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The traditional view has been refuted by the MM model because the latter argues that the added debt will cause the required rate of return to adjust upwards so that in actuality the value of the firm or its stock does not rise. Maintaining the traditional view implies insensitivity to that risk. The MM leaves out many variables.
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Appreciation in the value of the domestic currency with respect to a basket of foreign currencies, implying a rise in the domestic rate of exchange, would make foreign goods appear cheaper and hence, more attractive than the indigenous ones. The inflow of foreign goods will increase within domestic premises.
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48 pages (12000 words)
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The research provides new insights particularly since the time duration under study includes the period of economic shocks that have redefined the way banks do business and how they are regulated. The Middle East has been the location of some of the fastest growing economies in the world.
Rolls Royce and GE are two of the most renowned names in the global engineering sector. The GE is based in the US while the Rolls Royce has its origins in Europe. Due to the difference of the regions, the companies follow different accounting principles in reporting their performances. The GE uses the US GAAP and the Rolls Royce uses the IFRS.
The first division supplies water-based polymers to as used in constructions, adhesives, paper industries and textile while the second division develops and manufactures active chemical ingredients as well as fine chemical intermediate for big pharma, generic and biotech sectors of the science life industry.
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The reason businesses grow into larger corporate entities is for the clear purpose of capitalizing on economic opportunities. Within this context, the role of the financial manager and the treasurer are to manage potential risk and develop and consider emerging opportunities. Multinational corporations that capitalize the most on these elements.
The author states that financial development is the route through which nations can aim towards furthering the competencies of their present economic systems (comprising of markets and resources), banking sectors, supervising investment projects, and overall strengthening the position of the financial systems within a country.
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. Recently, the Goodyear company has recorded profits of $16,302 million at the fiscal year of 2009. This was a disappointing figure considering the fact that the company has a revenue increase of 16% in 2009. The net loss for the company was $375 million, compared to last year which was only around $77 million.
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The data which was used in the study is the latest currency data in the market. The research also explains the implications of data frequency and linearity in the global arena. The paper also provides insight into the two major methods of analysis which are used to forecast the behavior of the Forex market.
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Managers need to view data not only as a tool for performing tasks but also should be able to interpret the data into relevant information. Challenges facing information users: Deciding the information to use, who to use it and how to use it; How to obtain data, test them and compile them together with existing information system to make them effective.
The author states that the internal and external auditor has to lack any relation to the company under audit or any other firm/entity that has the financial interest in the business in which the auditor is tasked to audit. Ensuring auditor independence in an auditor-client relationship is a responsibility of both the auditors and the firm.
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London’s Congestion Pricing Program is founded on the hypothesis that charging a congestion fee on the vehicles entering the designated zone will help resolve the problem of congestion. The fact that accessing central London bore no expense before implementation of the program, it was assumed, meant that a lot of people drove to that area.
Reportedly, it is evident that the machinery for both models under analysis has a useful life of 5 years. In the case of the machinery for the Autumn Model, the disposable value is the same after the initial installation. However, the machinery for the Spring Model has a higher disposal value after 3 years.
Under conditions of capital rationing, the corporation has less money to invest than the total capital requirements of all the alternative projects with positive net present values under the firm’s consideration. Therefore, some projects that should be accepted are excluded because financial capital is rationed.
A business can evaluate the performance of people working in the business only if it uses accurate costing methods. Costing methods can play significant roles in the growth of advanced manufacturing technologies and management philosophies as strict adherence to a specific costing method has long been considered to be vital to the business.
In normal parlance, the conventional banks are mainly financial intermediaries between the investors and entrepreneurs. The profits of such banks are earned by borrowing at one rate of interest from the surplus holders and then lending it at a high rate to the ones who are able to use it profitably.
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In 1976, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, an economics professor in Bangladesh, started a research project to give out credit to the rural poor. Dr. Yunus believed that farmers could efficiently use small loans without collateral and would repay it on time and that giving credit can allow borrowers to think for themselves how to best enhance their incomes.
A comparison of the structure, objectives, status, and scope, as well as the most salient concepts and provisions of the conceptual frameworks, is made, in order to assess the possibility of development of a successful and effective converged conceptual framework. A converged framework is possible with the adaptation of certain principles.
The five main reasons that performance measurement systems are put into place are that organizational performance must be monitored; areas that need attention must be identified; motivation must be enhanced and accountability needs to be strengthened (Waggoner et al., 1999, p. 54).
Their objective is to turn around the performance of the company in which they invest. Suppose a company has business plans but is unable to fulfil it on account of the dearth of resources than the private equity fund steps in by providing the necessary financial support. In June 2006, Myer store was taken over by private equity group.
The author states that controlling money-related activity is the crucial responsibility of a central bank. In this respect, the central bank is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policies. The central bank uses monetary policy for influencing the economy and money supply in the market.
According to the article, the off-balance sheet financing and pension fund accounting disclose only net liability and asset which lean to misrepresent the balance sheet and create confusion for the investor. Finally, there is an issue of electronic accounting. Traditional financial reporting system must move to electronic database format for making analysis easy and correct.
The author states that keeping an economy running smoothly without stalling or over accelerating is a very difficult task to achieve in the current economic scenario. Governments and economists all around the world closely observe the various range of market indicators to understand the changes in the economy.
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These chapters use a practical approach to making understanding and visualizing accounting in the real world relatively easy. Chapter 1 uses RadioShack Corporation as the subject while chapter 8 uses Steve Ells’ Chipotle Mexican Grill to pass its concepts across. This provides a coherent picture of accounting in real businesses.
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The report initially discusses the existing manual purchase order processing procedures. The major problems associated with the current system of manual purchase order processing are to be highlighted. A research methodology has been discussed later to evaluate the existing system. Some specific recommendations have to be detailed.
Actually, the basic conditions, rights, and obligations of exchanging payments within Europe, between two countries or within a country, will remain the same, irrespective of the location of such transactions taking place. This has a definite impact on all the payment transaction chain within the EU states.
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From the year 1694 onwards, Bank of England plays different roles as Government's banker and debt manager in the UK financial system. It is also known as the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street. In addition to providing service to its customers, the bank also regulates the UK’s foreign exchange and gold reserves.
The author states that while undertaking the process of strategic accounting, managers are necessitated to identify the objectives as a prerequisite. Following this, a situation audit is performed to evaluate the organization’s strengths and weaknesses with respect to the business environment wherein it operates.
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The financial crisis of 2007 onwards proved that the potentials of countries worldwide to face the pressures of the market couldn’t be precisely identified in advance. It should be noted that a similar crisis occurred, rather recently, in Asia; the crisis of 1997 was used by many people in order to prove that eastern financial systems are not as strong as initially estimated by researchers.
The study finds that customers overwhelmingly prefer alternative banking to traditional banking, although there are aspects of traditional banking that, combined with the alternative, meet customers’ needs. The most important consideration in the conceptualization of non-traditional banking services is the safety and security of customers’ accounts.
The exchange rate of a country is expressed in the form of a ratio or a multiplier depending on the central bank’s policy of the particular country. The exchange rate regime is the way that a particular country manages its local currency in respect with foreign currencies in the foreign exchange market.
The author states that the company values certain specific element like “quality, service, innovation, and trust”. Therefore M&S pays equal attention to customer satisfaction. Before the onset of the economic recession of 2008 the company was performing quite satisfactorily but the recession phase adversely affected the company’s profitability.
According to the balance sheet of 2010, 62 percent of the total assets were funded through debt. Modigliani-Miller theorem does not apply to the capital structure of TUI AG. This is because there is a discrepancy generated by Modigliani-Miller theorem. The actual equity of TUI AG is €2434.2 million while under Modigliani-Miller theorem is €1081.90 million.
Human capital investment through methods of education, training, and employee development programme was larger in the US than the investment and total spending on physical capital. The idea of investing in human capital and its significance in terms of economic value has been first developed by the economist Adam Smith in the early 1770s.
As the discussion outlines, federal laws are mostly concerned with environmental responsibilities in international agreements or when needed by a significant task. Issues regarding environmental, planning and heritage are covered in the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the EPBC Act, which is the main federal legislation.
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A good financial analysis is based on the tradeoff between these two methods. Practically the IRR method is used widely in investment appraisal decision. The prime reason behind selecting the IRR method of appraisal is it is comparatively straightforward and can be used without having prior experience in capital budgeting.
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The main purpose of auditing and assurance is to provide the users of financial documents with the assurance. The advancement of technology and the nature of the current business environment have made it a matter of concern especially as regards in increasing tendency with which the stakeholders are being provided with information that is incorrect.
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The author states that the salary information is legally allowed to be used only by the finance department of the company. It is essential that even managers of the company are not aware of the salary being earned by the people and there is no personal information of the individual that is also available to anyone else within the organization.
The investment appraisal technique involves analyzing, reviewing and implementing the investment proposals that are in line with the goals of the business. The managers must ideally use the technique that considers the time value aspect in the cash flows and recognizes the risk inherent in a project by using the appropriate discounting rate.
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The paper adopts a contrasting approach considering the information provided by the earnings of the companies before and after the new guidelines of the FASB. This approach is important as it helps determine how informative the earnings are with and without the amortization of the goodwill.
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The author states that eight variables have been identified to be involved in assessing the financial stability of a bank. They, however, has already been specified before, will be portrayed to a regression model so as to assess the factors which determine the financial profitability of a bank, or rather various elements which determine the same.
Capital budgeting, in simple terms, can be termed as a cost-benefit analysis in which the benefits and the costs of any project are ascertained and only those projects are initiated whose benefits outweigh their costs. This benefits and costs are mostly monetary in terms. Capital budgeting is sometimes also referred to as Investment Appraisal Technique.
Perkins claims that the mining industry faces a new tax at a higher rate because it generates super profits. Super profits are those huge profits that companies employing natural resources usually generate. This is because there is a huge difference between the cost of extracting materials and their selling price.
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Due to the recent recession of the American economy that started in 2007, both mortgage lenders and people have experienced great losses. Homeowners, who lost their jobs due to the economic crunch, were unable to pay their mortgage and creditors, such as banks, started taking legal actions against those homeowners resulting in foreclosures.
The BoE agreed, in cooperation with the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the UK Treasury, to act as lender of last resort to Northern Rock; the bank’s sources of funding in the capital markets have suffered from the tight liquidity squeeze, and private sector banks, as well as other lenders, are unwilling to extend it sufficient credit.
This perception will create lots of challenges for the retail bankers in the UK market. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers, commercial banks of the UK have become stricter in terms of sanctioning loans for financing businesses. On the other hands, alternative sources are quite liberal in case of sanctioning loans.
In order to maintain a sustainable and competitive European maritime industry clusters, a European maritime policy framework is necessary. Such a framework should encompass all the maritime and marine sectors like shipping, ports, shipbuilding, marine equipment, dredging, offshore, ports, maritime services, and R&D, inland shipping.
This essay discusses that the increases in the percentages are primarily due to an additional headcount of R&D, sales, marketing etc. The increases in sales and marketing may also be attributed to increased costs of advertising while the increases in general and administrative expenses may also be attributed to increasing costs of professional services.
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The current world financial crisis precipitated by credit crunch squeeze in the rich developed countries has strained trade relations among countries that have been forced to retreat domestically offering protection to their local companies in efforts to stem economic catastrophe.
This research will begin with the statement that traditional measures of performance like Return on Investment (ROI), Earning per share (EPS) and Return on equity (ROE) have been widely used by the corporations to evaluate financial performance. ROI, considered as an appropriate measure of financial performance is estimated by dividing the profit by the amount of investment.