Psychology Essays

To promote positive behavior naturally occurring reinforcers must be integrated for effective behavioral management. Shaping the behavior through positive and fun-filled reinforcement and encouragement provides beneficial results. Essentially an awareness is desired both for teachers and students to modify their conduct and actions.

For example, suppose an individual is fined heavily for a traffic violation like overspeeding. In that case, he/she will avoid that action and instead try to form a behaviour incorporating good and controlled driving skills. Apart from these two perspectives, there is a third operant known as Punishers or punishments.

What has become clear in this debate is the fact that in many instances, psychological events are bound and defined by the immediate culture. In other words, psychological theories developed in a given culture may not necessarily be generalised and used for discuss the customs or behaviours of people from a different culture (Greenfield, 2009).

A considerable population of marijuana smokers is represented by the school-going teenagers. The 2012 Monitoring the Future (MTF) Study found that as many as 45.3 per cent of the 12th graders in the US have used marijuana at least once whereas 22.9 per cent reported having smoked marijuana within the last 30 days (“Adolescents and Marijuana”).

This research paper will focus on traditional and contemporary criminological theories in the USA, which explains the nature and trend of various crimes. Cultural deviant theorists assert that obvious use of force and violence is usually viewed as a reflection of basic values of different cultures.

When a patient joins a group treatment session, he or she sets out goals that are to be achieved at the end of the treatment session. It is true to point out that assessing the individual progress in a group treatment is important since it allows an individual to have a clear picture of their progress in the treatment.

The paper will take into consideration the recent statistics and will put some light on the already existing programs that are working towards controlling the Human immunodeficiency virus in Nigeria. HIV is one of the fatal viruses that ever existed on the face of the earth. Many HIV-positive patients die leaving doctors baffled every year.

Practices involving feminist translation have yielded approaches that have been developed with concentrations on modern translations of old and contemporary literatures, and with some degree of feminist emphasis. Gender individualities are volatile, unpredictable interpretations that uncover a lot about the thoughts and interactions involving the people and civilizations.

The author defines the ways to deal with stress and mitigate its negative health effects. The consequences of stress can contribute to relationship problems and other social maladies. Excessive stress manifests itself in a diverse range of negative consequences, including anxiety, anger and depression.

Dissociative Identity Disorder is based on the aspect of dissociation of the personality of an individual. Dissociation is explained as “the disconnection or lack of integration between the normally integrated functions of memory, identity or consciousness (American Psychiatric Association 2000).

The following three literature reviews look at the connection between OSA and depression and present the hypothesis that CPAP machines, which alleviate symptoms of OSA, can also be used to alleviate symptoms of depression in OSA patients. The research observed that many studies had found that up to 63% of people who suffer from untreated obstructive sleep apnea also suffered from depression.

Teen pornography addiction stems from a variety of issues. Much of the literature on the topic states that access to the Internet is one of the major reasons this happens. Teenagers as young as 11 years old are able to log into most porn sites by clicking on a link that says they are 18 years old or older.

It's known as the 'long love condom’ and holds a local anaesthetic (benzocaine). Long love condoms are now being retailed in several countries. A small number of male patients have said that they get the results with these condoms, but the man is still the menace of a sensitivity reaction to the anaesthetic, benzocaine

The five C’s are confidence, connection, character, caring, and compassion. In order to create competency, these five aspects of an individual’s reaction and position in life These five parts of the development of the individual lead towards being able to well handle the functions that are required to get along with the world as a social place.

Depression is one of the leading mental health disorders affecting over 121 million people globally. The disorder exhibits unique clinical, physical and behavioural symptoms in different individuals, which mental health specialists apply to treat and manage the condition.  Depression is a curable disorder that is easily diagnosed in a primary care setting.

Play therapy, both directive and non-directive; aims to help children deal with and overcome the difficulties they encounter in their daily lives. During directive or structured play therapy the play activities and settings are selected by the therapist while in non-directive or child-centred play therapy (CCPT), the children themselves select them.

This is because labelling follows a person and could adversely affect an individual’s future life, career and thinking. On the other hand, pathology could help in predicting behaviours or illnesses based on the data collected. The beauty of this is that it could help determine remedies, therapies or other means of help.

The institution of marriage is collapsing in our midst. Many people today believe that living together before marriage is a good way to discover whether or not they are compatible enough to get married. The typical course of marriage has admittedly changed, as more people seem to be cohabiting and postponing marriage now as compared to five decades ago.

The personality of a person is a product of complex interactions between nature and nurture. During human development, the social environment and the psychology of a person interact to influence the ability of that individual to cope with social life, the perceived stress, and the general attitude towards life.

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, northwestern Moravia. His parents were Jacob Freud and Amalia Nathanson. Jacob, a wool merchant, was known as a clever and witty person. Being the second wife, Amalia has 2 step-sons. Sigmund’s mother was known as an energetic woman. She was just 21 and 20 years younger than her husband when she got married.

The body of an organism is programmed such that each metabolic process has specific conditions for its best works. Any deviation from this normalness causes inappropriate responses and behavior in an organism. Julien et al. (2010) and Selye (1978) consider the introduction of foreign material to the body as one cause of deviation from this normalness.

It is essential to state that psychology as a science has been defined as the study of human behavior, thought, and emotion. Although this definition is meant to apply to all human beings, the data actually used to develop theories of human functioning has often been restricted to certain communities (Ember & Ember, 2009).

Besides these visible changes, they also differ from each other in the attitudes, skills and ideas that they value and use (Lott, 2010). Ethnic identity may be defined as the experience of a connection or a feeling of kinship with a particular group based on its visible and subtle norms, language, customs and beliefs (Mio, Barker, Tumambing, 2011).

By professional standards, psychological assessment should not be a punitive exercise that worsens the condition of the test takers; a core ethical responsibility that psychometric practitioners should be fully aware of to guard against inflicting harm, the harm that may worsen an already delicate condition of a client.

The development of gangs has been a menace that is growing over time. Most of the gangs conduct their operations in a ruthless and inhuman manner. They pose great danger to the lives of ordinary citizens when they engage in a violent robbery. This issue has not been given the attention that it requires to have been given.

Looting behaviour by the crowd is one of the most threatening aspects of riots or mob attacks. Looting behaviour results not only in loss of money and business but also in the destruction of public property. It has been observed that when in a crowd, individuals become violent and indulge in uncivilized behaviour, which they would not indulge in otherwise.

The authors provided several definitions for calling that included a job that is done to help others and provides personal meaning to the person who is doing the job, a job that was destined by God or a higher power that brought personal satisfaction to an individual that serves a larger purpose, or a job that compels someone to do it because it is their destiny

In contrast, he gave the idea, there are many types of intelligence that people can have (Gardner, 1983). According to Gardner, there are typically eight variant types of intelligence. These include one who is great with words called Linguistic; one who is good with math and numbers is called logical; one who is good at movement, sports, and action is called bodily; one who is good with rhythm, music, and tome is called Musical; one who is good at conversing with others is called Interpersonal; one who is good with design and art is known as Visual; one who is good at understanding both nature and world is known as Naturalistic ( Cherry, 2013) This theory has seen much criticism over time fr

Stress causes illness. Even though it is difficult to fully determine the conclusiveness of this assumption, the existence of numerous empirical studies that explore the connection between stress and health still attest to the capability of stressors to cause illness. Three major explanations confirm the positive correlation between stress and illness.

The return of technology debates has been instigated by growth in research and the efficiency of counseling services provided through various electronic modes, the absence of services in rural regions, the drive for low-cost types of providing health care, and the ever-increasing uses of internet in the contemporary society.

The codes provide the ethical guidelines upon which forensic psychologists are supposed to operate. It is important to emphasize from the outset that the ethical codes that govern the operations of forensic psychologists are normally much different from those that govern other psychologists.

In life, everyone experiences a moment of crisis which varies from one person to another depending on the immediate environment and situation. Though crisis differ and are determined by different situations, they all share some characteristics that are similar.

Challenging Behavior Challenging behavior can be defined as culturally abnormal behavior of such force, regularity or extent that the wellbeing of the individual or others is expected to be in somber jeopardy, alternately, it can also be considered as behavior that is likely to acutely curtail use of, or result in the person being denied access to, ordinary community facilities (Emerson and Einfeld, 2010.p.8).

The discomfort or fear is often accompanied by other symptoms such as dyspnea, trembling, and an accelerated heart rate, just to mention a few. The “panic attack” periods could last for hours or just a few minutes, and they often occur without warning. Children that develop such attacks may start to show anxiety most of the time. 

Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders. Looking at the methods used in this survey, the interview was conducted face to face and respondents were asked to report instances in their lifetime when they think they experienced physical punishment. And to ensure the data collected represented the general US population, statistical weights were applied whereby descriptive statistics were computed to get the social demographic distribution of the sample, then regression was used to establish the relationship between physical punishment without maltreatment and axis I and II mental disorders then Population attribute fractions were measured for each association that existed between physical punishm

The purpose of this research is to investigate the following: personal experience in undergoing placement in clinical psychology at Arbours Association; differences between borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia; positive and negative symptoms and management of schizophrenia; symptoms and management of borderline personality disorder.

After nine days of globally publicized investigation and intensive nationwide search, Smith confessed on 3rd November that she had let her car drown in the John D. Long Lake with her two sons inside the car. Several notable inconsistencies in Smith’s statements relating to the case assisted investigators in proving the truth.

Similarly, smoking is more prevalent among girls whereas snuff use is more common among adolescent boys in Sweden. The authors also observe that most of the smoking intervention programs address the general population whereas there have not been remarkable interventions among the most affected adolescent population.

The study of human behavior in itself is very crucial in many aspects of human life for example in the learning process and the characterization and shaping of behavioral features of various personalities (O'Donnell, Reeve, & Smith, 2012). This paper reflects on the major elements in Educational Psychology such as applying the learning strategies, classical conditioning and contiguity, operant conditioning and Bandura’s challenge of traditional behavioral views of learning.

 The process of acquiring knowledge is unique to every individual. The learning process defines how an individual acquires knowledge. As such, various psychologists have designed relevant learning theories that seek to define how people learn. 

The positive acceptance of death has enabled human beings to have great victories during times of warfare because they accept death without fear and developing a positive stance to the situation that cannot be controlled; their attitude could be fatal and would lead to defeat. People who fight with the fear of losing their lives are not ready to sacrifice.

One of the best ways to understand how both of these forms of conditioning are currently used within the world, one can look at the secondary education system within the United States and elsewhere throughout the world. As such, classical conditioning is in both the realm of animal training and secondary education.

Kurt Koffka was a German psychologist who believed that sensori motor learning occurs because of a given consequence of reinforcement. Edward Tolman was an American psychologist who believed that learning occurs after a given reinforcement. He conducted his experiments on rats, and man to determine how learning takes place within an individual.

Psychology is the applied and scientific study of the human mind and behaviors through the understanding of mental functions in relation to behavior (Weiner, Irving and Craighead 1330). It is also the study of physiological and neurobiological processes that influence certain cognitions, emotions, brain functioning, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships.

The context of the term particularly relates to the human resources, government agencies, and non-profit organizations in which the employees associate with a diverse social grouping consisting of persons coming from a different ethnic or cultural sphere. Most workplace environments involve people with cultural backgrounds that are different.

As the report stresses communication is categorized into; verbal communication such as, face-to-face, radio, telephone or other media. Non-verbal communication; dress, gestures or even body language, and written communication that entails the use of e-mails, books, letters, magazines among other written sources of information. 

Intrinsic and extrinsic aspects are different in their meanings as well as the provisions they present. Whenever an individual engages in an activity the targets range in two broad categories, it always happens that the individual wants to demonstrate prowess to other people or the person would like to fulfill individualistic targets.

Forensic psychology is a field of study linked to both the criminal justice system and psychology. Forensic psychology aids in the process of criminal justice by providing psychological insights regarding different aspects of the criminal justice system. A good example of how forensic psychology helps in criminal justice is related to witness testimony.

This research is being carried out to briefly contrast a preferable model of hypnotherapy with another model and explain the choice of both models; to evaluate and present three possible treatments for a client with a phobia of flying; to name twelve induction techniques and give a brief explanation of each.

It is extremely overwhelming to study the psychoanalytic study of organizations especially when most individuals popularly perceive the management of organizations within a different mirror. A different approach to organizational management would be addressed when it has become extremely boring to listen to the usual business approaches.