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Using this volume, calculations performed revealed the theoretical mass of NaCl to be 1.493 g. To find the experimental mass, 25 mL of the solution obtained from the volumetric flask was heated 3 times over
The author states that amorphous materials are usually prepared by the rapid cooling process of molten material. The cooling process reduces the movement of the molecules of the materials before they are arranged in a thermodynamic crystalline state. Amorphous materials may also be prepared by additives that tend to interfere with the primary constituent.
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However, dissolving and dissociate depends on the placement of the original element in the periodic table. For instance, alkali salts all of them dissolve in water to give their respective salts, which is contrary to some of the salts formed by
UV-VS spectroscopy is a concept referring to absorption spectroscopy, usually through the help of light from the visible and adjacent ranges. A qualitative analysis of the performance characteristics of a UV/VIS absorption spectrometer is important in accessing how this apparatus helps in determining the concentration of unknown solutions.
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Many toxic, flammable, hazardous and explosive substances are used in the processing of manufacture and operation at the petrochemical plant. Therefore, it is vital that the management recognizes the risks and hazards and possibly come up with ways through which to minimize the risks.
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A key thing to remember is that all forms of money are collectively called currency, which in turn refers to all the money coins and banknotes which are generally accepted and in wide use in the country to which it pertains. The currency of a country is its so-called legal tender that in turn implies the medium of payment recognized by the country’s legal system.
I needed to know whether since its discovery in 1659 industrialists use it in bulky form or disintegrate it into smaller components using other reagents to get what is useful for diverse purposes in the industry. Since its discovery, NH4NO3 was majorly used for making fertilizers but during WWI Germans started using it in manufacturing explosives.
Benzo-pyrene is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with complex mixtures produced through incomplete combustion (US EPA, 2011). They appear as pale yellow crystals which do not dissolve in water. (SEPA, n.d). They are commonly found in cigarettes, foods that are grilled and broiled. They are also products of industrial processes (EPA, 2006).
Mr X is likely to develop cancer as a result of this accident. From the graph, it can be inferred on that the concentration of 7, 8 – diol – 9, 10 – epoxide gradually increases. This metabolite is not inactivated but is resistant to epoxide hydrolase and increased in quantity. This increase in concentration increases the likelihood of Mr X developing cancer.
Positional isomers of xylene were scanned and the concentration of the unknown was linearly determined through the obtained peak responses. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) is an analytical technique used primarily to identify compounds based on the responses of the functional groups present in its molecule.
In order to transport 1000lbs or 453.59kgs net weight safely and abiding by the guidelines set forth by the Code of Federal Regulations under Title 49: Transportation, the following are the recommendations to maintain the integrity of the shipment, mitigate the effects of accidents causing the spillage of the hazardous chemical to the environment.
During the experiment, it entailed carrying out other tests with the intention confirming essentials chemical ions in the products. These essential chemical ions included K+, Al3+ and SO42- but
In such a case, the molecular bands, atomic or ionic lines are emitted by excited molecules, atoms or ions. In this case, Na+ ions in the solution are able to produce color
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Although the water component is normally at low concentrations (< 0.2%) and can easily be vaporized, free water is a major contaminant that can potentially cause serious damage to jet engines (Taylor, 2008, p.2401). The icing on the critical components of the jet fuel system is particularly attributed to the fact that solubility normally decreases with decreasing temperatures.
One example of biofuel currently gaining popularity in the market is biodiesel. Based on this fuel’s properties in terms of emissions and price, biodiesel is becoming attractive to car and truck owners.
29). His uncle Sir Andrew Ramsay was the famous geologist. After completion of early education at Glasgow Academy, Ramsay attended the University of Glasgow under the supervision of known chemist Thomas Anderson. He did his
A difference is however noted in the trend of toxicity of the four compounds. while values for Lethal Concentration 50 identify Ammonium nitrate as the most dangerous followed by sodium chloride, values for Lethal Dose 50 identify sodium chloride as the most dangerous followed by hydrofluoric acid.
Therefore, 0.01 ppm = 0.01 volume of Ozone gas/106 volumes of air. Ppmv = (ppm/MW) × 22.4. Ppmv of ozone = 0.00467 ppmv O3. This means for every 1 million volume of air, there is 0.00467 volumes of Ozone (Dr Richards 01). Therefore, if 1 million volumes of
Solar energy is derived from the sun which out powers any other source of energy that technology can create. Solar energy far outweighs all sources of commercial energy that is used daily all over the world. Generation of solar electricity is growing daily by high percentages although it still remains a small percentage of total global energy.
Alcohols (e.g. ethanol) react reversibly with carboxylic acids (e.g. Propionic acid) to produce esters (e.g. ethyl propionate) and water (H2O). The reaction mechanism involves protonation of the oxygen of the carbonyl group, allowing nucleophilic attack by alcohol or water at the carbon atom or carbonyl group (Dalton 655).
Four variables are known to compose the ideal gas law and they are inter-dependent in that one of them can be calculated provided the other three are given. These variables are temperature, pressure, volume and amount in moles (Daniel, Goode and Ball 275).
The
The materials will involve water, vegetable oil, food colouring, baking soda and a 1-litre soda or water bottle that is clear. The first step of the experiment would be to obtain a surface that cannot be damaged by oil or one that can be easily wiped clean and gather the materials there. A better option would be to cover the surface with old newspapers.
The initial concentration of the dyes is 100% at the beginning of the experiment. The cuvettes are then placed into a spectrophotometer. They are oriented in such a way that their smooth sides lining face the light source to enable easy penetration of light through them. Multiple trials were then performed because the spectrophotometer can only measure one sample at a time.
A standard curve is obtainable by making solutions with known concentrations of the substance under investigation then measuring their absorbance. The known concentration is plotted on the y-axis against absorbance on the
Fireworks' invention dates back to 200 B.C as an accidental kitchen explosion of a bamboo piece put in the fire due to lack of appropriate fuel. Since, then date, this crude invention has led to extremely advanced developments that saw it used even as a warfare tool (gun powder) (Ochiai, 2011, p. 111).
The removal is dependent, relative to the fluid’s cut-off forces and also the level of persistence of the deposit. agingdeposition starts happening, as soon as the process of aging occurs. Throughout this stage, there might be the conversion of crystal or chemical structure, whichever may increase or decrease the force of the deposition with time
Water with quite a high content of mineral is known as hard water. We sometime do experience soap solutions forming a white scum rather than lather, this is due to the water being high in mineral content. This occurs mainly due to 2+ ions change the properties of the soap and performs a white scum.
These elements react differently with water due to their variance in electronegativity. Fluorine, for instance, is so electro-negative and hence has the ability to displace oxygen from water to form oxygen gas and Hydrogen fluoride. Generally, halogens react with water to form hydrohalic or hypohalous acid.
Energy-producing companies such as BP endorsed the energy wedge. The motor vehicle industry that actively engages in the production of a motor vehicle such as Ford also endorsed the program. The reason behind their support is that they wanted to be partners in the effort of finding solutions to the greenhouse problem, which causes global warming.
Biltz’s process of synthesizing phenytoin involves several steps, with each step forming a product that will be used in the next step. The process starts with the synthesis of benzil from benzoin, which then undergoes condensation catalysis by a base with urea. The multistep synthesis of various natural products, most of which are used as medicine, is necessary.
Over a long period, the process of aluminum manufacture involved a cumbersome process that required lot of energy. The last century has however realized a tremendous turn around in this matter as today new
Multivitamins are dietary supplements containing three or more vitamins, dietary minerals, and other nutritional elements and do not contain hormones and/or drugs. Each vitamin and mineral in the compound does not present any risk to the user’s health. Multivitamins are used when either the body cannot synthesize the required vitamin or it does not synthesize enough of it.
The cheapest means of cutting carbon emissions is by use of renewable resources, which is indicated by green in our energy wedge. The green color resembles the environment such as forests. Increasing forest cover and vegetable is likely to reduce carbon in the atmosphere since the trees utilize the carbon for the process of photosynthesis.
The three institutions are in collaboration with the aim of reducing the impact of carbon energy on the atmosphere. The three institutions wish to come up with the best energy wedge that can be implemented and reduce carbon emissions by half in the next 50 years or maintain the current rate holding it constant for the same number of years.
Many strategies available today can be scaled up to reduce emissions by at least 1 billion tons of carbon per year by 2054. We call this reduction a “wedge” of the triangle. By embarking on several of these wedge strategies now, the world can take a big bite out of the carbon problem instead of passing the whole job on to future generations (Masters).
A low carbon economy is defined as the activities and materials, which aim at producing low levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with the least or no effects in the atmosphere. This research paper looks at various means through which carbon emissions can be reduced by half or held constant.
The shift towards a low-carbon economy is believed to be strongly associated with the creation of a broad range of new employment opportunities. However, before we expect the opportunities to occur it is important to plan and execute a mission that is likely to reduce carbon emissions by half in the next 50 years.
This paper explores effects of acid rain.
Acid rain damages the environment and human health. The rain affect humans, indirectly, through the foods they consume and their derived water vapor affects people, directly, when inhaled. The vapor
The objective of the experiment is to identify the technologies currently available that can substantially cut carbon emissions over the next fifty years as it would prevent the catastrophic effects that beckon. However, this will require reducing the projected carbon output by roughly 8 billion tonnes per year by the year 2055.
Carbon emission into the atmosphere has led to big debates by environmental scholars and human rights activists. The effects of greenhouse gases leading to significant global warming are already visible and active in the world today. This can be attributed to recent changes in the temperatures, increased flooding, and an increase in the spread of pests and diseases in the world.
(b)Yes. The reaction between Barium hydroxide and Nitric (V) acid will complete because the Nitric acid in the reaction reacts and completely dissociates to form Hydroxyl ions in solution. Hence due to its complete dissociation; the reaction is termed
Production of aluminum in raw form requires huge amount of energy, various natural resources required to produce aluminum includes water and energy resources. Bauxite is utilized during the production of aluminum, which requires both
Identify the sXRORROArOHR1RRR1R2OHR1R2R4R3ORRROOROROHR2R1R–X + –C≡NR–C≡NR–X + –C≡C–RR–C≡C–Rynthons A, B and C (in the form (R1)+/(R2)–).
(iii) Another reagent is required for the reaction of D
The first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, Shigelladysenteriae, was isolated in 1953. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. The presence of tetracycline-resistant pathogens limits the use of these agents in the treatment of disease.
A major factor that has impacted ob the invention of fuel cells is an environmental concern. Important to note is the growing concern for a better and safer environment for human health. In this circumstance, the development of fuel cells helps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels hence reducing the levels of toxic and poisonous emissions to the atmosphere.
The process is irreversible because the oxidation of ascorbic acid produces Dehydroascorbic Acid which is very unstable and it decomposes quickly before the reduction cycle can convert it back, thus due to Dehydroascorbic instability the process is irreversible (Naylor, 1995).
Cac2+ is an important mineral nutrient in soil for plant life, but is harmful if in excess. The main cause of soil salinity can be attributed to the water management practices used on a given soil
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Corrosion phenomena have been in existence for as long as the earth has existed. Commonly referred to as rust, the phenomenon is known to destroy the luster of objects and consequently shorten their lifespan. Since the ancient days, corrosion has been noted to destroy the quality of lives and the technical progress of human beings.
Most of these drugs are antibiotics and they act by inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis. The general structure of sulfa drugs is as indicated in the graphic below.
The use of the drug is based on the concept of metabolic antagonism. Sulfa drugs