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Based on this concept, developing economies were not focusing on the advancements of technology and innovation in processes, however; the recent trends of India and China are proving the fact that technological advancements for enhancing trade position are very important for developing countries as well.
The industrial organization model of Ellram (1991) from a single organization’s perspective to manage the supply chain is as follows. The various types of competitive relationships that firms undertake include transaction, short term contract, long term contract, joint venture, equity interest to acquisitions.
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The current financial crisis that hit the developed world especially the US also served as a litmus test for the central bank of the country to pull it out of the crisis that seems to engulf the whole economy of the world. As a result of the crisis, FED undertook major steps to correct the imbalances in the economy.
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Also described as the worst financial crisis since the great depression of the 1930s, the crisis originated in the US and was a result of the United States Sub-prime mortgage crisis. However, many experts agree that it could be seen coming from a long way off. The crisis started when the prices of houses in America rose faster than people’s income.
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Fairtrade has been described as an equitable trading regime that endeavors at enhancing fair pricing for small producers, mostly marginalized poor farmers and job environment hence ensuring ecological, employment and developmental values are upheld as well as facilitating economic development. This strategy has been endorsed by major brands.
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According to the paper, rolling budgets and annual budgets should be used together for the same operational budget reasons. The three performance evaluation criteria used are budget participation, budget use, and budget emphasis. Reliance on Accounting Performance Measures (RAPM) and participative budgeting has been discussed in the research paper.
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This paper presents that the Yen has remained in the ranges of 100 and 120 during 1999 which in contrast has remained low during 2000. This pattern is mostly observed in gold standard or hard peg countries trying to unwind an overvalued currency. During late 2008, Yen began to appreciate sharply against the dollar and was valued at 86.15 yen in 2009.
In 1983 the GCC was formed in an effort to unite six countries in the Gulf Region. This agreement was considered a natural fit because all of the countries within the GCC (Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates) share the same language, culture, religion, and geographic proximity.
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Globalisation has undoubtedly yielded positive results for the overall economy. The integration of the trading activities across the globe has enabled the consumers to use the commodities that may not be indigenously produced. Other than this various multinationals have established their operations in countries other than their base country.
Thus we see the importance of weighing the perspectives in order to see the advantages and disadvantages in line with the objective to understand better the backdrop of the traditional and proposed economic frameworks. The political, social, and ethical issues are considered and recognized to be of significant value in the process of exploring such in relation to the economic development process.
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The researcher states that the discovery of oil brought a revolutionary change in the economic strength of Saudi Arabia. Owing to the massive export of oil, Saudi Arabia has conventionally been the largest holder of the international financial assets and has thus, actively participated in the international financial markets.
Asset prices can increase even further, and reduce demand, therefore proving the policy worthless. Gilt securities points also fell. Also, it is very difficult to separate the QE effects from the confidence of the people in investments. QE can prove to be a double-edged sword if not administered properly in its adjustment phase
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The separation of economic and politics originates from Adam Smith. Adam Smith came up with the classical political economy. The aim of such separation was to create a distinction and a barrier between free value and the state authority purview with the aim of enabling an unaffected level of exchange
The three giants of the US automobile industry namely GM, Chrysler, and Ford, have been asking for billions of dollars in financial support but have not yet been granted the same in full measure (Moore, WSJ). Other major carmakers like Toyota, Jaguar & Land Rover, Daimler Benz etc. are also hit by the current economic crisis.
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This paper essentially focuses on that aspect of buffer stocks to achieve what’s known in modern economics as stable prices of critically important commodities. For instance, certain commodity prices would definitely have a universal impact on the economy as and when the final outcomes of such interventionist behavior of the government unfold.
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Started raising its awkward appearance by the end of the last century, the contemporary economic recession has obtained a wide range of multiplication, affecting every market of the globe, and threatening the largest organisation too. It is particularly the case with oil companies, airline industry, banks and financial institutions.
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According to the paper, bilateral tax treaties typically have two general purposes; the prevention of double taxation and the prevention of tax evasion. There are a variety of tax treaty models that can be used by Atlantica and Freedonia for the purpose of accommodating their respective and mutual tax issues.
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To avoid this discrepancy some kingdom printed currency on gold and silver. This was an effective method of valuing currency and easing problems of international trade. Antartico private limited is a hypothetical company which is based in the United States and conducts business with the United Kingdom.
The export goods of Arab countries such as petroleum, iron ore, phosphate and cotton also have small consumptions locally. According to Oker Gurler, ‘formation of a regional integration will, first of all, create broader markets. In other words, it enlarges the volume of demand for commodities produced in the region’.
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Fergusson starts his book by talking about Inca who did not give any value to gold or silver metals - the international standard for currency. Then he turns on to pre-Christian Mesopotamian clay tablets which served the purpose of credit notes in exchange for commodities. Later, he discusses the transformation seen in banchieri
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The economy of the UK is environment-friendly, including greenhouse gases. People use laptops to hasten their jobs in the business environment. The UK economy is profitably higher than the revenues of each individual nation within the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is one of the environment-friendly feasible members of the European Union.
According to the paper, the economic growth and development are interconnected with consumerism since economic and social systems are built on consumerism. However, consumerism has been counter-productive since consumers have been forced to incur high debts and suffer from lifestyle diseases such as obesity.
Both Shanghai A and B market indices are taken instead of combined two indices of Shanghai and Shenzhen share markets into one portfolio index as in Greonewold et al (2004). It is beyond doubt that the two separate indices bring about more information than one artificially combined concerning the cointegration and causality relations.
The author states that the Central Bank of Kenya serves to protect the value of the Kenyan shilling against what it can buy. Sometimes, the value of the shilling diminishes and the monetary policy helps to restore its value. The monetary policy controls liquidity circulating within the Kenyan economy to a level that is consistent with prices.
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The world economic outlook contains analysis and projections which are an essential element of the International Monetary Fund’s ongoing surveillance of making laws regarding economic development in its member countries as well as worldwide commercial systems. Due to the financial crisis that erupted in Asian countries, assets values has been adversely affected due to their pre-crisis levels.
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In a very short time, the period of effectivity for the compliance restrictions binding the participants of the Kyoto Protocol ends. While the United States did not ratify its conformity with the accord, it has taken big steps to protect the environment. The US pioneered the market-based approach of trading sulfur dioxide emission allowances.
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Moreover, the research process should not be conducted without obtaining the prior permission of the participants and respondents. “According to Churchill and Peter (1995)”, Smadi (2008: p 7) states, “an organization’s social responsibility is an acceptance of accountability to society for its actions, and those ethics are viewed as the principles, values, and standards of conduct.”
The dominance of the manufacturing industry in the UK probably continued till the 1980s. Then after it was the rise of the service industry, which had occupied only a small percentage of the overall industry until then. The period between 1980 and 2000 saw a gradual decline in the manufacturing industry in the UK (Lucey, 2008).
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Among the global financial failure that has affected the financial development in Europe includes: (1) the failure of the Bretton Woods (1970s) and oil price shock (1973) which resulted in the development of Nixon Shock; (2) imposing high-interest rates to avoid inflation and the financial crisis in Mexico (1982) which resulted to the development of Latin American debt crisis.
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According to the text, "Homo Economicus" is a Latin term that was introduced in 1906 and earlier “Homo economicus”, was called “Economic man”. Reportedly, it is a phrase used for a rough calculation of Homo sapiens which performs to acquire the top likely given available data about opportunities.
Bank regulators did fail to control systemic risk. The Basel II Accord, for instance, provided for banks’ compliance with particular ratios such as the risk-based capital (RBC) ratios. Banks may comply with these ratios by increasing the measures of regulatory capital, or by decreasing the measures of total risk.
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The UAE has the worlds sixth largest oil reserves and is among the most developed economies especially in the Middle East. It is currently the 36th largest economy in the exchange rates and has a very high per capita gross domestic product, and a nominal per capita GDP of $46,584. It is the 14th largest in purchasing power per capita.
The current chapter accomplishes the empirical research work to establish the theory about a significant impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the export performance of an economy. The region being considered here is Hong Kong SAR and the period that has been included in the study is between June, 2006 and October, 2009
Since the dismantling of the communist trading block in response to the dissolution of the former USSR, Russia and its fifteen former Republics and adjacent national economies in Eastern Europe in 1990 and 1991, the systemic transformation has been uneven at best.
Capitalism promotes freedom. Although like any other economic ideologies, it is highly penetrable by human nature, capitalism is the most vulnerable. A clear offshoot is green capitalism that may not be opposed to anything but is a weapon in maintaining economic sustainability and not ecological sustainability.
In the Demand Reduction scenario, the demand will start diminishing from 2012 resulting in an annual electricity consumption of only up to 35,180GWh by 2030. The projected values for demand growth and demand reduction in the Low Renewable scenario and High renewable scenario are shown at Table-1, renewable energy generation is shown at Table-2.
OPEC, after making a large amount of money through oil, deposited its money with commercial banks and these banks were eager to give loans and poorer countries quickly signed off on these low current interest but floating interest rate loans. The governments quickly spent it all and then had no money to repay the loans.
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We are presented with a list of data about the number of accidents that occur around the world on transportation through water bodies. The annual number of accidents and the corresponding death or lives lost in the waters is also provided. The following are quantitative conclusions that can be obtained from data analysis.
Hungary banned the import of all UK turkey products and commenced a public information campaign that recommended the purchase of Hungarian poultry. The consequence was that most of the Hungarian supermarkets stopped selling UK products. Internal markets within the European Community are formed on the basis of Article 14 of the EC Treaty.
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People use a lot of things that make life easier. All of those things save time for people who need to do their jobs and take care of their families. When people wake up in the morning, they turn on the lights, take a shower, prepare breakfast and then they use their cars to go to their desired destinations like schools, universities or jobs.
The continent of Nigeria has been ravaged by wars and the corruption from the past. Nigeria was ruled by the UK and after the independence, the military assumed the power. The military power was an autocratic form of Government. The people of the country were affected by the economic sufferings and the lack of development of the society.
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Admittedly, in fact, U.S. and U.K. are some of the worse affected countries while China and India like Asian countries escaped from many severe problems. Reportedly, the recent G-20 summit held in London has mainly discussed the global economic crisis and the possible solutions because of its importance.
The following discussion shall focus on whether market operates independently from the political interference. The main areas that will be considered to show that the two institutions work together are market liberalization, globalization, and democracy. The three are imperative in fostering growth and development in the market.
The impact of the problems on the US economy, society and political environment are also discussed in this report. AS-AD model will be used to determine the aggregate demand and supply of the country. The report also highlights measures taken by the government to recover from the economic problems.
Organization leaders became impartial in making decisions towards laying off employees to cut costs. Appropriate decisions were not made when they knew that their remuneration and position in the company were at risk. They also became selfish in saving their own sake rather focusing on saving the whole company and its employees (Argandona 5).
The rate of this phenomenal growth of the clothing industry’s online sales, however, is disproportionate among regions in the world. India which is known for its rapid growth did not share this phenomenal increase in retail investment in 2013. It is experiencing growth similar to the industry increase around the globe.
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Even though international conditions have significant effects, since they are beyond national control, the most important and determinant variables must have been the actual policy framework classified at the domestic level. This section identifies the domestic level factors that seem to have been most significantly relevant.
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Demand and supply are two major concepts of economics. Every economy is developed and functions based on these concepts. Demand works on a basic law of ‘the quantity of a good demanded per period of time will fall as the price rises and rise as the price falls, other things being equal (ceteris paribus)’ (Sloman and Sutcliffe).
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Macroeconomics, on the other hand, deals with the broader aspects of economics like national income, consumption, and investment. Numerous terms are associated with both macro and microeconomics. Some of the major terms involved in microeconomics are marginal cost and marginal utility, opportunity cost, types of goods, a law of demand, etc.
Poverty has forced most rural communities to seek job opportunities in nearby cities, which has made the cities overpopulated, polluted, and losing their cultural heritage. The critical assessment of whether or not cities are increasingly becoming more like one another should be made in this context. This essay purports to do the same by perusing relevant scholarly sources to support the claims.