Macro & Microeconomics Essays

15 Appendix 2: U.S. Profits, Federal Income Taxes & Tax Breaks for Ten Major American Companies (Citizen for Tax Justice, 2002). 16 Appendix 3: Relation between Income Tax changes for the top 5% and Job Creation (Tyson and Zidar, 2012) 18 1. Introduction United States (US) every year provides $125 billion in corporate welfare to big profitable corporate entities through subsidies, tax breaks and other aids (Sanders, 2013).

Economists’ way of approaching this problem would be trying to establish costs brought about by alcoholism. The second approach would be trying to understand all costs involved into alcohol consumption. This is because alcoholism costs cannot be measured directly since a dollar cannot be easily placed on any loss of production.

To me, boarding school was like a confinement which could not allow me to do most of what I found interesting. But having talked the issue out with my father, I joined a boarding school and focused on excelling academically, which was the reason that got my father send me to a boarding school.

The report says that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has reduced interest rates in the country from 7.50 percent to 7.25 percent with the aim of introducing fresh waves of economic growth in the economy in the face of sluggish economic growth. It is also reported that the RBI cannot freely embark on such expansionary measure since inflation rate in the country is not at a safely low standard.

For instance, the journal updates the readers on the current economic matters and trending business, politics and its drama among others. This article provides a thoughtful discussion on the trending economic issues like inflation and house prices, entrepreneurship ups and downs, and unemployment.

In fact, as a consequence of the myriad controversies that surround the issue of minimum wages, many a state has established laws that set legal minimum wages for different groups of workers (Neumark & Adams 5). For example, in the U.S., the Fair Labor Act deals with minimum wage.

The looming debt is brought by increasing inflation, roaring house rates as well as renewed capital inflows. Unless China takes a calculated move towards her debt control, it may worsen her situation in the future because of the probable unfriendly consequences that may accompany their wrong decision. 

The United States has had to trade deficit with the South Korea, with the exemption of the 1995-1997 era. The US deficit increased from $6.3 billion to $19.8 billion in 2004, a record high. In the past two years, the United States trade discrepancy with South Korea has began to improve, decreasing to $16.1 billion during 2005 plus $13.4 during 2006.

The paper analyzes the arguments of the proponents of supply side economics in an attempt at discovering all the pros and cons of the theory. In the 1970s, supply side economics was developed in response to the Keynesian policy, which became ineffective. As it is shown, supply side economics is a viable model in today’s environment.

By being the first company to expand into a particular industry allows it to gain a higher level of customer loyalty and satisfaction as well as better brand recognition. In addition to that, the organization also has more time to develop its product or service according to the needs and requirements of its customer base (Markides and Sosa, 2013). 

This growth has been attributed to increased trade integration between countries which opt to come together to foster economic integration for their greater good. Growth in international trade is the result of both concerted efforts of reduced trade barriers and increasing technological developments (El-Agraa, 1981).

India has been measured to witness population explosion presently and therefore calls for the immediate requirement of putting a check on its population growth. It has been assessed in this regard that although China recorded the highest population but it has been competent enough to effectively check its population.

This essays analyses the progress of the EU by observing actual integration and the changes, taking place in the economic and political structure. The EU’s political and economic structure, made up of the three primary economic segments^ services, industry, and agriculture, is shaped by market processes and controlled by national administrations.

Even though the economy of Bahrain lags behind its neighboring countries, its openness and multiplicity persists to provide substantial opportunities for business expansion. Bahrain has been thoroughly developing the industries of finance, transportation, and tourism, which, expectantly, will facilitate economic growth (Hassan 2007).

Taylor (2007, p. 285) specified that monopolistic competition “occurs in an industry with many firms in free entry; where the product of each firm is slightly differentiated from the product of the other firms.” In the Mankiw (2007, p. 341) perspective, market structure can be classified based on whether one, few, or many firms are in the market; if the market has many firms, market structure can be further identified based on whether differentiated or identical products are sold in the market.

“In these associations, a group of individuals, who typically live in the same community, gather for a series of meetings. At each meeting, each contributes a predetermined amount into a collective “pot” which is then given to one member. The latter is then excluded from receiving the pot in future meetings, while still being obliged to contribute.”(Anderson) It is an association of people who form a community where every individual contributes certain amount of money; the entire amount is thus collected into a pool.

In the forex market, the bank may purchase foreign currency using domestic currency to keep inflation and deflation in check (Basu, 2009; Topnews, 2011). This helps in valuing or devaluing a particular currency in case of need. To increase the value of a currency, the central bank will buy the currency and hold huge quantities of it in its reserves thereby reducing its supply in the market.

One of the major concepts of microeconomics is price elasticity of demand, which refers to sensitivity levels of demand for a given product or service to changes in its price. The elasticity of demand co-efficiency is the percentage change in the quantity of a product or frequency of a service in reference to percentage variation in price.

The company is involved in geological exploration, transportation, storage, processing and marketing of hydrocarbons as well as generation and marketing of heat and electric power. It was established in 1989. Gazprom Russian Joint Stock Company came up in 1993 under the guidance of USSR gas industry ministry.

Conceptually, the topic wants to put up the argument that the factors in the current economic crisis and the trend of its exposes the weaknesses associated with present day global macroeconomics practice. Taking a stand contrary to the topic would mean that a person believes that macroeconomics has been perfect, well utilized, correctly administered and that the current crisis is not as a result of the macroeconomics (Gabby, 2009).

Therefore, the implication of geography on the economic development can be used to explain why the rate of economic growth in Africa is relatively slow. Both the human and physical geography of African countries is unique and distinctive. Human geography within Africa has, for example, created political problems with the associated economic implications.

Dr. Mukund further elaborates that a change in the equilibrium of supply and demand of money often results to a drastic change in the balance between supply and demand of commodities. Within the same field of economics, the supplier and consumer are vital in the equilibrium of supply and demand of both money and commodities (Mahajan Mukund 23).

Rent Seeking 6 4. Lender of the Last Resort 8 5. Conclusion 9 6. References 11 1. Introduction A remodelling of the economic structure during the last century has ensued in substantial transformations in the social and political spheres. In the annals of history, the competition between socialist and capitalist economies will remain as one of the most imperative events that occurred in the twentieth century.

Conclusion and Recommendations 8 References 9 Appendix 11 1. Introduction The performance of industries in the global market is commonly based on their ability to keep their profitability at standard levels in the long term. In highly turbulent periods, like the current one, the ability of industries to support national economies is usually decreased.

Also, when deciding to walk, available free time must be considered since walking consumes more time. There are actually a lot of things that require knowledge on basic economics. One of which is the decision of buying a house. One has to take into account several pros and cons in order to come up with a better decision.

Economics as a study thrives to assess the various factors that affect the fiscal and monetary conditions of a nation or a given setting. In the course of this assessment and analysis, various factors are considered in light of their effects and implications on the economy.

At its core the article seek to understand some of the more complex dynamics behind the ways in which environment has a direct affect on how populations integrate with their surroundings and how these environmental conditions necessarily re-write the rules of how humanity integrates with key environmental changes affect the realities of daily life and settlement.

After China got its inclusion in the World Trade Organization its economy emerged as the engine of growth. This sudden emergence of the economy has been beneficial for some parts of the globe, although some countries had to make a few adjustments to deal with the rise in low skilled labor which was an immediate after-effect of it.

History explains the past views and events on politics, and political science gives the root to history to be created. This is to mean that they are related, and no one can exist without the other. This article covers an overview of the global economy as an international issue, and how it relates to international relations theory.

This essay analyzes the concept of economic freedom. The participants are free from any want whatsoever, and they are free to participate in collective bargaining. This is because the concept of free markets focuses on the need of people being free to consume, buy or sell and producing any goods and services that are available.

This hurricane began as a slight hitch in the weather system but then gained momentum bringing forth an equatorial stifling storm and in the course of time, it became a tempest. Cities like New Orleans, Gulfport, and LA endured the wrath of this force and the damage it brought with it was absolute and severe.

It also looks into the welfare of the survivors of tragedies or calamities and individuals that suffer loss due to the occurrence of disasters. Social security also looks into the welfare of the disabled to ensure that they have equal opportunities with other citizens to improve their livelihood.

Hence, microeconomics relates to the study of allocation of funds by different sections of users, which include domestic households, firms and industries. Their decision making pattern is thoroughly studied to make assessment and observation for the future forecast of market condition, particularly when resources are limited.

Essay Questions Answer 1 The long-run rate of economic growth measures the ability of a nation to progress its living standard. It is believed that even a small change in the long-run growth rate over a period of time will lead to a big advance in the income of an average person.

This paper will cover statistics related to the economy of the United Kingdom. National economic statistics are tailored to investigate and reflect different economic activity aspects in the United Kingdom. Discussion The UK economy can be considered as the continuous services and products flow from producers to users, and the consequent labor and capital flow into the process of production.

 During the Great Depression, people out of their natural reaction started hoarding money. Lack of money spending stopped the process of circular flow of money and it resulted in the stagnation in the economy. Keynes had prescribed that the solution to this problem would be government interference with tax cuts and increased spending.

Mechanized firms, companies involving arts, music and even the service firms like banks, insurance etc are all enlarging there branches across the world outside their domestic territory. The consumers experience variable choices of different goods and services.

These policy makers have to consider a number of other factors including competitor`s tuition levels, government aids and scholarships along with the ability of students to pay college fees (Jung S, 2008). Due to budget cuts, especially during times of recession, universities have to increase tuition fees to cover the administrative expenses.

The knowledge that an employee possesses originates from either classroom or on-job-training and more often both. In the recent past, there has been a great controversy as to whether on-job-training or school education is more effective in equipping an employee with effective working knowledge.

The essentialness of this responsibility is due to the connecting factors of a government’s spending habits and the economic stability of the nation in question. If the government is not able to spend money wisely then it will lead to the country undergoing a financial downturn that could affect the quality of living available to individuals in that region in the long run.

However, any trade practice, in the form of collusion or conspiracy to restrict fair trade has always been treated as illegal, despite the fact that some firms still engage in it. Therefore, the reason as to why not all firms in all industries can be engaged in colluding is the fact that colluding is illegal, while it also creates a high possibility of cheating amongst the firms involved, thus it is most often unsustainable2.

The turmoil in the region has undeniably brought down governments, pushed numerous countries into a second recession and put out in the open deep-seated rifts between regions (World Bank 2009, p.13). Notably, fears of this sovereign European debt crisis assumed its shape as the sun was setting in 2009; a time at which the crisis proved to be quite challenging for countries such as Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy for them to honour their dues or even refinance their debts to the lenders in the region (the eurozone lenders) (Tran 2012, p.1).

Еhe implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels.In an analysis of the competitive market structure it is always assumed that the buyers and the sellers have perfect knowledge about the market.

As such, both theories work quite well to explain behavioural intent, as well as to predict both human behaviour and attitude (Ajzen 1980). The general idea behind these theories is that certain actions are viewed in certain ways by certain people, and their perception of that action in concert with existing social norms in turn dictate how likely they are to follow through with it.

Case Study Table of Contents Case Study 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Reason for Change 3 Organisational Design Issue 4 Cultural Factors 6 Impact of Various Stakeholders in the Change Process 7 Strategies for Transforming Culture 8 Implication of Management and Leadership Style on Change 12 Impact of Contrasting Personality 14 Challenges Faced By PSE&G 16 Recommendations for Success of PSE&G 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Bibliography 22 Introduction The essay will represent organisational change in one of the public companies of New Jersey named Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G).

The role of a central bank in any economy is to manage the monetary policy of the country while ensuring that it manages to achieve broader macroeconomic objectives. One of the key objectives of any central bank is therefore to ensure that inflation within economy remains under control.

Impacts of the recent mortgage crisis on the money supply in the United States and the actions of Federal Reserve take in response to the mortgage crisis Impacts of the recent mortgage crisis on the money supply in the United States and the actions of Federal Reserve take in response to the mortgage crisis.

In this essay we look at the regulation by the government to control hydrofracking. This is the removal of gas by pumping hot water, chemicals and sand into wells in order to remove the gas. The control will mean that there will be minimal extraction of the gas from the well (Goodstein 53).

World Economy: Neoliberalism. News around the globe always contains the headlines regarding the world economy and the presence of a crisis. Economic downturns, turmoil and collapse have been reported throughout history. As the world changes, economy also changes.

In the second section the economy after 1920 is described. Here a short view of comparison of today’s economy with the past economy is provided. The comparison is on the basis of economic indicators like GDP, the unemployment and the CPI rate. The Period of 1900- 1910: In 1900 the amount of people unemployed in the US was 1420 (000s) approx and the percent of civilian labor force was only 5%.