

Initially, when it was discovered by Down, it was identified as a disorder as he only made observations. However, later on in 1959, scientists ascertain its origin as being genetic (“Heyn”). Its complication arises from the fact that a person with the syndrome has a complete or part extra replica of chromosome 21.

Behavioral and social cognitive approaches have developed to provide insights into the formation of habits. Habits comprise of qualities that an individual displays in most situations. External conditions or settings of a given situations significantly influence one’s habits thereby determines how a person would act.

In addition, majoring in psychology allows one to gain better understanding self and others. There are numerous career opportunities in psychology as a profession and among these options are residential care, community and social services, human resources, therapy practice, and teaching.

The most severe form of autism is the classical ASD, while other forms involve milder types such as the Asperger syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) (http://www.autism.com/). There are no specific demographics where ASD is more likely to occur.

As part of going through the main discussion, the article written by Griffiths, Camic and Hutton (2009) entitled “Participant experiences of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group for cardiac rehabilitation” will be used in giving out real-life examples to back up the arguments that will be presented in this essay.

According to experts there are certain traits that are universally considered desirable by all human beings; people are essentially hardwired to find these particular traits most desirable. Natural Selection essentially defines the majority of all biological actions occur because the will of nature, the course of evolution.

It is evidently clear from the discussion that many researchers and studies relied on the big five-factor model to carry out research on psychology studies in the recent past. As such, there have been questions about the use of the big five-factor model over examining a specific trait in such psychology studies.