Psychology Essays

Growing up in a world surrounded by gadgets to keep you distracted from the real world has made lasting impacts on our youth. Even the school and college hours are also spent texting the friends in different classes or courses in the same institutes and chatting online or interacting in social networks or surfing the web.

Studies have underlined that abnormality or madness has some historical backdrops and it may be as old as mankind. Ancient myths and religious doctrines have provided substantial information about abnormality. Hinduism and Christianity have marked the presence of abnormality and their definitions about abnormality are many and varied.

One of the central sets of theories that can be considered when considering the reasons for developing a political ideology can be seen through motive theories of personality. Those motives considered the Big Three are the need for power, the need for affiliation intimacy, and the need for achievement.

Why is decision-making more normative when it is based on frequencies than when it is based on probabilities? The argument mathematicians give, is very different from what statisticians give regarding the meaning of probability. Bayesian inference, also referred to as Bayes’ theorem, is applied to help in comprehending the level an idea can be influenced by evidence.

Reinforcements may be positive or negative depending on how they are applied in operant conditioning. Reinforcement in this sense is the consequence that causes the more frequent occurrence of a behavior. When no consequence accompanies a behavior or when behavior is inconsequential, it tends to occur with less frequency.

Under normal circumstances, an individual is attentive as well as responsive towards any panic condition. Under the condition of panic disorder, such consciousness occurs without any reason and when the situation is not provoked, which is observed as a serious co-morbid illness

The media usually depict Arab women as oppressed, traditional, religious, deprived of basic personal freedom, and mostly consigned to domestic duties, whereas American women as liberated, worldly, independent, and career-oriented. However, it is important to bear in mind that there have been a lot of remarkable and renowned Arab women scholars, public figures, and religious icons as women in the United States.

At one time or another in life, people tend to get depressed, in which case their moods change. In such a case, an individual’s mood may change from joy to sadness. The change in mood is, however, understandable as people tend to react in accordance with daily events in life as this may not affect an individual’s life greatly.

The original Stroop experiments required subjects to name the colour of a word stimuli and ignoring what the word that the letters spell, for example, BLUE. This example is an incongruent item and it can cause difficulty for the subject to give a response than when the colour and the word coincide (congruent), such as in BLUE.

An individual’s sexuality is something that naturally comes beginning the time of conception. People tend to face a lot of challenges when it comes to making decisions related to their sexuality and sex life. For one, people are faced with the challenge of deciding whether to remain faithful and committed to a relationship or not.

The group that forms the largest portion of practitioners of behavioral sciences is recognized as clinical social workers. Their main task is to analyze and identify mental health issues faced by individuals. Their main purpose is to look after the cognitive well-being of singles, families, teenagers, adults, seniors, and various other people who fall into different categories.

Equity is considered as the least ethical guideline that I am inclined to follow. Reviewingthe graphical representation of my Ethical Awareness Inventory scores, I can safely conclude that my value or ethical system is mainstream. In the graph below, the red line represents the median score of the the 945 adults who took the assessment and my score relatively goes with the trend.

As the interviewer, one frequently sees her in the neighborhood tending to the holistic needs of her children, as the sole-breadwinner in the family. She requested to maintain anonymity and just to refer to her as Mrs. M. One initially thanked her for the opportunity accorded in accommodating the interview, which, one relayed was part of the academic requirements of one’s course in Psychology.

Specialists take into consideration a broad spectrum of factors that are capable of providing insights and details into health-related issues. In order to understand the psychology of human health, it is imperative to make note that psychological factors have a huge impact on health directly (Brannon & Feist, 2010).

Bipolar 1 disorder is characterized by hyper manic-depression swing syndrome (Pevin & Shulman, 1983). Patient is noted to be extremely euphoric and would emotionally decline to extreme despair. When euphoric, he may be indestructible in all of his relations and have good sense of self-esteem, very talkative, have flight of grandiose ideas, hyperactive that patient has reduced hours of sleep, and is easily distracted (Pevin & Shulman, 1983).

The patients who are given a drug protocol will be prescribed SSRIs. The patients will be monitored closely for any adverse reactions. The patients will see their psychiatrist weekly to ascertain any need for a dosage reduction or increase. Half of the patients who are assigned the drug protocol will be given a placebo.

The researchers attempt to explain the occurrence of facial dysmorphisms, which relate to other soft tissue and skeletal defects. The skeletal defects causing the facial dysmorphisms, further referred to as craniofacial features, are brachycephaly. The brain has a regular structure, and there is a mid-face deficiency resulting in a flattened profile.

Behavioral and social cognitive approaches have developed to provide insights into the formation of habits. Habits comprise qualities that an individual displays in most situations. External conditions or settings of given situations significantly influence one’s habits thereby determining how a person would act.

Psychology illustrates the scientific study of behavior and mental characteristics or processes of an individual or group where psychologists attempt to describe; explain as well as predict human behavior. In addition, majoring in psychology allows one to gain a better understanding of self and others.

Newborn screening for autism does not occur often. Too few pediatricians perform it. In fact, it has been reported that only 8% of pediatrician's screen newborns for possible autism (http://www.autism.com/ and http://www.ninds.nih.gov). The main reason is the unfamiliarity with the tools to use for screening. One, there is the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, a UK-developed screening tool. 

Generally speaking, the qualitative approach in research gives more emphasis on the use of information generated in the form of text rather than in the form of statistical data (Marschan-Piekkari & Welch, 2004: 130). Therefore, qualitative research does not employ the use of hypotheses (Rubin & Babbie, 2013: 248).

According to experts there are certain traits that are universally considered desirable by all human beings; people are essentially hardwired to find these particular traits most desirable. Natural Selection essentially defines the majority of all biological actions occur because the will of nature, the course of evolution.

The big-five model could also convergence with other structural models. Indeed, the study on the Big-Five Trait Taxonomy established that the Big Five dimensions have the same conceptual status as other personality constructs where all the Big Five factors show substantial and about equal heritabilities regardless of their methods of measurement. 

My Ability to Conduct Research as a Scholar Practitioner My understanding of research design and ability to conduct research will play a big role in ensuring that I am an effective scholar practitioner who effects social change. To this end, research design will help me in outlining my research projects by ensuring that I use the right methods and protocols in any study I undertake and this will be crucial in ascertaining that the results I get are genuine and correct.

We can define psychologically evaluation as a “systematic investigation or analysis of merit, worth and significance of an object or personals. There is no such thing as specifications that are involved in the process of evaluation; generally people study behavior of their friends more positively rather than strangers, regardless their actual performance on the basis of tasks assigned.

Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy views behavior as goal directed and the product of a person’s perception and experiences in a continually changing environment. Just like other humanistic theorists, Carl Rogers presumed that the ultimate goal for any individual is self-actualization and that the capacity to change lies within the individual.

Organisms develop their ability to establish their body conditions differently from their environment under drastic conditions through phylogenetic development. Coined by Walter Bradford Cannon, homeostasis deals with either an open or closed system of a living organism using multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments and regulation mechanisms.

The variables will the usage of compost bins, recycling bins, and landfill bins. The control variable will be the containers holding the cafeteria food i.e. Plastic bottles, to-go boxes, and utensils. The independent variables will be the students and faculty being observed, and the dependent variables will be the behavior of those observed.

The focus of my final research project is going to be on false memories. According to Roediger and Marsh, false memory refers to cases that comprise of people remembering various events differently from the way that they actually happened. Individuals hold these memories in high confidence which complicates convincing them otherwise.

According to Eric Kandel “Learning is the process by which we acquire knowledge about the world” (cited in Dudai 2008). This definition, however, does .not give a clear idea of what we study. Lets refer to another definition by Kimble: “Learning refers to a more or less permanent change in behaviour which occurs as a result of practice” (cited in Dudai 2008) From this definition we at least can make a conclusion that learning has more or less permanent nature.

Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental illness that disables several functions of the brain and creates enormous difficulties for victims in comprehending reality. Schizophrenia creates a constant state of paranoia wherein victims hear voices other people deny hearing, they have a constant threat perception from other people.

The ability of a person to trust varies and can be traced back to the history. The question that underlies the study is whether the Pollyannas who have higher generalized trust can predict people who are trustworthy better than the people who have low trust in interaction.

Controversies have flouted the atmosphere concerning whether therapeutic and forensic methods of investigation should be used simultaneously by a single individual. As an active component of society, this paper will discuss the roles of both therapeutic and forensic personnel in criminal investigations.

Although media, such as, television and movies have a strong influence on the violent behaviors of people but testosterone and other biological factors cause more violence in people than media. In this paper, we will discuss how testosterone and other biological factors cause more violence in people as compared to media.

Human beings all over the world exhibit certain psychological behaviors in their choice of products in the market. Marketers have taken note of this fact and continue to develop products and service offerings that resonate with the subconscious mind of their target market.

 Majority of the research on the topic, however, is focused on reproductive health (Foulkes et al., 2005) and understanding how contraceptive use before and after pregnancies impact the high rate of teen pregnancies among Hispanic women (Gilliam, Warden,  & Tapia, 2004; Wilson et al., 2011). 

Rapid shifts in dietary patterns are giving rise to obesity and malnutrition in many parts of the world. These dietary transitions are an outcome of economic development. Social cultures and communities have also contributed to them. Eating habits and transitions have a crucial relationship with the motivation behind eating.

Assisted suicide, on the other hand, is the act of deliberately giving assistance or encouragement to another person with the motive of committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide. The act can motivate of the person looking to serve his interest in someone’s death out of pity for a close family member or friend. 

The Strengths perspective is a model of practice which is a part of the field of social work. This practice model is constructed on the notion that the groups of clients are an untapped resource of vigor and momentum in their own lives. The philosophy of this model is construed on directing all individual working in close capacity with the clients.

In order for a psychologist to pick the best theory for use in practice, one has to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. This analysis should not just depend on the person’s perception of the proponent of the theory, but it must account for evidence of the effectiveness and efficiency of the application of the theory.

Disorders arise in the form of mental disturbances through anxiety, neurosis, depression, and neurotic traits featuring among them. Liberation, from effects of the conflictual differences, is achievable through skilled guidance of the unconscious material into the conscious. As created and vigorously researched, by Sigmund Freud.

Vansteenkiste, Lens, Witte, and Feather (2005) in their journal wrote that expectancy value theory is a cognitive-motivational theory that relates to an individual’s level or strength of motivation. This is because a person strives to attain a certain goal with the expectations to attain the desired goal and the incentive value or valence of that goal (e.g.

The conclusion states that if life is like a movie akin to Home Alone, then one would be able to clearly distinguish the appropriate personality theories that could be potentially applied in every scene of it. Just like with the above discussion, there could be appropriate personality theories that could significantly explain the individual’s characters or personalities in a given situation.

Both can be positive or negative responses, and be used each and more often either consciously or unconsciously. A positive response is the use of a stimulus to increase a response (Athabasca University 2010). It entails the introduction of a thing (presentation) that was previously unavailable to improve better behavior in the future.

The sixth step is overcoming habitual sins, which is monitored with a separate 12 steps process. Anderson considers it an open door where the counselee keeps trying to repent for his sins but does not find any power to do that. Prayers are encouraged in this step, but Anderson admits this step is a challenge.

Divorce causes irreparable damages on the personalities, mental health and destructs the well-being of children. Children are highly affected by the divorce between their parents, which negatively affects them throughout their lives. It has been analyzed that divorce is one of the factors that put children at a high risk of different problems.

Psychologists have gathered very useful data on the way that drivers apportion their cognitive resources while driving, as for example in an experiment by Wikman et al. which carefully measured the duration and number of glances away from the road which experienced and inexperienced drivers made when undertaking tasks like dialling a mobile telephone.

Sensory adaptation occurs through touch or taste receptors and their communication with the nervous system. Repetitive stimuli push receptors to send fewer messages to the brain, so the body adjusts to the former. This allows the body to be desensitized to otherwise irritating or distracting stimuli.  

He believed that there was not a true self, at least not one that a person was in tune with. The true self, as it were, only comes out when one is panicked or in a deep sleep because these are the two situations where one is not insecure. Insecurity is the reason why people are so influenced by their environment, according to Sullivan.

The recruitment process essentially serves as a mechanism of assessment of the candidates. Recruitment process from the applicants’ perspective From the applicants’ perspective, the recruitment process is a mechanism wherein they are required to make the management aware of their skills, talents, and competencies so that they are deemed eligible for selection in the organization.