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Such interactions are unfavorable because both methyl groups and hydrogens try to occupy the same space, which leads to destabilization of the molecule. This destabilization is expressed in a value of several kJ/mole.
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The use of nitrates prevents the growth grow because of the negative charges of the gold that covered the upper part. Addition of the solution into melamine makes the layer jackets to fade. This effect
A low carbon economy is defined as the activities and materials, which aim at producing low levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with the least or no effects in the atmosphere. This research paper looks at various means through which carbon emissions can be reduced by half or held constant.
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The insoluble residue is separated from the solution. Thorium and rare earth will then be recovered from the solution by the process of double sulphate precipitation. First, the solution is partially neutralised with ammonium hydroxide to obtain a precipitate of thorium oxide which can be separated from the solution.
iving Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Lanzhou University in 1999 and subsequent master’s degree in organic chemistry from Shanghai Institute of Material Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, she moved to Purdue in 2002. Here she joined professor Scott McLuckey’s research
It was early Greeks who tried to analyze and explain nature. In about 460BC, Democritus, a Greek philosopher first introduced the concept of matter. However after this, the theory almost laid dormant till in 1803, John Dalton proposed his
A usual procedure is to monitor some properties, such as the intensity of color due to a reactant or product, which changes during a reaction. In the present experiment, the priority studied is the precipitation of a product, sulfur, which forms when a solution of hydrochloric acid and Thiosulfate are mixed.
Fluorescence occurs when an excited molecule goes back to the ground state by photon emanation. Conversely, phosphorescence occurs when the excited electron
There have been studies on the performance of solid-state oxygen sensors before with emphasis on other metals and materials in construction and calibration. This paper, however, focuses on the use of silicon rubber as the main material in construction and the use of different ratios and volumes of oxygen, air, and nitrogen in the calibration of the sensor.
These in turn determine the physical tendencies of the metal. The periodic table presents these differences. Compounds are arranged such that elements with common chemical properties and reactions belong in
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The identification would be based on either the hazard class 2.3 or 6.1 on the shipping paper or the label for POISON Inhalation Hazard. A white POISON GAS placard or a white POISON INHALATION HAZARD placard displayed on each side, and each end of the vehicle transporting the toxic substance is also critical to the identification process.
A colorless solution is formed. The formation of the colorless solution was due to the reduction of copper (ii) ions (Cu2+) to copper metal. The results may not be accurate due to partial dissolution and spills of the solution during the experiment. The white precipitate was formed due to the formation of the insoluble calcium sulfate.
The detection and chemical characterization of such impressions made on surfaces can be done using the concept of GC-MS machine. In addition, quantification is possible through the use of the Mass spectrometry method. It would not be possible to
Those compounds which are of mineral origin were termed as inorganic compounds while those compounds which are of vegetable or animal origin are termed as organic compounds. The examples of the inorganic compounds are considered to be table salt, marble and carbon dioxide whereas the organic compounds are considered as acetic acid extracted from vinegar, etc.
Carbon emission into the atmosphere has led to big debates by environmental scholars and human rights activists. The effects of greenhouse gases leading to significant global warming are already visible and active in the world today. This can be attributed to recent changes in the temperatures, increased flooding, and an increase in the spread of pests and diseases in the world.
Agents or substances which cause alteration in genetic makeup or mutation are collectively termed mutagens. Under experimental conditions, mutagens have carcinogenic properties and they also lead to birth defects. Mutagenic substances induce DNA damage that kills cells or produces abnormal but stable changes in the DNA sequence.
The trace evidence also was critical in identifying that the victim was actually at the scene. The fact that the evidence from the victim matched with that collected from the scene confirms an indubitable link amid the two.
Trace evidence
Energy is basically the measurement of the amount of energy a food item produces when metabolized by the body (Kirschmann, 2007). Carbohydrates are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are the main source of energy in the human body. Energy in the form of heat is produced when carbon combines with oxygen in the bloodstream.
Butyl ethyl ether, with melting point of -124°C and boiling point of 92.2°C at 1 atm, is known to be a moderately toxic substance upon ingestion and an irritant to skin and eyes upon contact or inhalation.
A study by the authors on the effects of the substance on the liver was done, experimenting on rats. In the study, using 18 albino rats for a divergent period of three groups indicated that the substance affects the liver in various ways. There were histopathological changes that indicated destroyed liver tissues.
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RFLP is widely used for the analysis of the adulterants in the samples because of its low cost and greater differentiating ability. The RAPD is the more fast technology that requires only very simple primers and the previous sequence information is not required for the analysis. RAPD is more sensitive to a variety of plant species.
To determine the quality of soil, soil test should be conducted.
Among the components of soil earlier mentioned, pH is important and can be modified by addition of various chemicals. The pH of soil gives an indication as to how alkaline or acid
The distance from the source is inversely propositional to the magnitude of the effects. On the other hand, shielding encompasses all the protective gears which are placed to prevent the radiation from reaching the human body. The effectiveness of any protective e measure depends on how careful the measures are applied.
These observations are correlated with the changes in the composition of the solution as iodine was drawn out of it, and with regard to the iodine as the limiting reagent in the reaction. The law of
Therefore, 0.01 ppm = 0.01 volume of Ozone gas/106 volumes of air. Ppmv = (ppm/MW) × 22.4. Ppmv of ozone = 0.00467 ppmv O3. This means for every 1 million volume of air, there is 0.00467 volumes of Ozone (Dr Richards 01). Therefore, if 1 million volumes of
e the aryl sulfonyl ester obtained and further determine whether the reaction mechanism for the pyrolysis of the aryl sulfonate ester was either E1 or E2 depending on the gas chromatographic evaluation of the pyrolysis products. Synthesis of methyl N-acetylsulfanilate, an aryl
Acids and bases are classes of chemicals and exhibit different sets of properties. They can be identified by either using an indicator or investigating their chemical properties. While acids are sour, turn litmus paper red, and react with metals, hydroxides, and carbonates to form a salt with hydrogen, water, and water and carbon (IV) oxide.
The level of concentration can be identified as the volume and molarity of the sulfuric acid are known. As far as the average molarity of the sulfuric acid driven from the trials is concerned, it was 0.535 M. The percentage error of 5% to 9% shows that calculations were accurate, as well as precise.
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The reaction conditions are great determinants of structures adopted by the coinage metal pyrazolates (Biswas & Ghosh, 2012). They may take the forms ranging from polymers, hexamers, and tetramers to trimers.
The current study focuses on spectroscopic
Standard curves were constructed from the ratio of absorbance of characteristic peaks. A trend line showing the least square fit helped to determine the ratio of concentrations in our unknown sample. The results
With the development of factories, with the development of automobiles, the refrigeration systems have been emitting certain substances in the environment, causing enough damage to prove costly both for the planet earth and its
The large industry of polymers has introduced conducting polymers that can be used in the solar cells to improve the energy transformation. Physical and chemical properties of polymers may vary based on
NMR has been very effective in organic chemistry. In determining the Keto-Enol equilibrium constant, Proton NMR spectroscopy is used to evaluate a number of keto-mixtures. The spin-spin splitting and the chemical shift pattern are employed. The equilibrium constant is affected by both temperature and solvent.
First of all, Ibuprofen is a propanoic acid, which is a carboxylic acid, characterized by a –COOH tail, and is an organic hydrocarbon molecule with three carbons, which is a property of the basic propane structure. Its being a propanoic acid gives Ibuprofen its pharmacologic properties – analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory.
This is so because facilitated or passive diffusion occurs when the specific molecules are transported down the gradient of concentration from high to low. In active transport, the energy is used in transporting the molecules against the gradient concentration that is low to high as in the case of Ethylene glycol.
Poor hygiene affects the Tuna during preparation where the contamination all begins. During preparation of the mayonnaise to make the tuna sandwiches, with poor hygiene of the Café the
When dealing with a fire involving polymeric materials it should be clear that molten material drips from the source. It can be hazardous to the firefighters or the environmental health and safety professional especially if it is dripping from the ceiling. Thermal decompositions of polymeric material produce a vapor that initially diffuses on the surface of the polymer.
Storage of liquid oxygen requires special storage tanks and a very cold environment in order to maintain the necessary temperatures that keep its liquid form. Oxygen is a very volatile gas and can easily change from the liquid form to a gas at low temperatures. In its liquid form, the gas is highly concentrated and unstable.
V denotes the volume of the gas; P denotes the pressure; R is the constant that equals 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K; n specifies the number of moles of the gas and T denotes the absolute temp of the gas. It is pertinent to notice that the ideal gas exists in the hypothesis where gas particles are without any finite volumes and without attracting each other.
From the concentration of Phenanthroline and iron, moles of Fe in the complex = 0.00004 while those of Phenanthroline = 0.00008, therefore mole ratio is 1:2 therefore n value is 2. The experimental n value for Phenanthroline in Fe (II) is 2 while that of ferrozine is
However, dissolving and dissociate depends on the placement of the original element in the periodic table. For instance, alkali salts all of them dissolve in water to give their respective salts, which is contrary to some of the salts formed by
Although there was a reduction in the use of spalted wood in art and craft between the mid-16th and early 20th centuries, scientists have been continually using spalting in wood. In the early 1900s, there was an increased interest in spalting for people who knew it as a craft material, a biological artifact, or those that saw it as a nuisance that needed control.
Depression is one of the most prominent psychological disorders seen among the adults and teenagers. Even though depression is a psychological disorder, the major reason behind this problem is the irregularities in brain chemistry. Along with depression, irregularities in brain chemistry can cause anxiety, schizophrenia suicide tendency etc.
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According to the paper, the pyrimidine-2-thione metal complexes, or its hydroxyl derivatives and pyrimidine-2-thiol tautomeric type has been analyzed for representative ligands. These complexes illustrate rich structural chemistry, biological properties and magnetic properties. The M/H reaction systems illustrates interesting complexes source.
umans by affecting metabolism through the central nervous system to make people more alert with a burst of energy (National Institutes of Health para. 1). It can make a person jittery, have difficulty in sleeping, and causes other effects like dehydration, heart palpitation, and
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A key thing to remember is that all forms of money are collectively called currency, which in turn refers to all the money coins and banknotes which are generally accepted and in wide use in the country to which it pertains. The currency of a country is its so-called legal tender that in turn implies the medium of payment recognized by the country’s legal system.
Additionally, with the increasing phenomenon of global warming and diverse altered climatic conditions, the facet of nuclear energy is now in the minds of numerous political leaders. The arguments are that the world ought to seek better ways of attaining energy, which is less costly and does not threaten human existence either now or in the future.
Four variables are known to compose the ideal gas law and they are inter-dependent in that one of them can be calculated provided the other three are given. These variables are temperature, pressure, volume and amount in moles (Daniel, Goode and Ball 275).
The