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r, energy could shift between forms or undergo inevitable conversion from electricity to heat such as the kind of energy transformation taking place in a calorimeter. Following the law of conservation of energy which states that energy is given neither to generation nor
1) In some cases aspirin has the ability to lower the risk of a possible heart attack. Any patient is not advised to start taking aspirin without doctor’s consent. But it is highly likely that aspirin will be recommended to patients who had a
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The coefficient of soil permeability maybe thus having a difference in vertical and horizontal directions. So, to be sure in the correctness of the value of the coefficient of soil permeability, engineers are needed to expand the testing of soil to the field levels as the lab cannot provide the conditions present in the field (Fetter 200).
First of all, Ibuprofen is a propanoic acid, which is a carboxylic acid, characterized by a –COOH tail, and is an organic hydrocarbon molecule with three carbons, which is a property of the basic propane structure. Its being a propanoic acid gives Ibuprofen its pharmacologic properties – analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory.
cottish researcher at the Rowett Research Institute located in Aberdeen, the processes of altering the genetics of food causes damage to a mammal’s digestive and immune systems. In his studies, the researcher discovered that when rats were fed with transgenic potatoes they
The solid or liquid stationary phase holds the mixture to be separated. In addition, it is the medium through which the mobile phase passes. Basically, on the other hand, the liquid or gaseous mobile phase passes along the stationary phase and in the process carries the components of the mixture with it.
The apparent slight differences between the actual and theoretical figures may be accounted for by error through the inaccurate reading of measurements with the device or tool used. Another source of error (other than human fault) may be attributed to an unnoticed defect in the apparatus or measuring scale which has not been properly calibrated.
Subsequently, such liquids cannot form droplets because they cannot resist stretch and will easily break apart. The uniqueness of water’s high cohesion is directly associated with its molecules, which have very strong attraction forces between them. Knowing that water molecules are formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Generally, the addition of co-solvent is capable of increasing the solubility of hydrophobic substances such as the paracetamol drug according to recent studies. Organic solvents like alcohols are completely miscible with
Magnesium exhibits a variety of unique chemical and physical properties and serves as a resourceful element used for various purposes. In the periodic table, Magnesium holds a position in Group II along with Calcium and barium and is collectively called “alkaline-earth metals”.
It seeks to classify and research on chemicals. A lab instrument that is used to carry out this research is the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The Fourier transform Infrared spectrometer gives an electromagnetic spectrum that is
These in turn determine the physical tendencies of the metal. The periodic table presents these differences. Compounds are arranged such that elements with common chemical properties and reactions belong in
The author of the text stresses that after three titrations with FeSO4.7H2O, the solution Ce4+ comes to standard. Furthermore, 1M HCL and nanopore water form its dissolving agent. Notably, estimation of electrode potential at the end-point is possible, and it is by using the Nernst equations and the formal potential values.
The author states that Ca2+ concentration calculation as in equations since the unknown diluted samples are used when there is no dilution factor. It is pertinent to note that, by subtracting the concentration of the Ca2+ from the resultant concentration, the Mg2+ is found following the example in (13) and (14) equations.
The Lewis acid role in the reaction is critical as it determines the general reaction pathway by controlling the production and trapping of the intermediate cationic specie. In cases when the
Halogenated organic compounds may build up in the environment and establish in food chains thus, causing health problems and adverse ecological impacts. When polymeric materials are retarded by fire, the EH & s or an FS professional and the entire living population become more exposed health hazards connected with these compounds.
Then fill the pipette/burette with water till the water reaches the mark on the burette/pipette. Thereafter, transfer the measured water into the canonical flask. Now weigh the canonical flask when it is filled with water. Repeat the
The water or oil flowing into the well gets mixed up with the drilling mud and makes it lighter exerting less pressure on the bottom. The blowout preventers are used to close the hole and stop the Kick. The drilling mud is constantly monitored for its weight, electrical resistivity, or temperature to know if fluid is being cut by subsurface fluids.
A 2 hoses reflux condenser was attached to the heated flask and the mixture was allowed to reflux for 15 minutes. The heat was turned off and the system was cooled. The reaction mixture was poured into a beaker containing saturated sodium
The mixture was stirred for 2 minutes after which a catalytic amount of sulphuric acid was added. The reactive mixture was refluxed for 15 minutes under
Moreover, matter found in a different locality varies in composition, regardless of the chemical elements that make up its compound. The soil’s exposure to chemicals used for researching in the laboratory causes the difference in its composition. At home,
Acids and bases are classes of chemicals and exhibit different sets of properties. They can be identified by either using an indicator or investigating their chemical properties. While acids are sour, turn litmus paper red, and react with metals, hydroxides, and carbonates to form a salt with hydrogen, water, and water and carbon (IV) oxide.
The reflux condenser was removed after 3 minutes to allow all the produced acetic acid to evaporate. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, and water was adder to assist crystal formation. The obtained
The first edition of United States Pharmacopeial convention featured the preparations and drugs that were the best and also defined terminologies that facilitated communication among the physicians. These physicians were responsible for medication administration and prescription and the pharmacists who were preparing them.
Additionally, with the increasing phenomenon of global warming and diverse altered climatic conditions, the facet of nuclear energy is now in the minds of numerous political leaders. The arguments are that the world ought to seek better ways of attaining energy, which is less costly and does not threaten human existence either now or in the future.
However, photon that is incident is of much greater energy than the quantum energy in the vibrational mode. This loses its energy to the molecular vibration with the remaining energy being scattered as a photon with reduced a
Organic synthesis involves the formation of organic compounds using chemical reactions. It involves transformation of simple molecules into target molecules (Starky 2012). Organic compounds have considerable uses in industrial sector thus their construction has developed from simple to complex processes.
The enzymes are also temperature sensitive and will always cease their operation due to inactivation or they can be denatured due to low and high temperature respectively. The optimal temperature when enzymes best operate is between 37-41 degrees Celsius, Enzymes play a very pivotal role in the body and thus require constant regulation to ensure proper functionality.
Its creation purpose was to safeguard human health. The activities of these organizations directly influence the economy of countries in the European Union. In turn, their decisions have alignment with the political structure of several states within the European Union. Globally, their requirements are among the strictest regulation measures that directly affect trade within the European market.
According to the paper, the excision of DNA damage involves base excision repair, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair. The DNA repair mechanisms which don't involve processes that remove primary damage are referred to as tolerance mechanisms to DNA damage. Permanent mutations in the genome are a result of many DNA damage tolerance mechanisms.
One molecule of the enzyme can ‘attack’ a number of linkages on different glucose chains. The activity and stability of amylase depend on calcium and chloride ions. It has a molecular weight of 55 KD (Jacobsen, Melvaer, and Hensten-Pettersenm 1972). Salivary amylases have an optimum temperature, pH etc at which they show maximum activities.
Several factors affect the function of this technique a few of which are temperature, infusion time and stirring. One main problem experienced in this technique is the
With the development of factories, with the development of automobiles, the refrigeration systems have been emitting certain substances in the environment, causing enough damage to prove costly both for the planet earth and its
A colorless solution is formed. The formation of the colorless solution was due to the reduction of copper (ii) ions (Cu2+) to copper metal. The results may not be accurate due to partial dissolution and spills of the solution during the experiment. The white precipitate was formed due to the formation of the insoluble calcium sulfate.
At this point, the ice bath is used to cool the solution in the flask to a temperature of -780 C. Then a cannula is used to transfer the solution of 1.47M butyllithium and hexane into a 100 mL calibrated cylinder, which should have a joint that is made of ground-glass. The cylinder should be dry, and septum stoppered.
Some decade’s age, a Nobel Prize winner biochemist, Szent-Gyorgyi enlightened the world about the extensive advantages of hydrogen use and declared it even more important than oxygen for the existence of human race on this planet. Body water acts as a fuel to burn oxygen and hydrogen for the sake of producing energy.
However, to fully comprehend how the cleaning up process of oil spill works, it is necessary to understand the chemistry behind mitigation of oil spills.
There are several ways in controlling and cleaning up oil spills. These methods are usually combinations of
Lipids that have fatty acid esters undergo hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by strong acid or base to yield products of saponification process. Saponification was popular in the early 20th century that saw the development
The primary mode of arousing interest in the population regarding the regulation of chemicals is by creating awareness. Awareness of these harmful chemicals can be aroused by publishing articles in newspapers that are easily available to all. Documentaries can be aired by news channels that would educate the population against harmful chemicals.
The common goal of scientific policies are to typically help the general public and protect them from any issues that arise in the sectors of health, environment and safety and though sometimes politics have a common interest
These countries are France, Japan, and the United States. This is despite the fact that there are 439 nuclear reactors for power generation scattered across 31 countries. Statistics have shown that this
However, due to industrialization, the once beautiful river is now polluted and dangerous to human health due to PCBs (Manning).
PCB or polychlorinated biphenyls, is made up of 209 individual chlorinated biphenyl rings
It has excellent tensile strength and flexibility. It has high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. Its ability to absorb water increases its elongation and tearing strength. PVA is both degradable and soluble thus making it possible to be chemically decomposed to form intermediate products that are easier to dispose of.
Errors in experiments influence the expected results thus causes changes in values of the data obtained at the end of the study. Most errors especially in the laboratory set up, arise from mistakes in measurements. A laboratory consists of various equipment which, when used improperly result to errors.
To determine the quality of soil, soil test should be conducted.
Among the components of soil earlier mentioned, pH is important and can be modified by addition of various chemicals. The pH of soil gives an indication as to how alkaline or acid
In particular, the mole fraction of methanol in the mixture is provided. The vapor and the liquid flowing above the tray are indicated by V and L respectively. The operating line represents the combined mass and energy balances, as they occur in the rectifying section of the column. The above equations are applicable only when i = 1, 2, 3,..., n.
Since there are a total of 28 electrons, half of them has a value of -½ and half of them has a value of +½. Therefore there are 14 electrons having a value of +½ ms
A5 For each of the following molecules, give the hybridization of the central atom